Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO最新文献

{"title":"Delayed-Onset Glaucoma Following Intravitreal Bevacizumab in a Preterm Infant with Retinopathy of Prematurity: a case report.","authors":"Hyo Ju Jang, Mi Sun Sung, Sang Woo Park, Hwan Heo","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2025.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2025.0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinjection in Patients with Intraocular Inflammation Development after Intravitreal Brolucizumab Injection.","authors":"Myung Ae Kim, Soon Il Choi, Jong Min Kim, Hyun Sub Oh, Yong Sung You, Won Ki Lee, Soon Hyun Kim, Oh Woong Kwon, Ju Young Kim","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2024.0125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the outcomes of brolucizumab reinjection after intraocular inflammation (IOI) development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed patients with brolucizumab injections from April 2021 to January 2024. Patients who developed IOI after brolucizumab were included and categorized into subgroups depending on reinjection, discontinuation, and further IOI development.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 472 eyes of 432 patients received brolucizumab injections. Thirty-eight cases developed IOI at least once, and 25 continued brolucizumab. Sixteen cases had no more IOI events, and nine experienced a second or more IOI events. Among the nine cases, three maintained brolucizumab injections despite IOI recurrence. The incidence of IOI was 8.1% based on the number of eyes (38 of 472 eyes) and 2.0% based on the number of brolucizumab injections (50 of 2468 injections). The incidence of occlusive retinal vasculitis was 0.2% (one of 472 eyes). The recurrence rate was 23.7% (nine of 38 eyes). The average number of injections between the first brolucizumab injection and the injection date on which IOI first developed was 2.15 times in the No-reinjection group, 3.44 times in the No-IOI recurrence group, and 2.0 times in the Second IOI episode group. Time to IOI occurrence in cases with first IOI episode was 18.60 ± 16.73 days, with 15 cases developing IOI within one week.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study elucidates the real-world incidence of brolucizumab associated IOIs, with a description of information related to reinjections after the IOI episodes. A comprehensive understanding of brolucizumab reinjection is essential for its optimal utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Pterygium on the refractive errors: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Nima Rastegar Rad","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2025.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2025.0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Pterygium is a chronic, degenerative condition of unknown cause, and its development can lead to significant refractive errors due to localized flattening of the cornea near the central area of the leading edge. However, to date, the impact of pterygium and its surgical removal on refractive errors has not been thoroughly compiled in a comprehensive study. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of pterygium surgery on refractive errors and to examine the relationship between the size of the pterygium and its effect on refractive errors both before and after pterygium surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Cochrane methodology was used to design and conduct the present systematic review. Relevant articles published up to December 2024 were searched and collected from four electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science. Additionally, a manual search was conducted to locate relevant studies. The keywords used in the search included \"Pterygium\" combined with terms such as \"Refractive Errors,\" \"Myopia,\" \"Hyperopia,\" \"Astigmatism,\" and \"Presbyopia.\"</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 23 studies including 1,663 eyes were included in this review. In the majority of studies, more than one technique was used, with conjunctival autograft being the most common technique for pterygium treatment. In most reviewed studies, a significant improvement in visual acuity, keratometry values-both horizontal (K1) and vertical (K2)-corneal astigmatism, corneal spherical power, surface regularity index (SRI), and surface asymmetry index (SAI), as well as a decrease in corneal astigmatism, spherical error, and wavefront aberration, were reported after pterygium excision.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pterygium surgery can be effective in reducing refractive errors, including astigmatism, wavefront aberration, and spherical aberration, in various ways. However, this also depends on the size of the pterygium. The findings of this study suggest that early removal of pterygia reduces the likelihood of significant residual aberrations. Pterygia between 3 and 4 mm in size pose a notable risk for residual aberrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144060153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Visual Outcomes of Cat Scratch Disease.","authors":"Jane Shi, Muhammad Raza Cheema","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2024.0129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>To describe the clinical presentation, ocular complications, treatment and visual outcomes in a series of 17 patients from New Zealand with neuroretinitis secondary to Bartonella henselae.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective cross-sectional single-centre study from 2001-2024. Data was extracted from a clinical database of all patients, treated for B. Henselae over the past 23 years. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM Corp. Armonk. NY, USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen patients (19 eyes) were included with 11 (65%) being female. The mean age at presentation was 28.3 years (range, 13-60). The mean presenting visual acuity (ETDRS) was 50 (range, 4-90). The mean final visual acuity was 78 (range, 45-90). 11 (65%) patients had cats or kittens at home, with only one (6%) recounting a history of being scratched. Eight (47%) patients demonstrated the characteristic macular star at presentation, with all eventually developing macular star within a mean of six days. Four (24%) patients had macular oedema, three (18%) had vasculitis, two (12%) had uveitis, two (12%) had disc granuloma, and one (6%) had multifocal chorioretinitis. Six (35%) patients were treated with Rifampicin and Doxycycline, one (6%) with Rifampicin and Azithromycin, two (12%) with Doxycycline only, two (12%) with Co-trimoxazole monotherapy, and one (6%) patient, who was breast-feeding, was treated with Erythromycin. Four (24%) patients did not have receive any treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The characteristic macular star is not always manifest at initial presentation for patients with neuroretinitis secondary to B. Henselae, nor is there always a preceding history of cat exposure. Not all patients require treatment to have a good visual outcome, and the immune status of the patient is important.</p>","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Visual Prognostic Biomarkers in Pericentral Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Study in a South Korean Cohort.","authors":"Su Ho Bae, Seung Woo Choi, Chang Ki Yoon, Un Chul Park, Kyu Hyung Park, Eun Kyoung Lee","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0097","DOIUrl":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the clinical characteristics of South Korean patients with pericentral retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and to identify clinical biomarkers associated with rapid visual acuity decline based on baseline factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 59 eyes of 31 patients diagnosed with pericentral RP. Comprehensive ophthalmological examinations and genetic sequencing were conducted to assess the baseline characteristics. For biomarker analysis, eyes were categorized into two groups based on the annual rate of change in visual acuity. The clinical findings of the two groups were evaluated to identify the biomarkers associated with rapid loss of visual acuity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with pericentral RP in this study exhibited a mean best-corrected visual acuity of 0.17 ± 0.23 in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. The visual field test showed annular or semicircular scotoma with relatively preserved periphery and 27 eyes (45.8%) exhibited no macular complications in optical coherence tomography. Genetic analysis identified genes associated with previous typical and pericentral RP studies but also highlighted that many genetic causes of pericentral RP remain unidentified. Of the 55 eyes for which the rate of visual acuity change could be estimated, 18 exhibited an annual decline of ≥10%, whereas 37 showed an annual decline of &lt;10%. Male sex and prolonged b-wave latency on dark-adapted 0.01 electroretinogram correlated with rapid visual acuity decline in the multivariate analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>South Korean patients with pericentral RP exhibited a milder phenotype compared to typical RP patients reported in previous studies. Genetic analysis revealed heterogeneity, with mutations in some genes commonly associated with milder forms of RP. Male sex and prolonged b-wave latency on dark-adapted 0.01 electroretinogram were significant biomarkers for predicting rapid visual acuity decline. Monitoring initial b-wave latency is important for predicting visual decline, particularly in male patients with pericentral RP.</p>","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":"157-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term Outcome and Related Risk Factors in Implantable Collamer Lens Implantation of High Myopia.","authors":"Yong Hee Kim, Chang Ho Yoon, Mee Kum Kim","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0094","DOIUrl":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of posterior chamber implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation in high myopia, and the risk factors associated with endothelial cell loss (ECL) or cataract development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical records of 66 eyes of 37 patients who underwent ICL implantation for high myopia were retrospectively analyzed with a mean follow-up of 12 years. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution), intraocular pressure (IOP), refractive power, and endothelial cell density over time were analyzed with the incidence of cataract and IOP elevation. Risk factors were analyzed for their association with ECL or cataract development.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 10 years after surgery, the mean uncorrected visual acuity was 0.06 and the spherical equivalent was -0.90 diopters. By year 10, cataract was present in 13 of 66 eyes (19.7%), whereas glaucoma was found in 1 of 66 eyes (1.5%). Although IOP continuously elevated over time (p &lt; 0.05), it remained within normal limits. The cataract group had a lower vault of ICL and a higher mean age at surgery (p &lt; 0.05). Endothelial cell density remained above 2,000/mm2 in 98.5% of cases, with an average annualized rate of decline of 1.13%. The high annualized rate group (&gt;1.13% loss per year) had a lower mean age than in the low annualized rate group (&lt;1.13% loss per year, p &lt; 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This indicates that ICL implantation is effective for high myopia, and its main complication is cataract and ECL. It also suggests that ECL and cataract should be regularly monitored although ECL looks stable in long-term follow-up. Age may affect both ECL and cataract, while low-vault ICL may affect cataract.</p>","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":"134-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term Effects and Prognostic Factors of Accelerated Cross-Linking with Retention Ring-assisted Riboflavin Application on Keratoconus Progression.","authors":"Seonghwan Kim, Won Jong Choi, Chang Ho Yoon, Mee Kum Kim","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2025.0001","DOIUrl":"10.3341/kjo.2025.0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the long-term efficacy, safety, and prognostic factors of pulsed-light accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (A-CXL) with continuous riboflavin application to halt keratoconus progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A-CXL with retention ring-assisted continuous riboflavin application for either 10 or 5 minutes was performed in 37 eyes of 33 patients with progressive keratoconus between 2016 and 2020. Successful halting rates and prognostic factors of time-dependent changes in keratometric values, visual acuity, refractive errors, topographic indices, central corneal thickness, thinnest corneal thickness, irregularity at 3- and 5-mm zone, and endothelial cell density were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Survival analysis showed successful halting rates of 71% and 89% in A-CXL with 5- and 10-minute-applied riboflavin, respectively. Best-corrected visual acuity significantly improved after A-CXL in both groups. Maximum keratometry decreased significantly from 52.52 to 50.39 diopters (p &lt; 0.001) in the 10-minute group, while there was no significant decrease in the 5-minute group (52.77-51.80 diopters, p = 0.146). irregularity in 3- and 5-mm zone decreased significantly in the 10-minute group, while there was no difference in 5-minute group. Central corneal thickness and thinnest corneal thickness did not differ, and endothelial cell density changes were within acceptable ranges in both groups before and after the surgery. Among keratometric values, keratometric astigmatism was significantly related to posttreatment corneal flattening effect in multivariate regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A-CXL with continuous riboflavin application for 10 minutes is an effective and safe treatment for preventing keratoconus progression. In addition, higher corneal astigmatism showed greater posttreatment corneal flattening effect in successfully treated patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":"145-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lacrimal Gland Myoepithelial Carcinoma Managed with Surgical Excision and Radiation: A Case Report.","authors":"Hoang Nhat Mai Nguyen, Hee Sung Kim, Jeong Kyu Lee","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2025.0007","DOIUrl":"10.3341/kjo.2025.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":"201-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anterior Segment Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography-based Assessment of Corneal Refractive Profiles in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Patients: A Controlled Comparative Study.","authors":"Dong Hee Ha, Seung Hyeun Lee, Kyoung Woo Kim","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0106","DOIUrl":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze anterior, posterior, and total corneal refractive profiles and thickness using anterior segment (AS) sweptsource optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study compared 23 eyes from 14 patients with SJS/TEN with 23 eyes from 14 age- and sexmatched controls. AS SS-OCT measured corneal refractive profiles and pachymetry. Parameters included anterior, posterior, and total corneal power values, posterior to anterior curvature ratio, maximal corneal power, and thickness profiles. The SJS/TEN group was subdivided based on corneal opacity presence (subgroup A) or absence (subgroup B).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SJS/TEN group showed significantly higher corneal astigmatism and maximal corneal power values for both anterior and posterior curvatures. Steep total corneal power and total corneal astigmatism were higher in the SJS/TEN group. The thinnest corneal thickness was lower, and its distance from the corneal vertex was greater in the SJS/TEN group. Subgroup analysis revealed that these differences were primarily attributed to the presence of corneal opacity. Additionally, automated keratometry of the anterior corneal surface showed significantly higher values, including steep, flat, and average keratometry and corneal astigmatism, in the SJS/TEN group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AS SS-OCT shows significant alterations in both anterior and posterior corneal curvatures in patients with SJS/TEN. These findings emphasize the importance of considering posterior corneal curvature changes in pre-cataract surgery assessments and contact lens prescriptions for patients with SJS/TEN.</p>","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":"103-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes and Clinical Characteristics of Compressive Optic Neuropathy in South Korean Patients.","authors":"Sang Hun Yun, Dae Hyun Kim","doi":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0075","DOIUrl":"10.3341/kjo.2024.0075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We aimed to investigate the causes and clinical features of compressive optic neuropathy in Koreans.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed the medical records of patients diagnosed with compressive optic neuropathy from March 2014 to December 2023 to determine the cause of optic nerve compression, symptoms and symptom patterns at first visit, accompanying symptoms, types of visual field defects, and visual prognosis after surgery. In addition, the results of visual field tests and optical coherence tomography were analyzed to determine the positivity rate of each test and factors affecting test results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 73 patients were diagnosed with compressive optic neuropathy, and the most common cause was pituitary tumor (37 patients, 50.7%) followed by meningioma (16 patients, 21.9%), hemangioma (4 patients, 5.5%), thyroid ophthalmopathy (4 patients, 5.5%), and paranal sinus tumor tumor (2 patients, 2.7%). In terms of symptom pattern, half of the patients had vision and visual field defects that appeared gradually (41 patients, 56.2%), but there were also quite a few patients whose symptoms appeared suddenly (17 patients, 23.3%). The positivity rate of the diagnostic test was highest for visual field testing (89.0%). In pituitary tumors, tumor size affected diagnostic test results (p = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The most common cause of compressive optic neuropathy in South Koreans was a pituitary tumor. Deterioration of visual function can also occur acutely, and visual field testing was useful for diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101356,"journal":{"name":"Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO","volume":" ","pages":"95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}