World Development Sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Behavioral determinants of trust and commitment in horticultural cooperatives: Experimental evidence from Rwanda","authors":"Hanna Julia Ihli ,&nbsp;Kai Mausch ,&nbsp;Lisa Elena Fuchs","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Rwandan government emphasizes the role of cooperatives in transforming rural economies from subsistence farming to diversified commercial agriculture, including high-value export horticultural crops. The success of these cooperatives depends significantly on farmers’ willingness to join and remain committed members. Previous research indicates that Rwandan cooperatives often follow a top-down approach, which can lead to dissatisfaction, disagreement, and distrust among members. This dissatisfaction can undermine the cooperatives’ goals of improving farmer welfare, thereby adversely affecting their capacity to transform local livelihoods and economies. This study measures the trust and commitment levels of Rwandan smallholder farmers towards horticultural cooperatives using surveys and experiments. It provides empirical evidence on the extent, role, and determinants of trust and commitment, with a particular focus on behavioral determinants such as risk and time preferences. The findings show that while trust levels are relatively high, commitment levels are relatively low. Probit model estimations indicate that risk and time preferences influence farmers’ trust and commitment. Specifically, risk aversion decreases the predicted probability of trust and commitment, while greater patience increases the predicted probability of trust. No statistically significant relationship was found between behavior in an experimental trust game and survey responses regarding trust and commitment. The study's findings suggest several policy and practice implications, particularly the need to identify and implement strategies to enhance farmers' commitment to cooperatives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000545/pdfft?md5=e735fc86e39aecff72c62fb2b4747da0&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000545-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A system dynamics modelling assessment of water-energy-food resource demand futures at the city scale: Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Derrick Mirindi ,&nbsp;Janez Sušnik ,&nbsp;Sara Masia ,&nbsp;Graham Jewitt","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding future demands of water, energy, and food (WEF) resources is essential to achieve sustainable management of these resources. Based on a survey of 90 households, this study provides an analysis of household water, energy, and food security for the city of Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo, where there is a lack of any such assessment. Water supply is largely unimproved. Electricity supply is fairly reliable in some parts of the city, but not others. Most residents rely on charcoal burning for food preparation. Dietary Diversity Scores are low indicating stable, but low food security. Data collected were used to develop an integrated WEF system dynamics model that was applied to simulate household-level resource demand. To assess future resources demand, four scenarios developed by the Global Scenario Group were simulated. Findings reveal that the 'Great Transition' scenario exerts lower impact on resources demand, representing the most likely trajectory to achieve sustainable socio-economic development and management. However, achieving the conditions required for a ‘Great Transition’ could be challenging in Goma, which is characterised by low incomes, poor access to resources, and the threat of armed conflict. To achieve greater efficiency in resources utilisation and to prepare for the future, a number of recommendations are made, including energy supply diversification, altered agricultural practices to diversify diets, and expansion and improvement of water supply infrastructure. This work provides a basis for similar assessments in DRC and central Africa, highlighting the need for integrated resources management and assessment for regional opportunities toward sustainable development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000375/pdfft?md5=1d1e0abdb42bf35782a93532cc531e6f&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000375-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141846829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gendered financial & nutritional benefits from access to pay-as-you-go LPG for cooking in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya","authors":"Matthew Shupler ,&nbsp;Jonathan Karl ,&nbsp;Mark O'Keefe ,&nbsp;Helen Hoka Osiolo ,&nbsp;Tash Perros ,&nbsp;Willah Nabukwangwa Simiyu ,&nbsp;Arthur Gohole ,&nbsp;Federico Lorenzetti ,&nbsp;Elisa Puzzolo ,&nbsp;James Mwitari ,&nbsp;Daniel Pope ,&nbsp;Emily Nix","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the association between adoption of pay-as-you-go (PAYG) liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), an emerging alternative to full cylinder LPG, and women's economic empowerment in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. From December 2021-January 2022, 293 customers of a PAYG LPG company (PayGo Energy) were surveyed on their cooking patterns, financial savings and shifts in dietary behaviors following uptake of the technology. Among PayGo Energy customers that previously cooked only with polluting fuels (<em>N</em> = 78; 27 % of customers), daily cooking time was reduced by an average of 42 min/day; 82 % of PayGo Energy customers that previously cooked with full cylinder LPG (<em>N</em> = 216; 73 % of customers) also decreased their cooking time (average of 20 min/day) when switching to PAYG LPG. The majority (58 %; <em>N</em> = 70) of female household heads took on additional employment after switching to PAYG LPG, compared with 36 % (<em>N</em> = 55) of females living in male-headed households. Among female household heads, the proportion of informal sector workers earning wages on an irregular (71 %) or daily basis (61 %) that took on new income-generating activities after transitioning to PAYG LPG was over 20 % higher than those earning monthly salaries (39 %). Increased dietary diversity and consumption of protein-rich foods (legumes, meat, fish) from cooking with PAYG LPG was reported by 15 % of female household heads compared with 5 % of those living in male-headed households. While nearly three-quarters (73 %) of PayGo Energy customers would recommend the service to others because of the added convenience it provides, only one-third (29 %) reported associated health benefits as a key reason for promoting use of PAYG LPG to community members. Female household heads were more likely than non-household heads to be socioeconomically empowered when adopting PAYG LPG, illustrating that women's agency may influence the associated benefits of clean energy transitions. Nonetheless, the time savings reported by nearly all women who switched to PAYG LPG for cooking suggests that promoting the increased convenience of cooking with PAYG LPG may be useful for accelerating its adoption..</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000569/pdfft?md5=565eb79a55f1e544295c07e110d3a2fe&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000569-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141838523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Review of Bangladesh's Child Labor Regulations and Policies","authors":"Md Mahmudul Hoque","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Child labor remains widespread in Bangladesh. The country has ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the ILO's Minimum Age Convention, and the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention. The government has developed a legal and policy framework to eliminate all forms of child labor by 2025. This paper examines the country's pertinent national regulations, policies, and programs to identify discrepancies and gaps. The author appraised a variety of government documents, including laws, rules, policies, and reports, as well as emerging evidence. The results indicate that the country's legal and policy framework is comprehensive and well-aligned with its long-term development plans. Institutional bodies collaborate to implement and monitor these policies and programs designed to reduce child labor. Nonetheless, a few significant gaps render the framework insufficient, inconsistent, and ineffective. The government has not yet ratified several important conventions. The application of the Labor Act of 2006 is primarily restricted to the formal sectors, whereas most of the hazardous child labor occurs in the informal agricultural and domestic work sectors. In many cases, the absence of birth registration documents renders the determination of a child's age arbitrary. Emerging evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the situation and that dangerous child labor is on the rise in urban areas. However, the current framework lacks legal provisions regarding hazardous child labor, and government support programs are inadequate. The government must review its policies and develop programs in collaboration with communities to protect children's best interests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000557/pdfft?md5=901000d8be2b6be48169fbc2f94eddda&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000557-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141851551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultivating sustainability: Adoption and intensity of soil fertility management technologies among rural farms in Zambia","authors":"Louis Chikopela ,&nbsp;Thomson H. Kalinda ,&nbsp;John N. Ng'ombe ,&nbsp;Elias Kuntashula","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2024.100174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite the numerous advantages of soil fertility management (SFM) practices and substantial investments to promote adoption, uptake of these technologies remains low across sub-Saharan Africa. We study the adoption and intensity of key SFM practices - improved fallow, animal manure, compost, crop residue retention, minimum tillage, inorganic fertilizer, and intercropping among rural farmers in Zambia. Data from 1234 rural farms and the multivariate probit (MVP) and generalized Poisson regression models are used. The MVP model highlights interconnections among practices, emphasizing the need for integrated interventions. Socio-demographics like gender, age, education, and household labor availability significantly influence adoption of SFM practices. Farm characteristics including experience, land ownership, livestock, and off-farm income also play pivotal roles. Accessibility of information via phones, radio, and farmer groups emerged as a crucial enabler, while extension services, credit, and proximity to markets and roads shape adoption decisions. Results indicate education, household labor, off-farm income, and group membership drive intensity of adoption. Extension contacts, training, and agro-ecological region location also affect intensity with regional variations. Key policy implications emerge. First, the complementarities among practices underscore the need for holistic strategies recognizing these synergies. Second, enhancing education specifically for younger farmers can promote adoption of SFM technologies by increasing knowledge. Third, spurring farmer groups facilitates knowledge exchange, input access, and collaborative adoption. Fourth, strategic extension services and training programs are vital to address knowledge gaps for sustained adoption. Overall, this study provides insights to guide policies for promoting SFM practices among rural farms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000521/pdfft?md5=35350dffc2afb94f5c9f7866f6b89d6f&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000521-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141596807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Online grazing permit’: A review of novel digitalisation procedures of natural resources management projects in Iran","authors":"Farshad Amiraslani ,&nbsp;Elham Mortazavi Sarmad","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2024.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Globally, there is a constant growth in digitalisation and e-services. Their main benefits include higher transparency, reliability and accountability of service providers while strengthening fair competition and collaboration. This article improves upon previous literature by adding a new innovative dimension to natural resources management through digitalisation processes. It also narrates a relatively swift alteration of public policies in response to growing access demands to digital data. Here, we examine one of the well-established Iranian public organisations for natural resources management, called 'Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Management Organisation'. This organisation has shifted its procedures to become a significant electronic service provider within a relatively short period. Given its extended offices, diverse range of activities, and human resources portfolio, it could become a role model for other similar organisations at the national, regional and global levels. This review paper highlights the challenges of forming a national digital-based authority for natural resource management. We will cover a few remarks on such quick transition strengths and failures. The lessons learned can be considered in other similar contexts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000454/pdfft?md5=8bba9247e1acda77383f5654aa5f70d9&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000454-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global exposure to climate change at a subnational jurisdiction level","authors":"Michaël Goujon ,&nbsp;Olivier Santoni ,&nbsp;Laurent Wagner","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2024.100168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of climate change, there is a need to identify the most vulnerable \"hotspots\" to the various risks that should attract the most attention from analysts and decision-makers. In this paper, we focus on territories’ exposure to the main consequences of climate change, considering both intensity and the level of physical exposure to main climate change hazards. We propose a composite indicator that can be computed globally but at the sub-national level, covering 47,138 administrative units in the World (all land but Antarctica). It should be helpful as a first step to assess risks for countries characterized by high geoclimatic diversity but also transboundary risks. It would help identify the most vulnerable subnational administrative units and serve as one tool for adaptation planning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000466/pdfft?md5=e89703e7f7f4abc95c07c3ff57749f83&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000466-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of agricultural credit on coffee productivity in Kenya","authors":"Richard Wamalwa Wanzala ,&nbsp;Nyankomo Marwa ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Nanziri Lwanga","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2024.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Historically, agricultural credit programs have been used as a policy instrument to improve agricultural productivity and livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The effectiveness of such credit programs has been widely deliberated with an opaque unanimity being reached since yield is stochastic. Therefore, this study examines the impact of agricultural credit provided by the Government of Kenya as an intervention to boost coffee productivity. Over the years, there has been little – if any – in-depth analysis that has been dedicated to establishing the impact of this agricultural credit on coffee productivity. This study surveyed 174 smallholder coffee farmers (participants and non-participants in the credit program) in Kiambu County in Kenya between 2015 and 2019. The paper espouses the DEA Malmquist index to estimate the efficiency of coffee productivity for participating and non-participating coffee farmers in the credit program. The empirical results disclose that participating farmers had the highest geomean for productivity change (152 %), efficiency change (40.5 %), technical change (53.2 %) and scale efficiency (40.5 %). Bayesian Modelling Average was used to assess determinants of coffee productivity. Bayesian Modelling Average (BMA) was used to assess determinants of coffee productivity. The findings from BMA analysis indicated that variety, education, extension visits and crop system had a positive impact on coffee productivity. Gender and age of farmer had a negative impact on coffee productivity. Thus, these insights from the empirical work would be instrumental in providing policy directions in terms of agricultural lending and crafting policies aimed at enhancing the efficiency of coffee productivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000442/pdfft?md5=ee0892bb0abcc770e0977b0c47db9716&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000442-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factor productivity nexus economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Symmetric and asymmetric panel approaches","authors":"Urgaia R. Worku","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2024.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the effect and role of total factor productivity with other major determinants on economic growth in the Sub – Saharan Africa(SSA).It employs the data obtained from the World Bank Development Indicators spanning from 1990 to 2022 using panel ARDL, GMM and their extended asymmetric non-linear (NARDL) and (NGMM) models. The NARDL and NGMM are more superior to the counterpart ARDL and GMM symmetric models in the long-run than the short-run estimation, ensuring more efficient and reliable information regarding the effects of productivity on economic growth analysis. Finally, the robust dynamic inter-temporal Granger causality tests show that asymmetrically there is bi-directional causality between the growth rate of an upward movement in total factor productivity and real GDP. There is also bi-directional causality of a downward movement in the growth rate of the terms of trade and real GDP growth rate. The empirical findings of the study are extremely important indicators for sustained economic growth in the SSA region. Hence, this research work recommends that governments should enhance total factor productivity and terms of trade through job-trainning provision and promote trading among themselves as policy tools.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000478/pdfft?md5=2d6af6728309de35123528bae69c6eb2&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000478-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social capital enhances the resilience of agricultural cooperatives: Comparative case studies in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam","authors":"Hieu Hong Hua ,&nbsp;Peter R. Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2024.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Agricultural cooperatives play an important role in increasing rice production and contribute to the rural economy of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, but their resilience can be influenced by community governance and the social capital of members. This study investigated the comparative importance of social capital of members in two agricultural cooperatives in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. We focused on two primary research questions: (1) How has social capital influenced the resilience of agricultural cooperatives for rice production? (2) What key factors influenced social capital in the two cooperatives? The study applied qualitative and quantitative data collection methods including focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and household surveys. Measures of social capital of members in the cooperative in An Giang scored higher than that of members in the cooperative in Can Tho. Our study found that low levels of education amongst members and weak bonding social capital between subgroups with different social networks and different farming outputs in the same cooperative were two key factors impacting adversely on the resilience of the two cooperatives. Trust was revealed to be a very important component of successful ACs. These are critical areas that need to be addressed by policy makers in order to improve the community governance and resilience of rice farming cooperatives in the Mekong Delta.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X2400048X/pdfft?md5=b35c667546b4f746962d681d727aba8a&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X2400048X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141434896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}