Clean-soil Air Water最新文献

{"title":"Mineral Reaction Kinetics During Water–Rock Interactions of Different Aquifers, Northern China","authors":"Xiandong Xie,&nbsp;Baizhong Yan,&nbsp;Zefeng Tian,&nbsp;Chuanlong Han,&nbsp;Shuwei Qiu,&nbsp;Zhen Zhao,&nbsp;Guangxiong Qin,&nbsp;Mingrong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/clen.70200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70200","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To elucidate the dissolution patterns and kinetic processes of hydrochemical constituents released from minerals in different aquifers of the Taigemiao mining district, the dissolution characteristics during water–rock interactions were analyzed with consideration of the mining context. On this basis, PHREEQC was employed to investigate mineral reaction kinetics during water–rock interactions in the respective aquifers. The results show that the main strata in the study area are Zhidan group, Anding group and Yan'an group from top to bottom, and the corresponding total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations are 255.99, 4440, and 7344.5 mg/L, respectively. The hydrochemical characteristics of aquifer groundwater have obvious vertical zoning. In the deionized-water immersion experiment, TDS increased from 60.45 to 97.00 to 132.95 mg/L from the Zhidan Group to the Yan'an Group. In the deionized water reaction system, the dissolution–precipitation process of albite and potassium feldspar conforms to the transition state theory equation. Model predictions indicated that Na⁺ concentrations were predicted to stabilize at 25.57 mg/L in the Zhidan Group by Day 120, at 26.76 mg/L in the Anding Formation after 60 days, and to increase to 25.56 mg/L in the Yan'an Formation after 90 days. Accordingly, the time required to reach reaction equilibrium differed among the three experiments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Different Vegetation Restoration Types on Soil Bacterial Communities and Ecosystem Functions in Mining Area","authors":"Bai Dong-sheng,&nbsp;Yan Min,&nbsp;Cao Hai-xia","doi":"10.1002/clen.70193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study compared soil bacterial communities and ecosystem functions across revegetation types in a coal gangue mining area, where long-term ecological impacts and optimal restoration strategies are poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the effects of bare soil (CK), grassland (GL), poplar plantation (GPL), and mixed forest (ML) on soil quality and microbial dynamics. We analyzed topsoil bacterial diversity, composition, and potential functions via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and evaluated integrated soil fertility using PCA. Results showed significant differences (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in soil properties: ML had the highest organic carbon (19.35 ± 0.14 g/kg) and total nitrogen (1.76 ± 0.04 g/kg) but the lowest electrical conductivity (190.17 ± 12.80 µS/cm). GL exhibited the highest available phosphorus (0.0052 ± 0.0040 mg/kg), available potassium (73.56 ± 3.26 mg/kg), sucrase (4.77 ± 0.25 mg Glu/g), and urease activities (1.40 ± 0.44 mg NH₃-N/g). Soil bacterial communities also differed significantly. GL had the highest bacterial diversity (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while ML had lower diversity but the most complex co-occurrence network. KEGG analysis revealed GL soils had the highest abundance of pathways for carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism; GPL soils had the lowest. The integrated fertility index was highest in GL soils and lower in the others. In summary, all vegetation restoration types improved soil quality and bacterial diversity compared to bare soil. However, herbaceous restoration (GL) supported the highest overall soil fertility levels and enhanced bacterial community functioning, providing key empirical data for guiding future revegetation in similar mined areas.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on the Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Xanthium strumarium Acting as Natural Coagulant for the Removal of Phosphate From Water Samples","authors":"Sthiti Porna Dutta,&nbsp;Sewagi Savapandit,&nbsp;Subhajit Chowdhary,&nbsp;Jitul Pathak","doi":"10.1002/clen.70242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70242","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Phosphate pollution is one of the major environmental problems that lead to eutrophication and degradation of water quality. This research aims at using both <i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i> and <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> as natural coagulants for phosphate removal from water and their potential use in wastewater treatment, as well, by evaluating their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Under control conditions, <i>H. sabdariffa</i> exhibited an outstanding phosphate removal efficiency up to 99.98% and 67.01% in a real water sample. These values are even higher than those attained by <i>X. strumarium</i>, which were 99.971% and 57.86%, correspondingly. The reason for better performance of <i>H. sabdariffa</i> is probably its higher tannin content. Moreover, both plant extracts strongly inhibited microbial growth as all the tested microbial strains represented large inhibition zones, which highly exceeded those produced by the standard antibiotic Chloramphenicol C30. Regarding antioxidant activity, <i>X. strumarium</i> was more stable, and at 5 mg/mL, it retained 65.25% scavenging activity, whereas <i>H. sabdariffa</i> had a steep drop. The study outcomes reveal the two plant materials as renewable and inexpensive sources for wastewater treatment. Particularly, <i>H. sabdariffa</i> is loaded with antimicrobial and phosphate removal abilities, whereas <i>X. strumarium</i> could be utilized for oxidative stress alleviation. Hence, these two may be considered eco-friendly alternatives to fight water pollution problems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic Drivers Reshape Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) Sources in Highly Regulated Rivers: Evidence From the Yellow River Basin","authors":"Ji Qi,&nbsp;Haojing Zhang,&nbsp;Dongping Liu,&nbsp;Shixiang Zhang,&nbsp;Yan Hao,&nbsp;Huibin Yu","doi":"10.1002/clen.70237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70237","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accurate pollution source identification is critical for effective watershed management in highly regulated river basins, where traditional water quality indicators often lack source specificity or fail to capture the complex influence of socioeconomic drivers. This study developed an integrated methodological framework combining three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, a Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR), and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to quantify dissolved organic matter (DOM) sources and elucidate their anthropogenic driving mechanisms in the Ningxia reach of the Yellow River. PARAFAC analysis resolved five fluorescence components, while MixSIAR and PLS-SEM were utilized to apportion sources and examine multidimensional socioeconomic impacts. MixSIAR results revealed that aquaculture non-point sources (ANS) dominated the basin (53.6%–66.1%), with a clear longitudinal transition from upstream autochthonous inputs (27.3% in Zhongwei) to intensified urban point sources peaking in the regional capital, Yinchuan (38.6%). PLS-SEM demonstrated that unified socioeconomic factors—urbanization, population density, and GDP—significantly drive both water quality (0.575) and DOM composition (0.524), while a nonsignificant pathway (0.187) between them underscores DOM's superior sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbances. This integrated framework substantially enhances the resolution of source apportionment, providing a robust and transferable diagnostic tool for tracking environmental impacts. Overall, the findings highlight the necessity of source-oriented management prioritizing aquaculture control and urban discharge regulation. Future research should incorporate finer-resolution geospatial data and localized land-use indicators to further refine these complex driving mechanisms and support adaptive, data-driven watershed governance and restoration efforts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated GIS-Hydrologic-Hydraulic Modeling to Assess Natural Flood Management Strategies on Flood Risk in Alluvial Fans","authors":"Soodeh Kalami,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehdi Ahmadi,&nbsp;Reza Hasanzade","doi":"10.1002/clen.70126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the effect of natural measures on flood risk reduction in alluvial fans using hybrid hydraulic-hydrological models by implementing different natural flood management (NFM) scenarios. NFM methods are considered as sustainable flood management methods that lead to flood risk reduction. Implementing effective NFM methods leads to reducing flood velocity, increasing water storage, and increasing infiltration and soil water storage. The study area is the Abbakhsha river reach located in Bardsir City, Kerman Province, Iran, with a catchment area of 1136 km². Numerous floods have occurred in the past in the study river section, which is located on the alluvial fan. The hydrological, topographical, and geological data are used in this analysis. HEC-HMS hydrological model, HEC-RAS 2D hydraulic model, and ArcMap software are used to examine the NFM scenarios. In this study, three scenarios consist of changing a straight river reach to a meandering form, creating an offline storage area, and planting on the floodplain of the river. The result showed that the use of NFM methods in this river reach has reduced flood risk with a 100-year return period; furthermore, the scenarios of meandering, offline storage area, and planting led to expected annual damage (EAD) reduced by 15.5%, 14%, and 13.5%, respectively. The results of this research can assist planners and decision makers in making informed decisions and policies regarding flood management using NFM in the study area.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact Assessment of Geogenic and Anthropogenic Pressures on Water Quality in Ramganga River Basin in Himalayan Region","authors":"Gagan Matta,&nbsp;Pawan Kumar,&nbsp;Amit Kumar,&nbsp;Rama Pal,&nbsp;Gaurav Pant,&nbsp; Pooja,&nbsp;Shivangi Tyagi,&nbsp;Rahul Saini,&nbsp;Anjali Nayak,&nbsp;Amit Kumar,&nbsp;Rupesh Kumar,&nbsp;Dharmendra Singh Tomar","doi":"10.1002/clen.70229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70229","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>River Ramganga, a tributary of river Ganga, plays a vital role in supporting industrial, domestic, and agriculture sectors in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, India. However, the water quality is degraded due to anthropogenic pressures and geohazard-induced activities, particularly in landslide-prone Himalayan terrain. Study aimed to assess the freshwater quality of Ramganga River and its tributaries (Dhela and Dhandi) with samples collected from selected seven sites over a year and analyzed using water quality index (WQI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and principal component analysis (PCA). WQI ranged from 62.65 (poor) at the upstream Dhela site to 204.91 (unsuitable for drinking) at the Dhandi–Dhela confluence, whereas downstream sites were also classified as unsuitable (WQI &gt; 140). HPI values exceed the critical level (&gt;30) at all sites, whereas HEI values (2.93–9.83) placed the river in the low-risk class with cumulative metal concentrations. Increased BOD (up to 75.78 mg/L), COD (up to 223.10 mg/L), hardness (&gt;200 mg/L), and Fe and Pb frequently exceeding Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) limits highlight severe deterioration of water quality and potential health risks. HPI and HEI revealed significant metal contamination, whereas WQI suggested the unsuitability for consumption. PCA highlighted total dissolved solids (TDS) as the highest loading factor, whereas phosphate was the lowest, reflecting the interactions between geohazard-induced sediment mobilization and water quality. Similarly, PCA of heavy metals showed Zn and Fe as the principal contributors linked to geomorphic instability enhanced by erosion and landslide. These findings highlighted the urgency of strategic water stress management to enhance resilience, mitigate contamination, and ensure sustainable usage of river Ramganga system.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Intrinsic Vulnerability of Alluvial Aquifers Using an Optimized DRASTIC and Combined Vulnerability Index Approach","authors":"Navideh Najafpour,&nbsp;Hasan Torabi Poudeh,&nbsp;Niaz Vahdatpour","doi":"10.1002/clen.70235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Groundwater, as one of the primary sources of drinking water and irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions, is constantly threatened by pollution resulting from human activities. This study aims to evaluate groundwater vulnerability in the Lenjanat Plain, Iran by integrating multiple index-based models and addressing the limitations of conventional approaches. Specifically, the study develops a combined vulnerability index (VI) to improve spatial reliability and applies an optimized DRASTIC model (ODI) using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to enhance parameter weighting. To this end, the aquifer vulnerability was first assessed using three conventional models, DRASTIC, SINTACS, and SI. Then, using nitrate concentration as the dominant pollutant indicator in the study area, the correlation between the results of each model and the groundwater quality data was calculated, based on which the weight of each model in the VI combined approach was determined. Moreover, to overcome the limitations of the classical DRASTIC model, the weights of its parameters were optimized using the AHP on the basis of local hydrogeological conditions, and the ODI model was introduced. The results indicated that over 50% of the aquifer area falls within moderate to high-vulnerability zones, and the ODI model shows better agreement with the spatial distribution of nitrate compared to classical models. The results indicated that over 50% of the aquifer area falls within moderate to high-vulnerability zones, and the ODI model shows better agreement with the spatial distribution of nitrate compared to classical models. A key contribution of this study is the integration of multi-model outputs with optimized parameter weighting and validation using observed nitrate data. Therefore, the ODI model and the VI can serve as effective tools for groundwater quality management, delineation of protection zones, and control of potential contamination sources in the Lenjanat Plain, Iran.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information: Clean Soil Air Water. 7/2026","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/clen.70240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70240","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/clen.70240","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entropy-Based Water Quality Index and Human Health Risk Assessment in Eastern Gangetic Plains","authors":"Suraj Kumar,&nbsp;Nityanand Singh Maurya,&nbsp;Sumant Kumar","doi":"10.1002/clen.70230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70230","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Groundwater (GW) is the primary water source in the Eastern Gangetic Plains and is increasingly threatened by geogenic and anthropogenic contamination, posing risks to dependent populations. This study assesses GW hydrogeochemistry and its suitability for drinking and irrigation in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India, a major Buddhist pilgrimage center hosting the UNESCO-listed Mahabodhi Temple. Fifty GW samples were collected and analyzed using standard methods. Results show that concentrations of NO₃⁻, F⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and total dissolved solids (TDS) exceed Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS 10500:2012) limits in several samples. Ionic dominance follows Ca²⁺ &gt; Na⁺ &gt; Mg²⁺ &gt; K⁺ and HCO₃⁻ &gt; Cl⁻ &gt; SO₄²⁻ &gt; NO₃⁻ &gt; F⁻, indicating control by alkaline earth metals and weak acids. About 26% of GW samples exceed the acceptable limit of nitrate. The entropy water quality index (EWQI) classifies 96% of samples as good to excellent for drinking. However, health risk assessment indicates noncarcinogenic risk, with hazard quotient (HQ) values exceeding safe limits in 16% of samples for adults and 24% for children. Principal component analysis reveals three dominant factors explaining 81.78% of total variance, reflecting combined geogenic and anthropogenic influences, mainly mineral dissolution and rock weathering. Irrigation indices (electrical conductivity [EC], sodium adsorption ratio [SAR], residual sodium carbonate [RSC], Na%, and magnesium hazard ratio [MHR]) suggest most GW is suitable for agricultural use. Overall, GW quality is largely acceptable, but elevated nitrate levels require targeted management to protect public health in this ungauged region.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Struvite Production From Wastewater: Effect of Magnesium-to-Ammonia Ratio and Stirring Velocity on Precipitation Efficiency and Settling Behavior","authors":"Samara Oliveira Sacht,&nbsp;Marcelo Silveira Bacelos,&nbsp;Paulo Sergio da Silva Porto,&nbsp;Aloísio José Bueno Cotta","doi":"10.1002/clen.70238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70238","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The recovery of ammoniacal nitrogen from effluents through struvite precipitation is an effective, sustainable method for nutrient removal, producing a valuable fertilizer for macroalgae or ornamental plant cultivation, among other applications. However, controlling crystal size and improving solid–liquid separation remain key challenges. This study investigated the effects of a slight stoichiometric excess of Mg²⁺ and stirring velocity on struvite precipitation yield, granulometry, and settling behavior. Both synthetic and an industrial effluent (IE) were investigated. A two-factor factorial experimental design (2² + 2 central points) was applied using jar-test experiments to determine the influence of the Mg²⁺:NH₄⁺ molar ratio and stirring velocity on N and P removal efficiencies, precipitation yield, and settling properties. The results show that optimized synthesis conditions can achieve high nutrient recovery and rapid solid–liquid separation without the use of flocculants. All tested conditions produced precipitates with excellent thickening properties (&lt;19 mL/g) and high settling velocities (5.5–10.1 cm/min). Notably, the Mg²⁺:NH₄⁺ molar ratio was identified as the dominant factor controlling the process. A slow and continuous addition of Mg²⁺ over 10 min, reaching a final stoichiometric excess of 10%, maintained slight supersaturation throughout the reaction. This strategy significantly enhanced PO₄³⁻ removal and promoted the formation of larger particles (&gt;0.84 mm), whereas stirring velocity mainly affected particle settling behavior. Furthermore, the optimized conditions were successfully applied to a complex IE, confirming its viability. However, competitive ion interference, particularly K⁺, must be considered to ensure reliable performance under real conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/clen.70238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148343400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}