Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik最新文献

{"title":"Patente in der Medizinphysik am Beispiel der Magnetresonanztomographie.","authors":"Oliver Koppel","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of deformable image registration algorithms: target registration error and its correlation to Dice similarity coefficient.","authors":"Yun Ming Wong, Wen Siang Lew, James Cheow Lei Lee, Hong Qi Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The wide usability of deformable image registration (DIR) deems the process of quality assurance important for a reliable clinical translation. Our work mainly aimed to compare the performances of four DIR software, in terms of voxel mapping accuracy quantified through target registration error (TRE), and its organ-wise correlation with Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), a widely used segmentation metric.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CT scans were taken for one static scenario and four deformation scenarios simulated using an in-house deformable anthropomorphic pelvis phantom. Their CT numbers were overridden based on actual patient scan, and these overridden scans were used as input images in this study. Four DIR software were tested: RayStation v10B, Velocity v4.1, Slicer, and Plastimatch. Multiple DIRs were performed for each software, using different algorithm options or parameters. The TRE was quantified by calculating the difference between the true and mapped marker positions. Subsequently, Pearson correlation tests were done to examine the correlation between DSC and mean TRE, separately for bladder, prostate, rectum and all organs combined. Similar analyses were conducted for prostate alone, to gain more insights regarding a homogeneous medium. Additionally, DSC was used to predict whether the mean TRE exceeded 3 mm. The classification performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, specificity and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the four software tested, RayStation achieved the lowest mean TRE for all deformation scenarios, with values between 1.48 mm and 3.06 mm. Pearson correlation tests revealed an exceptionally strong negative correlation between DSC and mean TRE for SlicerElastix, where the correlation coefficients ranged from -0.901 to -0.987. In line with the strongest correlation found, SlicerElastix achieved the highest classification performance scores overall. For all three organs, the scores at their corresponding best DSC threshold were mostly higher than 0.80, and the AUCs were close to 1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In short, this work quantified and compared four DIR software based on the voxel mapping accuracy as well as its correlation with DSC, in the major organs in prostate radiotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An open-source irradiation and data-handling framework for pre-clinical ion-beam research.","authors":"Isselmou Abdarahmane, Lorenz Wolf, Peter Kuess, Gerd Heilemann, Silvia Stocchiero, Barbara Knäusl, Ingo Feinerer, Markus Zeilinger, Dietmar Georg","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Pre-clinical animal studies are pivotal for understanding the radiation effects in particle therapy. However, small animal research often relies on highly customized in-house solutions. This study introduces a comprehensive, open-source data processing pipeline specifically developed for pre-clinical particle irradiation research in a multi-vendor setting.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The pipeline for pre-treatment, positioning, and response imaging encompassed ultra-high-field micro magnetic resonance imaging (Bruker UHF-µMRI), micro-computed tomography (Molecubes µCT), micro-positron emission tomography (Molecubes µPET), and in-room cone-beam computed tomography (MedPhoton CBCT). For image postprocessing, 3D Slicer was primarily used for registration, resampling, cropping, and data conversion from DICOM to the NIFTI format. The RaySearch treatment planning and delivery infrastructure was employed for target delineation and kV x-ray dose calculation (μ-RayStation 8B) and for ion beam treatment planning (RayStation 2024A-SP1-R), as well as in-room image registration and ion-beam delivery (RayCommand 2024A-SPC2). The oncology information system (OIS) RayCare 2024A-SP4 served as the interface between the treatment control system and treatment-planning-system (TPS). DICOM metadata from commercial products had to be modified to allow import and processing for this customized pre-clinical workflow. Anatomical mouse atlases were integrated to support post-irradiation analysis using structure sets, dose and dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LET_D) maps were also processed. Five mice, irradiated unilaterally with a single 60 Gy proton dose, were used for workflow validation. Radiomic features were explored to assess irradiated and non-irradiated hippocampal tissue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A python-based DICOM processor successfully converted vendor-specific 3D multi-frame objects into a TPS compatible format while preserving the global unique-identifier (UID) hierarchy and spatial metadata. This enabled a seamless image data import into the TPS. All multimodality images, planning-related structures, doses, and LET_D maps were stored on an internal data repository after processing in 3D Slicer. The framework was applied to five mice, demonstrating that the contralateral median dose remained ≤ 0.03 Gy, including follow-up µMRI and exemplary radiomics analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The open source in-house developed irradiation and data-handling framework¹ enabled the establishment of a technological platform for image-guided pre-clinical ion-beam research. All steps from treatment planning, position verification, and beam delivery, down to non-invasive response assessment were covered.</p>","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144985093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Off beam dosimetry for risk group classification for patients with head and neck cancer and CIED.","authors":"Larissa Blümlein, Oliver Kölbl, Ralf Ringler, Barbara Dobler","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current guidelines [1] classify patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) into risk groups based on the maximal CIED dose (D_max) to avoid malfunctions. If a CIED is located outside the radiation field, dose calculation by treatment planning systems (TPS) is not sufficiently accurate for safe classification. In certain cases, a magnet is placed on the CIED for deactivation of antitachyarrhythmia (ATA) therapy during treatment. The magnet is, however, not included in the treatment planning process, which leads to further uncertainty in the dose determination at the CIED. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the magnet on CIED dose and to examine if the inclusion of the magnet in the TPS allows a more accurate dose prediction for safe classification of the patients. Treatment plans with and without the magnet were calculated for 15 patients with naso-/orpharyngeal or esophageal carcinoma and transferred to a phantom with integrated CIED. Treatment plan verification was performed with thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs) and radiochromic films. Our study showed an overestimation of the dose in the CIED by the TPS by 0.4 Gy (20 %) on average. The magnet used for ATA deactivation during radiotherapy increased the dose to the CIED slightly by 0.1 Gy on average. For Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) irradiations of patients with esophageal or oro-/nasopharyngeal carcinoma, placement of the magnet had no clinically relevant impact on the CIED dose in most of the cases. The inclusion of the magnet in the TPS had no influence on calculated CIED dose and did not change the classification into risk groups. Despite uncertainties in the dose calculation, risk classification by the TPS Monaco was safe in 97 % of the cases, even if a magnet was used for ATA deactivation and not included in the treatment planning process.</p>","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144985062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the best shape aspheric intraocular lens - A raytracing based optimisation study.","authors":"Achim Langenbucher, Jascha Wendelstein, Alan Cayless, Peter Hoffmann, Nóra Szentmáry","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To develop, implement and demonstrate a calculation strategy to derive the best shape spherical or aspherical intraocular lens (IOL) considering corneal spherical aberration (SA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The simulation concept is based on 2D raytracing and involves an ideal plano or spherical wavefront with an optical path length correction which simulates corneal SA. The IOL defined with its equivalent power PIOL, Coddington shape factor (CSF) and edge thickness (ET) could be located with its secondary principal plane (PP2) or its haptic plane (HP) at the predicted axial lens position (ELP).The lens geometry is optimised for the root-mean-squared wavefront error (RMSWF) and the best wavefront and rayscatter focus are derived.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The custom simulation software package is written in Matlab (version 2024a). The applicability of the simulation software is shown with some examples to show the performance of the results. The simulation results are structured to give some insight into best shape spherical and aspheric lenses, the impact of CSF, corneal spherical aberration to be corrected, and the concept of using the ELP to predict either the PP2 or the HP of the lens.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The simulation tool seems to be very robust in optimising best shape spherical and aspherical lenses based on available data for corneal power and spherical aberration. In all examples the spherical aberrations were completely eliminated or reduced to a negligible amount using individually shaped biconvex aspheric IOLs. An implementation in an industrial manufacturing process of customised aspheric lenses and a clinical study are needed to validate the concept in a clinical setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144796532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiomics feature stability and distinction power in organic low-contrast phantoms for novel CBCT imaging.","authors":"M Willam, M Eckl, H Oppitz, T Zakrzewski, C Dreher, J Boda-Heggemann, M F Froelich, S O Schoenberg, F A Giordano, J Fleckenstein","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Due to the prevalence of daily cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging in radiation therapy, radiomics analysis has great potential to detect early radiation induced tissue changes. Clinical applications of radiomics using CBCT imaging have been hindered by lack of stability in radiomics features and comparably poor image quality. Novel CBCT imaging devices promise improved quality comparable to those of fan-beam CTs. Using organic low-contrast phantoms and patient data, this study aims to assess the potential of novel CBCT imaging for radiomics analysis by testing the robustness and utility of extracted features.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CBCT scans (Hypersight, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) of three groups of low-contrast organic phantoms (16 apples, 16 oranges and 16 onions) were acquired using four different clinical scan-presets (head: 100 kV, 88 mAs; head low dose: 100 kV, 29 mAs; pelvis: 125 kV, 470 mAs; breast: 125 kV, 29 mAs). Each scan was repeated without change (re-test). The phantoms were then moved and repositioned to the same position for a third scan (reposition-test). Lastly, the phantoms were rotated by 90° clockwise and scanned again (90°-test). 107 radiomics features were extracted including shape, first- and second-order features. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) of these features between the initial scan, re-test, reposition-test and 90°-test was determined, respectively. Features with a CCC greater than 0.90 were deemed stable. A Boruta random-forest analysis was conducted for each scan-preset and the features were ranked by their importance (z-score) in distinguishing between the phantom groups. When a feature presented a z-score higher than 2.58 (p = 0.01) it was deemed viable. Correlation cluster plots were generated to visualize redundancies. Finally, the presented analysis was repeated on clinical image data of 16 primary prostate cancer patients. Two CBCTs were acquired (pelvis preset) before the initial treatment with 24.0 (20.3, 28.6) minutes between them. Prostate, rectum and bladder were segmented and all features were extracted per organ. The CCC was calculated for these image pairs per organ analogous to re-test. A Boruta random-forest analysis was used to identify features that are viable in distinguishing the three organs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average fraction of stable features over all phantom groups and scan-presets in re-test was 100.0 %, 98.1 % and 98.4 % for shape, first-order and second-order features, respectively. In reposition-test 97.0 %, 90.3 % and 96.2 % were stable and in 90°-test 86.3 %, 75.9 % and 65.8 %. Feature stability rate was comparable between different scan-presets with the highest stability rate being head (89.1 %) followed by breast (88.0 %), head low dose (87.7 %) and pelvis (87.3 %). Boruta random-forest analysis yielded the following features to be most relevant in distinguishing the phantom groups: gray l","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MPE training in Germany - Perspectives of the next generation.","authors":"Tim Felgenhauer, Laura Garajová, Jonas Meyer, Andre Karius","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144746728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Dose radiation risk in medicine: a look at risk models, challenges, and future prospects.","authors":"Forough Jafarian-Dehkordi, Christoph Hoeschen","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The application of ionizing radiation in medical diagnostics and treatments has been transformative in advancing healthcare for the benefit of patients. However, with these advancements comes the need to understand and mitigate the risks of ionizing radiation. While the role of radiation in medicine is undeniable, its potential to induce malignancies and genetic alterations requires careful application and understanding. This review provides an overview about the radiobiology of radiation risk, and then go through the evolution, challenges, and inherent uncertainties surrounding radiation risk models. In the end, it looks at the impact of the technological and methodological progress that has influenced the radiation protection and shapes our understanding of radiation risk. The search for references was conducted in Google Scholar and PubMed using the keywords 'low radiation,' 'radiation risk,' 'risk models,' 'radiation protection,' and 'uncertainty.'</p>","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral fluence response and off-axis corrections for ionization chambers and silicon diodes in small photon fields.","authors":"Julian Roers, Florian Katsch, Hans T Eich, Christos Moustakis","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigates the charged particle fluence response of two reference ionization chambers (PTW T31021 Semiflex 3D and IBA CC04) and two silicon diode detectors (PTW microSilicon and IBA Razor diode) when measuring relative off-axis profiles in medium- to small-sized photon fields. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are employed to determine the spectral fluence distribution of charged particles at different off-axis positions in water and within the investigated detectors. The goal is to enhance our understanding of the challenges associated with the dosimetry under non-equilibrium conditions and to calculate off-axis correction factors for the detectors under investigation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Spectral fluence correction factors p_E,glf were determined using a modified version of the EGSnrc user code egs_chamber. A standard linear accelerator model based on the Elekta Precise was used as beam source with a photon beam quality specifier TPR_20,10 of 0.671. Field sizes as small as 0.5 cm ×0.5 cm were evaluated at a water depth of 10 cm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis of spectral electron fluence in water as a function of off-axis positions across different field sizes revealed notable spectrum variations, particularly beyond the field edge and in the penumbra. These fluctuations directly impact the energy-dependent fluence response of the detectors. The assessment of p_E,glf at the field edge demonstrated that the volume-averaging effect in air-filled ionization chambers is energy-dependent, with high-energy electron fluences being more strongly disturbed than low-energy fluences. In contrast, silicon diodes reproduced the relative profile within a 2% deviation but exhibited sensitivity to low-energy fluence fluctuations, especially in the penumbra.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate detectors for relative profile measurements and the necessity of applying detector-specific off-axis correction factors to account for variations in spectral electron fluence response.</p>","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-automated bone tracking in dynamic CINE MRI during controlled knee motion.","authors":"A Nepal, N M Brisson, T C Wood, G N Duda, J R Reichenbach, M Krämer","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables in vivo imaging of bone motion during knee movement, but quantifying joint kinematics from these images remains technically challenging due to image quality trade-offs inherent in dynamic acquisition sequences. We aimed to develop a semi-automated pipeline for tracking femoral and tibial motion from sagittal plane CINE MRI during active knee flexion and extension. The performance of the method was evaluated by quantifying: (i) bone boundary alignment error, (ii) frame segmentation processing time, and (iii) consistency of derived osteokinematic parameters, with the latter two compared against manual segmentation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The presented algorithm combines Canny edge detection and connected-component labeling with frame-to-frame transformation optimization to track bone boundaries. The approach was validated in five healthy volunteers performing controlled knee flexion and extension using a dedicated MRI-compatible device. The relative bone displacements measured using the semi-automated approach were qualitatively compared to that from manual segmentation. All bone displacements were defined in the two-dimensional (2D) image coordinate system, with the centroid of the tibial segment tracked relative to the centroid of the femoral segment in the horizontal and vertical directions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The semi-automated tracking method achieved an average alignment error of 0.40 ± 0.02 mm for both bones, with processing time reduced from approximately 15 minutes for manual segmentation to less than 5 minutes for semi-automated segmentation per dataset. Both approaches showed similar relative bone motion patterns, with horizontal displacement of the tibia with respect to the femur ranging between 8 and 28 mm and vertical displacement remaining relatively constant at around 57 mm through the knee motion cycle. Further analysis revealed that the semi-automated method demonstrated improved precision with smaller standard deviations (SDs) in displacement measurements compared to the manual approach, with horizontal displacements of 1.7-2.7 mm vs. 2.2-3.3 mm and vertical displacements of 0.7-1.2 mm vs. 0.9-1.7 mm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results demonstrate the potential of the semi-automated method for reliable and time-efficient quantification of relative bone positions during volitional knee motion in dynamic MRI protocols. The shorter processing time and the demonstrated reliability of the semi-automated method support its utility for analyzing dynamic MRI data.</p>","PeriodicalId":101315,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}