Infectious disorders drug targets最新文献

{"title":"Overview of Human Papillomavirus Infection.","authors":"Mohammad Darvishi, Majid Nouri, Maziar Zahir, Maryam Asli, Seyed Zia Hejripoor, Ebrahim Karimi","doi":"10.2174/0118715265257105231025112708","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265257105231025112708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA oncogenic virus. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease, and is capable of infecting mucosal and cutaneous membranes of the anogenital, upper aerodigestive tract, and other head and neck mucosal regions. Although HPV infection is generally asymptomatic and can be easily resolved by the immune system, if it persists and progresses, it can lead to cancer. HPV is permanently responsible for 5% of human cancers. Malignant lesions related to HPV include oral and respiratory squamous cell carcinomas, and cervical and anogenital cancers. Currently, no specific treatment is available for HPV infection, and therapeutic procedures (tissue ablation, chemotherapy, cryotherapy, and immunomodulation) cannot eliminate the virus completely. Vaccination and cervical screening are two methods that have been developed to provide protection against oncogenic HPV. Unfortunately, no effective protocol for vaccination, prevention, testing, or treatment has yet been proposed in the developing countries. In this review, we have reviewed the knowledge gained from recent studies on virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of HPV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e031123223107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71490860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Omicron and Delta Variants of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.","authors":"SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Amir Masoud Afsahi, Pegah Mirzapour, Arian Afzalian, Ramin Shahidi, Mohsen Dashti, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Parinaz Paranjkhoo, Zahra Parsaei, Ava Pashaei, Parsa Mohammadi, Mohammad Sadeq Najafi, Sona Mahrokhi, Parisa Matini, Ali Moradi, Amirali Karimi, Solaiman Afroughi, Esmaeil Mehraeen, Omid Dadras","doi":"10.2174/0118715265279242240216114548","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265279242240216114548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. In early 2020, the disease spread rapidly around the world. Since the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved dramatically into a wide variety of variants endowed with devastating properties. As of March 6, 2022, five SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron strains have been identified. Due to the crucial importance of understanding the differences between the Omicron and Delta variants, this systematic review was conducted.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review investigated new variants of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 based on current studies. Online databases were searched for English articles as of January 03, 2023. Selection of publications was a two-step process of title/abstract and full-text assessment against eligibility criteria. The relevant data from the included articles were systematically collected and organized in a designed table for analysis. To ensure the quality of the review, the PRISMA checklist and Newcastle- Ottawa Scale (NOS) of quality assessment were utilized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data extracted from 58 articles were analyzed, including 10003 pieces of evidence. Lower risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality after vaccination were reported in the Omicron variant compared to the Delta variant. Additionally, the Delta variant led to more severe clinical symptoms in comparison to the Omicron variant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 results in less severe disease outcomes as compared to Delta. Nevertheless, it remains crucial to maintain ongoing monitoring, implement containment measures, and adapt vaccination protocols to effectively address the evolving variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e050324227686"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Retrospective Study Comparing Mortality Rates between Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Kidney Transplant Recipients.","authors":"Anaam Fayyaz, Judy Pozzerle, Suresh J Antony","doi":"10.2174/0118715265254866231121053403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715265254866231121053403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Background: With the emergence of vaccines for COVID-19, mortality and severity of disease have decreased. However, patients with certain comorbidities, such as immunosuppression, CKD, and renal transplant, still have higher mortality rates as compared to the general population. Current data suggests that the risk of developing COVID-19 among transplant patients was reported to be about 5%, which is significantly higher than the risk rate of 0.3% in the general population. Studies utilizing larger sample sizes (i.e., multiple cohorts, sites, hospitals) comparing COVID-19 outcomes among renal transplant patients with a control group are lacking. <p> Objective: The purpose of this descriptive study was to compare the mortality rate between vaccinated and unvaccinated kidney transplant recipients. <p> Methods: Participants were recruited at a community-based transplant clinic in West Texas. <p> Results: Among the group of participants who tested positive for COVID-19 between 2020 and 2022, higher mortality rates and longer hospital stays were noted among those unvaccinated (72% unvaccinated had greater than 5-day length of stay vs. 33% vaccinated). <p> Conclusion: Our study suggests that vaccination against COVID-19 decreases mortality rates in kidney transplant recipients.</p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":"24 4","pages":"72-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140961444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional Status in Leprosy Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Hemasri Velmurugan, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju","doi":"10.2174/0118715265263893231102114955","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265263893231102114955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leprosy, a chronic mycobacterial disease, is frequently accompanied by malnutrition. However, it is important to regularly assess the nutritional state of leprosy patients in a resource-poor nation like India, where undernutrition is widespread.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to compare the nutritional status of leprosy patients to that of normal individuals using the body mass index.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were used to conduct an open literature search. From 1st January 2000 to 31st January 2023, all articles were screened using the following MeSH terms: (nutrition OR body mass index OR body weight) AND (leprosy OR lepra) to find possibly relevant articles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This meta-analysis includes five research studies with a total of 1173 individuals (363 patients in the leprosy group and 810 patients in the non-leprosy group). The weighted mean difference (WMD) for BMI studies was -17.88 (95% CI -27.65 to -8.12), showing that there was a significant difference in BMI < 18.5 between leprosy patients and non-leprosy patients. There was a significant difference in DDS score and HFIAS score between patients with leprosy and non-leprosy. In a total of 342 leprosy patients, 206 developed deformities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This research increases our understanding of nutrition and leprosy. The results found that people with leprosy are nutritionally at a distinct disadvantage when compared to non-leprosy patients. It emphasises the several ways in which diet may generate circumstances that increase the risk of leprosy.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e211123223670"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138292688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in Nanotechnology for Enhanced Antifungal Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Rajat Srivastava, Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat, Manoj Kumar Mishra, Amit Kumar Patel","doi":"10.2174/0118715265266257231022134933","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265266257231022134933","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections caused by fungi can be mildly bothersome or fatal, causing life-threatening conditions or even death. Antifungal drugs have used synthetic chemicals, organic compounds, and phytoconstituents in their formulations to treat fungal infections. Research into novel antifungal drugs has progressed more rapidly than into antibacterial treatments. This can be attributed to the low resistance of fungal infections to antifungal bioactivities and the relatively low incidence of these diseases. Carrier systems based on nanotechnology have generated much interest recently because of the incredible potential of these systems. By using nanoarchitecture as a better carrier and drug delivery system (DDS), we can have greater antifungal effectiveness, bioavailability, targeted action, and less cytotoxicity, a development made possible using nanotechnology. This review discusses various nanocarrier-based technologies in addition to other nanotechnological methods. These include liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, niosomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, polymer nanocomposites, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, etc. This review focused on general information regarding fungi infections, different antifungal agent types and mechanisms of action, and an overview of formulation strategies such as nanotechnology systems, which are frequently researched for antifungal therapies. We concluded that new drug delivery systems are crucial to delivering antifungal medicines to their target site with the optimum concentration. The researchers also concentrated on these innovative drug delivery systems, which primarily focus on regulating and maintaining the release of antifungal drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":"24 2","pages":"e021123223053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139643791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Unforeseen Spreading of Measles in South Africa.","authors":"Sumel Ashique","doi":"10.2174/0118715265276129231211054120","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265276129231211054120","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e191223224667"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138816121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future Opportunities in Malaria Management Offered by Probiotics.","authors":"Amandeep Singh, Rohit Bhatia","doi":"10.2174/0118715265271259231118154255","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265271259231118154255","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e150124225633-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139479395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Genes Encoded Toxin-Antitoxin System in <i>Mycobacterium Tuberculosis</i> Strains from Clinical Sample.","authors":"Karthikeyan Sundaram, Leela Kagithakara Vajravelu, Ravichandiran Velayutham, Utpal Mohan","doi":"10.2174/0118715265274164240117104534","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265274164240117104534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The toxin-antitoxin system is a genetic element that is highly present in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis. The toxin-antitoxin system comprises toxin protein and antitoxin protein or non-encoded RNA interacting with each other and inhibiting toxin activity. <i>M. Tuberculosis</i> has more classes of TA loci than non-tubercle bacilli and other microbes, including <i>VapBC, HigBA, MazEF, ParDE, RelBE, MbcTA, PemIK, DarTG, MenTA, one tripartite type II TAC</i> chaperone system, and hypothetical proteins.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The study aims to demonstrate the genes encoded toxin-antitoxin system in <i>mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> strains from clinical samples.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis clinical samples were collected, and smear microscopy (Ziehl-Neelsen staining) was performed for the detection of high bacilli (3+) count, followed by nucleic acid amplification assay. Bacterial culture and growth assay, genomic DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction were also carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The positive PTB and EPTB samples were determined by 3+ in microscopy smear and the total count of tubercle bacilli determined by NAAT assay was 8.0×100⁵ in sputum and 1.3×10⁰⁴ CFU/ml in tissue abscess. Moreover, the genomic DNA was extracted from culture, and the amplification of Rv1044 and Rv1045 genes in 624 and 412 base pairs (between 600-700 and 400-500 in ladder), respectively, in the H37Rv and clinical samples was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It has been found that Rv1044 and Rv1045 are hypothetical proteins with 624 and 882 base pairs belonging to the <i>AbiEi/AbiEii</i> family of toxin-antitoxin loci. Moreover, the significant identification of TA-encoded loci genes may allow for the investigation of multidrugresistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e140324227967"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140133734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Patents, Herbal Treatment and Clinical Trials on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.","authors":"Sushen Singh Choudhary, Sushma Verma","doi":"10.2174/0118715265270311231113041807","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265270311231113041807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper provides an outline of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), its mechanism of action, and types of HIV/AIDS. Additionally, it offers recent advances and patent data on HIV medications and formulations for the last ten years. The HIV/AIDS patents describes how compounds can stop viruses from spreading and stop HIV from multiplying. It also gives information about monolithic tablets, fixed oral doses of triple HIV formulations, and drug delivery systems that use electrospun fibers. The patents also reveals the treatment for patients having liver disease by using herbal ingredients. The effects of various herbal ingredients and preparations on HIV replication, immunological function, and symptom management have been researched. Despite the encouraging randomized trial data available, it is crucial to proceed cautiously when using herbal treatments for HIV/AIDS treatment. Recent years clinical trials of HIV/AIDS were also reviewed. Herbal remedies are preferred more than other drugs because they have fewer side effects and have long-lasting effects for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The regulation, quality assurance, and standardization of herbal products are the challenges for the industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e201123223654"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138292687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Fusobacterium/Peptostreptococcus</i> - A Case Report of Community- Acquired Empyema Resulting in Surgical Decortication with Prolonged Antibiotic Therapy: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.","authors":"Garrastegui-Mercado Emmanuel, Awad Chady, Suresh Antony","doi":"10.2174/0118715265255809231107100450","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265255809231107100450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Background: Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria occur frequently and can be serious and life-threatening. Anaerobes are a rare cause of community-acquired pneumonia with Streptococcus pneumonia and respiratory viruses being the most frequently detected pathogens. We, herein, report a case of <i>Fusobacterium/Peptostreptococcus</i> parapneumonic effusion with empyema in a patient without risk factors for aspiration pneumonia. This case presents an opportunity to discuss an unusual case of community-acquired empyema secondary to anaerobic infection in a patient without the common risk factors for aspiration. <p> Case Presentation: A 59-year-old male patient without significant past medical history apart from a twenty-five-year history of smoking presented due to left flank pain and shortness of breath. Findings of a complicated parapneumonic effusion were found on imaging, resulting in surgical decortication and prolonged antibiotic therapy. <p> Discussion: Parapneumonic effusions and empyema are relatively common complications of pneumonia. It is important to note that the incidence of anaerobic empyema has been on the rise due to more modern culturing techniques. <p> Conclusion: This case highlights an unusual presentation of community-acquired empyema secondary to anaerobes without any risk factors for aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, clinicians should consider the possibility of anaerobic coverage in the treatment of community-acquired empyema in the appropriate setting.</p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"53-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139099468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}