Infectious disorders drug targets最新文献

{"title":"Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) Secondary to Monoarticular Septic Arthritis Leading to Multiorgan Failure in a Patient without Underlying Comorbidities: Emphasizing Early Diagnosis and Management Strategies.","authors":"Awad Chady, Chong Brandon, Samaniego Michelle, Omar Fahad, Omar Asad","doi":"10.2174/0118715265326740241218080319","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265326740241218080319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) is a life-threatening condition caused by bacterial toxins. The STSS triad encompasses high fever, hypotensive shock, and a \"sunburn-like\" rash with desquamation. STSS, like Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), is a rare complication of streptococcal infections caused by Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> (GAS), <i>Streptococcal pyogenes (S. pyogenes). Staphylococcus aureus</i> is the most frequently isolated bacterial species associated with TSS. Risk factors for STSS include older age, skin wounds, recent viral infection with open sores, recent surgery, nasal packing, use of tampons or other devices, such as menstrual cups/contraceptive sponges/diaphragms, or any other chronic illness, like diabetes or alcohol/drug abuse. Our case presents a patient who did not have any of these risk factors.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 25-year-old male was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) after requiring intubation with mechanical ventilation and pressor support in the setting of septic shock. Septic arthritis was suspected, and blood and bone cultures were positive for <i>S. pyogenes</i>. Arthrocentesis of the affected knee (with fluid analysis and cytology) was positive for <i>Streptococcal pyogenes</i>. Infectious disease was consulted and the patient was empirically started on antibiotics. Kidney function continued to worsen, requiring hemodialysis. He no longer demonstrated brainstem reflexes, which prompted neurology consultation to rule out central nervous system dissemination. Superantigens are pyrogenic exotoxins secreted by different strains of <i>S. pyogenes</i> and are responsible for the many symptoms of STSS that patients present with. Throat infections by the bacteria, leading to streptococcal pharyngitis, are mediated by toxin release and known to cause scarlet fever and, very rarely, STSS. The postinfectious non-pyogenic, non-suppurative syndromes of GAS are autoimmune in nature, which include rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, and very rarely, reactive arthritis. This cross-reactivity of antibodies with body tissue via a mechanism of molecular mimicry can follow streptococcal infections, like streptococcal pharyngitis. Renal disease can also occur after a localized skin infection, also known as streptococcal impetigo. Despite the relationship of STSS with throat infections, there seem to be no reported cases of STSS secondary to septic arthritis in adult patients with no pertinent past medical history or other risk factors that could contribute to the condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Streptococcal septic arthritis is an uncommon orthopedic emergency with high morbidity and mortality that requires emergent medical management. Septic arthritis needs to be treated with systemic antibiotics and joint aspiration, also known as arthrocentesis, which may be required more than once for complete recovery and avoidance of joint destruction. STSS is ","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265326740"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143070552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Human Monkeypox Virus and Host Immunity: Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.","authors":"Vijay Singh, Shailendra Dwivedi, Ruchika Agrawal, Sadashiv, Ghizal Fatima, Afroz Abidi","doi":"10.2174/0118715265309361240806064619","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265309361240806064619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article explores the Human Monkeypox Virus (MPV), a contagious virus that causes disease in both vertebrates and insects. It originated in Denmark in 1958 and expanded beyond Africa during the 1970s. The virus was initially detected in the United States in 2003 following the hospitalisation of a toddler who had been bitten by a prairie dog. The article examines the identification of the virus, its categorization into two genetic groups with different levels of harmfulness, and its genetic changes over time due to specific influences. Additionally, it investigates the immunological reaction to MPXV, encompassing both the innate and adaptive systems. This article also addresses the diagnostic difficulties presented by MPXV's resemblance to other orthopoxviruses and the progress made in molecular diagnostics. The paper analyses different therapeutic interventions, such as tecovirimat, an antiviral medication, and JYNNEOS, a vaccine, in terms of their efficacy, potential drawbacks, and the difficulties encountered in managing outbreaks. The future outlook emphasises the necessity of inventive research methodologies, worldwide monitoring, and individualised medical treatments to counteract the dissemination of MPXV and alleviate its consequences on public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265309361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142006256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Current Perspective on the Effects of Flavonoids in the Treatment of Acne.","authors":"Shikha Yadav, Pratichi Singh, Javed Khan, Swetanshu Singh","doi":"10.2174/0118715265299763240818161040","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265299763240818161040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, etc., are common types of acne that pop up on the skin each time, whenever dead cells and oils obstruct the outgrowth of hair from the hair follicle. It is very common to observe this condition in teenagers, but regardless of age, if the causing condition is met, acne can occur at any point in life. The characteristic feature of all types of acne is it starts with inflammation of the skin. These inflammatory marks (like black spots, pores, small scars, etc.) leave behind even when acne disappears. Plants like vegetables and flowers are naturally rich in different types of polyphenolic compounds called flavonoids. These flavonoids have various key functions, from guiding cell movement to maintaining oxidative pressure in the body. In this study, we discuss six types of flavonoids that have the potential to be used as medicine for the treatment of different kinds of skin breakouts. Moreover, the result of molecular docking of different proteins that have an association with acne is also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265299763"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective Strategies in Disease Control and Prevention: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Salman Daneshi, Mehran Nikvarz, Rasoul Raesi, Ali Kamali, Eshagh Barfar, Kiavash Hushmandi","doi":"10.2174/0118715265380960250726161521","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265380960250726161521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Effective disease control and prevention are central to global public health, especially amid increasing chronic diseases, re-emerging infectious threats, and socioeconomic disparities. This systematic review aims to identify and synthesize key strategies that contribute to improved disease management outcomes worldwide.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review was conducted using the keywords \"disease management,\" \"disease prevention,\" \"public health strategies,\" \"surveillance,\" \"vaccination,\" \"vector control,\" and \"social determinants of health (SDOH)\" in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2001 to 2024. The search strategy was based on the PRISMA statement, and the research question was designed and formulated using the PICO framework. Twenty-two articles were selected for inclusion in the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Enhanced surveillance systems enable timely outbreak detection and inform public health responses. Vaccination strategies, including mobile units and public awareness campaigns, significantly improve coverage, especially in underserved areas. Environmental sanitation through WASH programs reduces disease transmission. Vector control using Integrated Vector Management has proven effective in controlling malaria and dengue. Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) through targeted policies reduces health inequities. The One Health approach promotes cross-sector collaboration for controlling zoonotic diseases.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Findings highlight the importance of combining epidemiological tools, community engagement, policy reform, and intersectoral collaboration. Socioeconomic and environmental contexts significantly influence health outcomes and the success of interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A multifaceted, integrated strategy is crucial for effective disease prevention and control. Public health systems must prioritize surveillance, vaccination, sanitation, equity-oriented policies, and cross-sectoral collaboration to improve global health resilience and reduce disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265380960"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144985178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intensification of Invasive Fungal Infections and Exploration of Effective Antifungal Drug Delivery Formulations: A Detailed Review.","authors":"Shrikant Mahesh Sharma, Rupali Sharma, Pankaj Chandrateya","doi":"10.2174/0118715265317733241021190116","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265317733241021190116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a significant global health threat, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. These infections can lead to severe illness and death, placing a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. Fungi were not previously considered a substantial risk to human health, but this perception changed with the rise of the HIV epidemic. The emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains further complicates the management of these infections, highlighting the urgent need for effective antifungal therapies. Innovative approaches in antifungal drug delivery formulations. This article explores the role of effective antifungal drug delivery formulations in combating the rise of IFIs. These formulations, ranging from lipid-based systems like liposomes and lipid emulsions to polymeric nanoparticles and microparticles, offer several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods. Optimizing these formulations may improve drug efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, and enhance patient outcomes. Furthermore, advancements in nanotechnology and targeted drug delivery systems hold promise in overcoming existing limitations and expanding the scope of antifungal therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265317733"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142878654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In Vitro</i> Anti-biofilm and Anti-adhesion Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Derived Biosurfactants against <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>.","authors":"Maryam Pourhajibagher, Abbas Bahador","doi":"10.2174/0118715265336536241014072854","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265336536241014072854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Biosurfactants are naturally occurring compounds with various applications, biodegradable, non-toxic, and effective in different conditions. This study focuses on the extraction and evaluation of biosurfactants produced by five strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for their potential to inhibit biofilm formation and adhesion by <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The strains of LAB-producing biosurfactants such as <i>Lactobacillus salivarius, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei</i>, and <i>L. rhamnosus</i> were confirmed by the hemolysis test. The presence of biosurfactants derived from LAB strains and their molecular composition were confirmed, and their cellular toxicity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were investigated. Ultimately, the anti-biofilm and anti-adhesive activities of LAB-derived biosurfactants against S. mutans were determined. Eventually, the effect of biosurfactants on the changes in gene expression associated with biofilm formation of <i>S. mutans</i> was assessed. All the LAB strains used in this study were biosurfactant producers. The LAB-derived biosurfactants exhibited no cytotoxicity towards the human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell line. According to the results, the lowest and highest MIC values were observed in the biosurfactants derived from <i>L. rhamnosus</i> and <i>L. plantarum</i> at 0.78 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. The MBC values for the biosurfactants derived from <i>L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L. salivarius, L. acidophilus</i>, and <i>L. plantarum</i> were 3.12, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The LAB-derived biosurfactants at MBC concentrations exhibited significant inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and adhesion of S. mutans (P<0.05) The highest anti-biofilm and anti-adhesion activities were attributed to the biosurfactants derived from L. plantarum, which were not significantly different from the 0.2% chlorhexidine as a positive control group (P>0.05). Moreover, all biosurfactants could significantly decrease the gene expression level of gtfB (P>0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study found that LAB-derived biosurfactants exhibit significant anti-adhesion and anti-biofilm activities against <i>S. mutans</i> without any observed cellular toxicity towards HGF cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These promising bioactive compounds can be utilized as natural antimicrobial agents and biofilm inhibitors to prevent microbial biofilm formation and adhesion in various dental applications, offering a safe and effective alternative for controlling dental biofilms and improving oral health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265336536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142878339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Posaconazole Drug in the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Disease: A Review.","authors":"Sushil Kumar Singh, Shyam Sundar Pancholi","doi":"10.2174/0118715265307531240801091445","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265307531240801091445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Posaconazole is an antifungal medication used primarily to treat invasive fungal infections caused by various organisms, such as Aspergillus, Candida, and certain molds. It belongs to the class of drugs known as triazole antifungals. Clinical studies have reported posaconazole to be effective in treating various invasive fungal infections, especially in patients who are immunocompromised, such as those with weakened immune systems due to conditions like HIV/AIDS, undergoing chemotherapy, or having received an organ transplant. It has effectively treated invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, zygomycosis, and other serious fungal infections. The effectiveness of the drug varies based on factors, such as the type of infection, the patient's immune status, and the site of infection. This review describes the types of infection, the drug's safety profile, the development of resistance to posaconazole, and strategies to manage or prevent resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265307531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142309583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship among SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine Spike Protein, Renin- Angiotensin System, and Epilepsy.","authors":"Ziad Fajloun, Layla Tajer, Hervé Kovacic, Jean-Marc Sabatier","doi":"10.2174/0118715265350339240919053408","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265350339240919053408","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265350339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142309584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The <i>PARK2_e01(-697)</i> Polymorphism does not Associate with Susceptibility to Typhoid in Punjabi Population, Pakistan: A Case Control Study.","authors":"Rizwana Kousar, Ayesha Waheed, Rida Naz, Ghazala Kaukab Raja, Umm-E Kalsoom, Sadia Latif","doi":"10.2174/0118715265305304240918063848","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265305304240918063848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>SNP based association studies have revolutionized the field of biomedicines. Enteric fever is a systemic disease with etiologic agent <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar typhi and <i>paratyphi</i>. It is a serious health issue worldwide and presents wide variations in incidence, rates, and severity. Previous investigations revealed that genetic variations may lead to susceptibility to typhoid fever. The current study was performed to investigate the potential association of <i>PARK2_e01(-697)</i> polymorphism with the susceptibility to typhoid in the Punjabi population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this case-control study, blood samples obtained from typhoid patients with positive Typhidot or blood culture test (n=72) and healthy controls (n=73) were processed for DNA extraction. The polymorphism <i>PARK2_e01(-697)</i> analysis was carried out by using PCR and RFLP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No allelic association was found between <i>PARK2_e01(-697)</i> and susceptibility to typhoid fever in the understudy population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case control study is the demonstration of the non-association of <i>PARK2_e01(-697)</i> with typhoid in the Pakistani population. Future research, using larger population size, will help to elucidate the role of <i>PARK2_e01(-697)</i> polymorphism in typhoid pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265305304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Sides of the Same Coin: Human Papillomavirus-driven Vulval Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Postmenopausal Woman: A Rare Case Report.","authors":"Gabbeta Spandana, Naina Kumar, Immanuel Pradeep, Srujana Veldi, Jarathi Aparna, Anusha Devalla","doi":"10.2174/0118715265378101250611104752","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0118715265378101250611104752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vulvar cancer, a rare malignancy of the female genital tract, accounts for approximately 4% of all gynaecological cancers. Among vulvar malignancies, Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) constitutes about 90% of the cases, frequently arising from precursor lesions, such as Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN). This case report describes an unusual presentation of both premalignant and malignant vulvar lesions in a postmenopausal, post-hysterectomized woman, highlighting diffuse p16 positivity on immunohistochemistry. This finding underscores the potential role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of vulvar SCC.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 73-year-old multiparous, post-menopausal woman presented with a five-month history of vulvar growth accompanied by intense vulval itching and vaginal discharge. Initially referred by the dermatology department as a case of condyloma acuminatum for gynaecological evaluation, her local examination revealed three distinct lesions on the vulva: an exophytic, cauliflower-like warty lesion on the left labia majora; a blackish, pigmented maculopapular lesion on the right labia majora; and a friable, warty lesion over the clitoris extending beneath the clitoral hood. A wide local excision was performed, and histopathological examination of the left and right labial growths indicated VIN Grade 3. The biopsy from the clitoral lesion revealed features of SCC. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated diffuse p16 positivity in the tumor cells of the clitoral lesion, supporting an HPV-associated etiology. Subsequently, the patient underwent a modified radical vulvectomy with bilateral lymphadenectomy. Histopathological findings confirmed SCC of the vulva, staged as IB, with no lymph node involvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case emphasizes the diverse presentation of vulvar lesions and the critical role of HPV in vulvar carcinogenesis, particularly in postmenopausal women.</p>","PeriodicalId":101326,"journal":{"name":"Infectious disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":"e18715265378101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144546715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}