Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography最新文献

{"title":"[Preface for Special Issue of Separation and Analysis for Exosome].","authors":"Liang-Hai Hu, Xiao-Qiang Qiao, Wei-Guo Tao","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.01023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.01023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 5","pages":"397-398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12059981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144056810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Recent advances on the role of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases].","authors":"Cai-Ting Bu, Xue-Dong Zhu, Qian-Ying Zhang, Wen-Ya Shao","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.10035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.10035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomes are nano-sized, lipid bilayer vesicles secreted by cells. They carry essential bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, and are widely present in bodily fluids including blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Exosomes transfer bioactive molecules to target cells through various mechanisms, including endocytosis, ligand-receptor interactions, or direct membrane fusion, and play crucial roles in intercellular communication, including facilitating intercellular information exchange, maintaining nerve-cell function, participating in immune responses, and providing nutritional support. Exosomes significantly promote signal transmission and intercellular communication in the central nervous system and are involved in the pathogenesis and development of diseases by participating in the spread of pathological proteins, regulating neuroinflammation, and the deposition of pathological proteins. Therefore, exosomes play key roles in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases, and their contents, especially proteins and miRNAs, are specific for given pathological and physiological states and are relatively stable during extraction and analysis. Hence, exosomes are ideal tools for diagnosing diseases, staging their courses, and assisting prognosis. This article further explores exosomes derived from blood, saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid as potential diagnostic biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. As natural drug-delivery systems, exosomes have the advantages of biocompatibility, ability to cross biological barriers, target specificity, stability, and containing natural therapeutic molecules, which can effectively improve the precision and efficacy of drug delivery and reduce side effects, making them an ideal carrier for delivering drugs to the central nervous system. Therefore, exosomes hold great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases. This article systematically reviews the latest advances in exosome research directed toward specific neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on their roles played in disease pathogenesis, progression, diagnosis, and treatment, with the aim of providing theoretical support and a reference for the early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 5","pages":"487-497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12059994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Bibliometric analysis of exosomes in the biomarker research field].","authors":"Yu-Xia Huang, Hai-Yan Wang, Yi-Han Zhang, Yi-Fei Lin, Xiao-Qiang Qiao, Liang-Hai Hu","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.01025","DOIUrl":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.01025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by cells and are rich in genetic material and proteins. The surfaces of exosome membranes contain many blast-specific markers that provide an important basis for disease diagnosis, progression, and treatment. Herein, we searched the Web of Science core collection (SCI-EXPENED) database for research and review articles on \"exosomes\" and \"biomarkers\" or \"diagnostics\" or \"liquid biopsy\" as research topics between 2010 and 2024. Bibliometric analysis revealed that exosomes have received increasing levels of attention as disease biomarkers, with China contributing the most to these studies. Herein, we focus on marker diagnoses for cancer, inflammation, and diabetes, as well as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Chromatography, mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and other techniques are typically used to analyze exosomal nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, with commonly used test samples including plasma, serum, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and other bodily fluids. Research into exosomes as tumor markers has mainly focused on eight highly prevalent cancers, including lung, breast, and prostate cancers. This paper focuses on exosomes as disease biomarkers and uses a bibliometric tool system to analyze the use of exosomes and their contents as biomarkers in the disease diagnosis field between 2010 and 2024, analyzes development prospects, and discusses future exosome-mediated efforts for diagnosing and treating diseases, and is expected to provide a reference for studying and applying exosomes as disease markers.</p>","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 5","pages":"498-507"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12059985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Research progress of peptide recognition-guided strategies for exosome isolation and enrichment].","authors":"Kun Xu, Yan-Yan Huang, Rui Zhao","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.10015","DOIUrl":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.10015","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exosomes are bilayered vesicles derived from living cells and bacteria that are loaded with abundant biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. As an important medium of remote cell communication, exosomes are closely related to the occurrence and development of a number of diseases, including those involving tumors and inflammation. The isolation and enrichment of exosomes in complex biosystems is greatly significant for the diagnosis, prognosis, and detection of diseases, as well as in molecular-mechanism research. However, exosomes are usually nanoscale size distribution and widely existed in complex biological samples, including blood, tissue fluids, and urine, which bring difficulties and challenges to the isolation and enrichment of exosomes. To address this issue, several methods based on the physical properties of exosomes have been developed. For example, exosomes can be obtained by ultracentrifugation at high centrifugal force based on density differences; they can also be isolated and enriched by size-exclusion chromatography and ultrafiltration based on size heterogeneity. Exosomes can also be separated in high yields but with low purities using commercial polymer-coprecipitation-based isolation kits. While the abovementioned methods can be used to isolate and enrich exosomes in a highly efficient manner, accurately distinguishing interfering particles, including protein aggregates and microvesicles, in biosystems is still difficult, resulting in the poor purity of exosome isolation and enrichment. Affinity ligands are widely used during the affinity isolation and enrichment of exosomes. Antibodies exhibit high selectivity and affinity; consequently exosomes can be captured highly selectively by exploiting specific antigen/antibody interactions. However, antibodies also have some limitations, including complex preparation procedures, high costs, and poor stability. Chemical affinity ligands, such as aptamers, peptides, and small molecules, are also widely used to isolate and enrich exosomes. As a kind of molecular recognition tool, peptides contain a variety of amino acids and exhibit many advantages, including good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and design flexibility. Solid-phase synthesis strategies have rapidly developed, thereby providing a basis for automated and large-scale peptide synthesis. Affinity peptides have been widely used to recognize and analyze target biomolecules in complex physiological environments in a highly selective manner. A series of protein-targeting peptides has been reported based on the biomolecular characteristics of exosomes. These affinity peptides can be specifically anchored onto highly enriched transmembrane proteins on exosome surfaces, thereby enabling the efficient and highly selective isolation and enrichment of exosomes in complex systems. Additionally, exosomes contain stable bilayer membranes consisting of abundant and diverse phospholipid molecules. The development of p","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 5","pages":"446-454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12059989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144061499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Construction of a machine learning ensemble prediction model for gas chromatographic retention index on stationary phases with different polarities].","authors":"Qian-Yi Wang, Yong-le Zhu, Xue-Hua Li","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.07014","DOIUrl":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.07014","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gas chromatography is an analytical technique that is widely used to separate and identify various compounds. The retention index (RI) plays a significant role in gas chromatography because it provides a standardized measure for characterizing the retention performance of compounds under specific conditions and is a powerful compound-identification tool, particularly when dealing with complex mixtures. Consequently, the ability to predict RI values is a meaningful objective, particularly for multipolar phases, owing to significant variations in RI across various polar stationary phases. To address this issue, we developed a model for predicting gas-chromatographic RIs on stationary phases of varying polarity by collecting 4183 pieces of retention-index data for 2499 compounds on eight types of stationary phase from the literature and databases. Stationary phases were further classified into five categories based on their the McReynolds constants, namely: strongly polar, polar, medium polar, weakly polar, and non-polar. This classification ensured that the model is capable of handling a wide range of polarities, thereby enhancing its versatility and applicability to various analytical scenarios. The predictive model was constructed by integrating two types of composite feature. The 1D and 2D molecular-structural features of the compounds were first determined; these features capture the chemical and physical properties of the compounds, including their relative molecular masses, functional groups, and topological indices. These descriptors provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular characteristics that influence retention behavior. Stationary-phase polarity was then one-hot encoded, which converted categorical stationary-phase-polarity information into a format that can be effectively used by machine-learning algorithms. This encoding technique ensures that the model can distinguish among the effects of various polarities on the retention behavior of the compounds. Nine algorithms were used to construct predictive machine-learning models, including linear regression, decision tree, random forest, support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest-neighbor (KNN), gradient-boosting decision tree (GBDT), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting (LightGBM) algorithms. Voting regression was used to build an optimally performing ensemble learning model based on the XGBoost and LightGBM algorithms. This ensemble model, which combines the strengths of multiple individual models, exhibited exceptional performance, with a training set coefficient of determination (&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of 0.99, a training set root mean square error (RMSE) of 101.85, a test set &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of 0.97, and a test set RMSE of 107.44. Williams plots were used to characterize the application domain of the model, with over 94% of the data lying within the domain, indicative of broad applicability and high predictive confidence. The successful ","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 4","pages":"355-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Determination of four classes of 34 chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in seawater by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry].","authors":"Meng-Hao Gao, Xiao-Ying Li, Yuan Gao, Hai-Jun Zhang, Ji-Ping Chen","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.07017","DOIUrl":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.07017","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ocean acts as a \"sink\" for pollutants in the natural environment. Consequently, issues focused on marine pollution from terrestrial origin is attracting increasing attention. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and dechlorane plus isomers (DPs), are serious hazards for both the environment and humans. These POPs have been widely detected in the marine environment and are typically present at trace levels; however, separating and determining individual contaminants require large amounts of sampling and time. Establishing an accurate analytical method for determining typical POPs is critical for studying their environmental behavior and associated ecological risks to the marine environment. In this study, we developed a method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-HRMS) for determining 34 chlorinated POPs in seawater, including 25 OCPs, six PCB congeners, SCCPs and two DPs. The chromatographic conditions and MS parameters were optimized, and the effects of the extraction solvent and purification method were systematically studied. Dichloromethane exhibited satisfactory extraction efficiencies during the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of seawater samples, with recoveries of 73.1%-120.5% for OCPs, 87.2%-101.7% for PCBs, 105.5% for SCCPs, and 74.9%-78.6% for DPs, respectively. Purification using a SPE column with 500 mg of Florisil was adopted, and 9∶1 (v/v) &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-hexane/acetone was confirmed as the eluent with recoveries between 68.2% and 122.8% for all the 34 chlorinated POPs. A DB-5MS (15 m×0.25 mm×0.10 μm) capillary chromatographic column was used to separate the target compounds, with an electron ionization (EI) source used to detect OCPs and PCBs, whereas SCCPs and DPs were determined in negative chemical ionization (NCI) source. All target compounds were analyzed in full-scan mode. An internal standard quantification method was used for OCPs and SCCPs while isotope dilution quantification was used for PCBs and DPs. The severe interference observed during the detection of chlorinated POPs in the mixture of co-extracted substances was completely eliminated following the purification. The 34 target chlorinated POPs exhibited good linearities in their corresponding ranges, with correlation coefficients (&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) exceeding 0.9. The method demonstrated low detection limits under the optimized conditions, with values of 0.009-0.061 ng/L for the 25 OCPs, 0.006-0.016 ng/L for the six PCBs, 2.78 ng/L for the SCCPs, and 0.021-0.023 ng/L for the two DPs, with lower limits of determination of 0.06-0.24, 0.02-0.06, 11.12, and 0.08-0.09 ng/L, respectively. Accuracy and precision were validated by the recoveries of samples spiked at low, medium, and high levels, which ranged between 70.6% and 128.9%. Relative s","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 4","pages":"345-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Determination of 18 free amino acids in strawberries at different ripening stages by ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry based on hydrophilic interaction].","authors":"Min Ju, Yu-Ming Song, Jin-Feng Zhao, Yu-Ming Sun, Li-Na Zhou, Qing-Xin Yin, Chen Wang, Rui Cai, Qiang Xu, Hui-Hui Wan","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.04017","DOIUrl":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.04017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The determination of free amino acids is important for quality evaluation and nutritional studies of strawberries. In this study, an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method using hydrophilic interaction chromatographic column was established for the simultaneous determination of 18 free amino acids in strawberries, and the pretreatment, chromatography, and mass spectrometry conditions were optimized. Specific pretreatment processes include grinding, extraction with water, centrifugation, and membrane filtration. The treated samples were then analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-tandem mass spectrometry. The separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC Glycan BEH Amide column (150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), with a water-acetonitrile system containing 5 mmol/L ammonium formate and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid as the mobile phase for gradient elution. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used in positive-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) scanning mode, with target amino acids quantified using the matrix-matched standard-curve method. Eighteen free amino acids were determined with good linearities in the range of 0.5-40.0 μmol/L, along with <i>r</i>² greater than 0.992. The intra-day and inter-day precisions of the method were 1.0%-14.8% and 3.6%-17.6%, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 50-250 nmol/L. The recoveries of the 18 amino acids were 75.0%-114.6% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.3%-13.5%. The contents of free amino acids in strawberries at different ripening stages were statistically analyzed, and a total of seven differentiated free amino acids (phenylalanine, isoleucine, glutamine, 4-aminobutyric acid, arginine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid) were statistically screened. The method is rapid, accurate, reproducible and stable, and can quantitatively determine the content of amino acids in strawberries.</p>","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 4","pages":"372-381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Design and application of a gas-liquid separator for the removal of carbon dioxide in the eluent of an ion chromatography system].","authors":"Yong-Han Peng, Jing-Wen Tang, Yi-Hua Li, Fei-Fang Zhang, Bing-Cheng Yang","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.03021","DOIUrl":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.03021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A gas-liquid separator (GLS) for the removal of carbon dioxide in the eluent of an ion chromatography (IC) system was developed. Firstly, the microporous hollow fiber polypropylene tube (PP-T) was inserted into the polytetrafluoroethylene tube (PTFE-T) with suitable inner diameter to form a double casing structure and wound into a spiral shape. Each terminal of the PP-T is 3 cm longer than that of the PTFE-T. Then the terminals of PP-T and PTFE-T were fixed respectively on two horizontal joints equipped with tee joints, and the regenerated liquid pipeline was fixed on a vertical arm interface equipped with tee joints. When the carbonate eluent flows into PP-T from the upstream suppressor, the inhibited carbonate solution will decompose and produce CO₂, which then escapes through PP-T and enters the flowing absorption solution located in the annular space between PP-T and PTFE-T, so as to achieve continuous and effective CO₂ removal. The production conditions and operating conditions of GLS were optimized, including the length of PP-T, the inner diameter of PTFE-T, the operating temperature, the type, concentration and flow rate of the absorption solution. The experimental results show that when 40 mmol/L potassium hydroxide solution is used as absorption solution, the removal efficiency of CO₂ can reach more than 98% at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. Higher operating temperature is helpful to improve the removal efficiency of CO₂ and reduce the baseline noise. The optimized operating temperature in this study was 40 ℃. When applying this GLS to the IC system for carbonate eluent, using a mixed eluent of 1.8 mmol/L potassium carbonate-3.2 mmol/L potassium bicarbonate (1∶1, v/v), the background conductance signal decreased from 41.6 mV without GLS to 5.5 mV after using GLS. Using a mixed standard solution of common anions (F^-、Cl^-、[Formula: see text] on the separation of other anions.</p>","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 4","pages":"382-387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Open experiment: QuEChERS combined with fluorescence derivatization for the detection of atrazine and its effect on enzyme activity].","authors":"Xing-Hua Huang, Yi-Yao Huang, Wu Gao, Yi-da Zhang, Xiao-Yan Liu, Hai-Xia Zhang","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.06010","DOIUrl":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.06010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atrazine is a triazine pesticide that interferes with normal physiological activities, induces oxidative stress, and is significantly toxic to plants. Therefore, the ability to quantitatively detect atrazine and study the mechanisms responsible for its toxicity are crucial for ensuring food safety and maintaining plant growth. Herein, a method was developed by QuEChERS combined with fluorescence derivatization to rapidly, sensitively, and quantitatively detect atrazine in real samples. This approach offers excellent selectivity and high sensitivity, and is simple to operate. In addition, we also investigated the effect of atrazine on catalase activity through enzyme-activity assays and molecular-docking studies to explore the mechanism responsible for the toxicity of atrazine on the molecular level. This experiment involves knowledge related to sample pretreatment, spectroscopy, and molecular docking, while the instruments used are widely available in colleges and universities and are very suitable for teaching open experiments. This experiment aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of experimental operations integrated with theory, as well as applied research aimed at helping students understand the use of separation materials, the selection and application of fluorescent derivatization reagents, the principles of analytical instruments, the use of enzymes, and the principles of molecular docking. This experiment is expected to enhance students' awareness of people's livelihoods, analytical chemistry concepts, and operational standards, which will guide the development of their scientific research thinking and improve their abilities to solve real-world problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 4","pages":"388-393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Research advances in non-immobilized aptamer screening techniques for small-molecule targets].","authors":"Yang-Yang Hu, Ge Yang, Feng Qu","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.04012","DOIUrl":"10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.04012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aptamers obtained through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) techniques are single stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) or RNA molecules capable of specifically recognizing target molecules. Such aptamers are easily chemically synthesized and modified, highly thermally stable, and are low toxicity and low immunogenicity. Aptamers that target small molecules have broad applications prospects for the development of new drugs, treating tumors, diagnosing diseases, monitoring environmental pollution, detecting drugs, and in ultrafast and sensitive detection applications. However, the simple structures and low molecular masses of small molecules, along with the limited number of binding groups available for interacting with nucleic acids lead to unstable aptamer-small molecule binding, which poses significant challenges for aptamer screening and sensor development. Efficient screening techniques are crucial for identifying aptamers with excellent performance characteristics. At present, the aptamer screening techniques suitable for small-molecule targets are mainly divided into three categories: target-immobilized-based screening technique, nucleic acid library-immobilized-based screening technique, and target-non-immobilized screening technique. Among them, target-non-immobilized screening technique require fewer screening rounds and result in aptamers with superior (typically nmol/L level) affinities. This paper summarized non-immobilized aptamer screening techniques for small-molecule targets, including principle, advantages, disadvantages and application progress associated with graphene oxide (GO)-SELEX, capillary electrophoresis (CE)-SELEX, and gold nanoparticle-assisted (GNP)-SELEX techniques. In addition, strategies for selecting control targets in aptamer-specific evaluation were summarized.</p>","PeriodicalId":101336,"journal":{"name":"Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography","volume":"43 4","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}