Veterinary Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"Current landscape and domestic breakthroughs: A comprehensive review of pet vaccines in China","authors":"Lele Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Tengda Guo,&nbsp;Wenjuan Du,&nbsp;Shen Wang,&nbsp;Yongtao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2026.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2026.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pet vaccines are fundamental for protecting animal health and preventing zoonotic diseases, aligning with the global \"One Health\" initiative. In China, this sector is undergoing a significant transition. Following the successful localization of traditional vaccines, the industry is now actively advancing toward innovative genetic engineering platforms, particularly mRNA technology. This review systematically examines the current landscape by synthesizing available data, with a focus on three key aspects: market dynamics, research and development trends, and vaccine technology platforms. Our analysis indicates that the Chinese pet vaccine market, valued at over one billion RMB, is on a strong growth trajectory fueled by a large pet population and rising health awareness. Despite rapid growth, intensified competition and product homogenization present challenges to long-term sustainable development. Technologically, the sector is defined by diverse platforms: inactivated vaccines, noted for their safety; attenuated vaccines, valued for durable immunity; subunit vaccines, offering precise targeting; viral-vector vaccines; and the promising nucleic acid vaccines, which represent the cutting edge of innovation with several candidates in clinical trials. In conclusion, the future of pet vaccines in China lies in navigating beyond price competition through continuous innovation in safer, more efficient, and multivalent formulations. Addressing both the persistent technical bottlenecks for specific pathogens and the critical challenge of market education will be crucial to fully realizing the potential of domestic vaccines and contributing to national public health security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the safety and protective efficacy of an ILTV UL50-deleted strain in chickens","authors":"Zhifei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiangyang Wen ,&nbsp;Shuxuan Ren ,&nbsp;Qinfang Liu ,&nbsp;Chunxiu Yuan ,&nbsp;Qiaoyang Teng ,&nbsp;Dawei Yan ,&nbsp;Xue Pan ,&nbsp;Bangfeng Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaona Shi ,&nbsp;Minghao Yan ,&nbsp;Jihui Ping ,&nbsp;Zejun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2026.100159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2026.100159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes severe respiratory disease in chickens and remains a major concern for poultry production. Although live-attenuated vaccines are widely used, residual virulence and latency raise safety concerns. The UL50 gene encodes a conserved deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) and has been implicated in herpesvirus virulence, but its value as a vaccine attenuation target in ILTV remains uncertain. Here, we evaluated the effects of complete UL50 ORF deletion on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of ILTV in chickens to assess its potential as a target for developing safer live-attenuated ILTV vaccines. Four-day-old chickens were inoculated via the eye-drop or intranasal route to evaluate pathogenicity and protective efficacy against challenge with the virulent SH2016 strain. The rGD2018-ΔUL50 exhibited further attenuation, inducing only minimal clinical signs and showing no detectable viral shedding or viral replication in the larynx and trachea. In contrast, the parental low-virulence GD2018 strain caused slightly more evident mild clinical signs. Despite its marked attenuation, the UL50-deleted strain conferred partial protection against challenge, whereas GD2018-inoculated chickens were fully protected. These results indicate that UL50 plays an important role in ILTV virulence, and that its complete deletion leads to over-attenuation, compromising protective efficacy. Optimization of UL50-based attenuation strategies, such as partial modification or combination with other genetic approaches, may facilitate the development of safer and effective next-generation ILTV live vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pan-genomic entropy profiling reveals conserved immune hotspots in the E2 Glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus","authors":"Kothapete Ramakrishna Ganesh ,&nbsp;Sharanagouda S Patil ,&nbsp;Jayaramareddy Harish,&nbsp;Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh,&nbsp;Jagadish Hiremath,&nbsp;Shivasharanappa Nayakvadi","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2026.100160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2026.100160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) remains a significant threat to swine health, necessitating alternative vaccine strategies that overcome limitations of live-attenuated vaccines. In this study, we present a comprehensive in silico framework that integrates entropy-based conservation analysis, immunoinformatics, structural modeling, and translational feasibility assessment to rationally design a multi-epitope vaccine construct (MEVC) targeting the CSFV E2 glycoprotein. A non-redundant dataset of 312 E2 sequences was analyzed using multiple Shannon entropy profiles, revealing a dominant low-entropy region (Block 9; residues 1–426) that remained stable across multiple entropy thresholds. Residue-level conservation analysis confirmed high consensus across this block, supporting its suitability for epitope mining. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and linear B-cell epitopes were predicted within Block 9 and filtered based on binding affinity, conservation, antigenicity, and safety criteria. Epitope density analysis showed significant enrichment within Block 9 relative to the remainder of the E2 protein. The finalized MEVC was structurally modeled and validated using stereochemical and energy-based metrics, and a comparative analysis with an AlphaFold model highlighted structural uncertainty inherent to synthetic multi-epitope constructs. In silico immune simulations were performed to explore qualitative immune response trends. Physicochemical profiling and codon optimization for <em>Escherichia coli</em> expression indicated favorable stability, solubility, and translational feasibility, supported by optimal GC content, codon adaptation index, and absence of rare codon clusters. While all findings are computational and require experimental validation, this study provides a refined, data-driven foundation to guide future experimental development of CSFV epitope-based vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147547937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward the Development of a Live Attenuated Vaccine: Construction and Evaluation of a Salmonella Enteritidis Mutant Strain","authors":"Feng Guan ,&nbsp;Yishuo Li ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Sun ,&nbsp;An Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Gong ,&nbsp;Guijuan Hao ,&nbsp;Fangkun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed a genetically attenuated <em>Salmonella enteritidis</em> (<em>S. enteritidis</em>) strain, designated as SD01ΔMg (deficient in asd, crp, rfaL, rffG, and rfbB), to enhance vaccine safety while maintaining immunogenicity. The virulence of the mutant strain was evaluated by determining the median lethal dose (LD₅₀). The deletions significantly diminished the virulence, as evidenced by a higher LD₅₀ in chicks, reduced proliferation in HeLa and RAW264.7 cells (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01), and reduced colonization in chick organs, with no detectable bacteria by day 11 post-inoculation. The strain also exhibited nutritional dependency, with an inability to survive without DAP nutrients. Immunologically, SD01ΔMg induced robust humoral (IgG), mucosal (IgA), and cellular (IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α) immune responses post-vaccination comparable to wild-type and commercial vaccine strains. The animal infection test showed that gene deletion could lead to a significant decrease in the virulence of <em>S. enteritidis</em> in chicks, with an approximately 10 times higher LD₅₀ for chicks, and it demonstrated significantly lower colonization in chick tissues and organs. A toxicity protection experiment on one-day-old chicks demonstrated 80 % protection against high-dose wild <em>Salmonella</em> infection and organ damage mitigation. The findings confirm that targeted gene deletions effectively attenuate virulence without compromising immunogenicity. Collectively, our results underscore the strong potential of the SD01ΔMg strain for further development into a safe and efficacious live attenuated vaccine against <em>S. Enteritidis</em> infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"4 4","pages":"Article 100145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive immunoinformatics approach for developing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against lumpy skin disease","authors":"Swati Rani ,&nbsp;Mehnaj Khatoon ,&nbsp;Shruti Pyasi ,&nbsp;Bajarang Vasant Kunbhar ,&nbsp;SS Patil ,&nbsp;NN Barman ,&nbsp;Rajan Kumar Pandey ,&nbsp;KP Suresh","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an emerging transboundary pathogen associated with lumpy skin disease (LSD). Recent outbreaks of LSDV have now been reported from previously unaffected regions, including the Indian subcontinent. Rapid transmission with high morbidity and mortality, enormously impacts the bovine species, resulting in devastating economic consequences on the livestock sector. Therefore, it necessitates expedited, appropriate attention to LSDV prophylaxis and control. Various LSDV suboptimal vaccines are prevailing that range in effectiveness, efficacy, safety, and side effects. Therefore, by utilizing the immunoinformatics approach mainly, a multi-epitope vaccine candidate was designed. To achieve this, conserved regions of three key LSDV proteins GPCR, P32, and RPO30 were first identified from complete Indian LSDV genomes. From these conserved segments, epitope mapping was performed, resulting in the selection of 16 high-affinity cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, 14 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes with interferon-inducing potential, and 7 linear B-cell epitopes. Furthermore, each of these epitopes was rigorously evaluated and confirmed to be antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. Collectively, the selected epitopes demonstrated broad predicted coverage across bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) alleles, thereby ensuring the potential for a wide-ranging immune response. To improve stability, folding, and immunogenicity, these epitopes were combined into a 590-amino-acid construct with the addition of the β-defensin-3 adjuvant and appropriate linkers. Moreover, the resultant construct's stability, solubility, and robust antigenic potential were validated by physicochemical profiling, confirming its suitability as a promising vaccine candidate. Lastly, molecular docking and simulation analyses demonstrated strong binding to bovine TLR4, confirming the construct’s structural stability and compactness. Codon optimization and <em>in silico</em> cloning into the pET28a(+) vector indicated feasibility for high-yield expression and efficient purification in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. These findings present the first conserved-region-based LSDV MEV construct tailored for Indian and regional viral strains. This design offers broad immune coverage, favourable biophysical properties, and strong receptor engagement, indicating its potential as an effective vaccine candidate. Future <em>in vitro</em> and in vivo validation will be critical to confirm immunogenicity, safety, and protective efficacy, with potential translational application for large-scale livestock immunization programs across LSDV-endemic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"4 4","pages":"Article 100146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145364701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance determinants amongst Klebsiella quasipneumoniae recovered from poultry farm: an eco-health implication","authors":"J.P. Ebhonu ,&nbsp;B.E. Igere ,&nbsp;E.O. Odjadjare ,&nbsp;C.I. Igeleke","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Klebsiella</em> species belong to a group of well-studied human pathogen with emerging global reports on antimicrobial resistance and hyper-virulent clones. Its occurrence has been reported with high abundance in diverse niches (environmental nexus) including poultry farm and may constitute a reservoir of genetic elements and strains transmission. Its hyper-virulent character has aroused public health concern which necessitates study. The study investigates isolation and molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance determinants amongst <em>klebsiella sp</em> recovered from poultry farm and their potential eco-health implications. Samples were collected from poultry farms including Ugbor (poultry A), Sapele road nexus (poultry B), Ekenwan region (poultry C) and Evboriaria region (poultry D) between August and October 2020. Recovered isolates were analysed using standard microbiological, veterinary antibiotic susceptibility testing (CLSI-VAST) standard guideline and molecular biology techniques. Observed results showed that the mean total heterotrophic bacterial counts for feeds ranged from 18.0 × 10⁵ ± 3.04 (poultry C) to 28.2 × 10⁵ ± 1.55 cfu/g (poultry B) while <em>Shigella-Salmonella</em> counts ranged from 2.32 × 10³ ± 0.84 (Poultry C) to 8.30 × 10³ ± 1.27 cfu/g (poultry A). The mean total heterotrophic bacterial counts for water-samples ranged from 0.85 × 10⁵ ± 0.49 (poultry A) to 1.85 × 10⁵ ± 0.35 cfu/ml (poultry B). The mean total heterotrophic counts for poultry dung ranged from 11.9 × 10⁵ ± 2.96 (poultry C) to 36.4 ± 4.17 cfu/g (poultry B). Following the AST screening, it was revealed that all isolates recovered were resistant to Ceftazidime, Cefixime and Cefuroxime with an apparent resistance to Gentamicin, Augumentin, Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin and 100 % susceptible to Nitrofurantoin. The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed 100 % similarity of two strains as <em>Klebsiella quasipneumoniae</em> implicating the poultry farm as potential dissemination hub for such hyper-virulent and multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) phenotype and genotype in the environment which may serve as cross-contamination subjects of MAR strains during processing and distribution of products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CD205-targeted bispecific nanobody enhances antigen presentation and immune responses in FMDV","authors":"Li Yang ,&nbsp;Xin Sun ,&nbsp;Luping Du ,&nbsp;Zizheng Cai ,&nbsp;Liting Hou ,&nbsp;Zhu Qin ,&nbsp;Jin Chen ,&nbsp;Yu Lu ,&nbsp;Xiuli Feng ,&nbsp;Ivan Campeotto ,&nbsp;Qisheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Haiwei Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a pivotal role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity, making them a central focus in vaccine development. As a C-type lectin receptor expressed on cDC1 and cDC2 subsets, CD205 facilitates receptor-mediated endocytosis, enabling antigen presentation through both MHC class I and class II pathways, which are critical for activating cytotoxic and helper T cells. In this study, we introduced a CD205-targeted bispecific nanobody (BiNb-CD205/FMDV) as a novel platform for enhancing antigen delivery and immune activation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in pigs. In vitro experiments demonstrated that BiNb-CD205/FMDV could bind efficiently to porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and show a strong colocalization with acidic organelles such as lysosome, indicating significantly enhancing antigen uptake and effective processing. In vivo immunization results revealed Nb4-Nb205 was effective at enhancing LPB-specific antibody titers, inducing enhanced CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell responses. Elevated cytokine levels, including IFN-γ and IL-4 further supported robust immune activation, indicating a balanced Th1/Th2 response. Our results provide preliminary evidence for the feasibility of CD205-targeted bispecific nanobody platforms in enhancing antigen presentation and immune responses. This highlights the potential to expand targeted delivery to the field of animal epidemic diseases and provides a reference for the general application of nanotechnology in viral diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of a recombinant vaccine against Lawsonia intracellularis in mice","authors":"Neida Lucia Conrad ,&nbsp;Vitória Sequeira Gonçalves Zorzi ,&nbsp;Ilana Mazzoleni ,&nbsp;Ana Vitória Costa ,&nbsp;Renan Eugênio Araújo Piraine ,&nbsp;Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Lawsonia intracellularis</em> is the cause of proliferative enteropathy (PE), which is highly prevalent in swine, causing substantial economic losses to the sector. The available PE vaccines have protection-related limitations. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the ability of <em>L. intracellularis</em> recombinant protein, fused with tetanus toxin T helper (TT-Th) carrier molecule, to stimulate a specific immune response in a mouse experimental model. rLiTT expression was performed in <em>Escherichia coli</em> BL21 Star™ (DE3) cells, evaluated by SDS-PAGE, and confirmed by Western blot using a monoclonal anti-His antibody, showing a band of 18 kDa size, also the rLiTT was recognized by sera from naturally infected pigs, vaccinated pigs, and rLiTT vaccinated mice, showing its antigenicity. Specific antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA) against rLiTT were detected after the prime vaccine dose in mice immunized with rLiTT adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide (rLiTT/AH). The upregulation of <em>NFkB, IL4, IL12</em>, and <em>IFN-y</em> cytokine genes was evaluated in vaccinated mice splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages to assess the cell response. Thus, the experimental vaccine shows promising results to be tested in pigs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a baculovirus-derived chimeric virus-like particles against QX-type avian infectious bronchitis and H9N2 avian influenza","authors":"Bingchen Qiao ,&nbsp;Qi Meng ,&nbsp;Ni Zhao ,&nbsp;Zihe Gao ,&nbsp;Yusen Tian ,&nbsp;Xifeng Hu ,&nbsp;Chenfeng Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Song ,&nbsp;Jihui Ping","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, the spread of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the major predicaments facing the poultry industry. Virus-like particles (VLPs)-based vaccine, as one of the most promising alternative to traditional vaccines, provides new perspectives for the prevention of poultry diseases. Here, we generated a chimeric VLPs (VLPs) vaccine against both AIV and IBV by using baculovirus/insect cell expression system, and evaluated its efficacy in chickens. The VLPs is composed of three proteins: HA, M1, and rS. The HA and M1 proteins were derived from the H9N2 AIV A/chicken/Anhui/LH99/2017 (AH/99, H9N2), while rS was composed of the S1 subunit of the QX-type IBV CK/CH/JS/CZ211063 (CZ211063, GI-19) protein and the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic tail domain (CTD) of the H9N2 AIV HA protein. Subcutaneous immunization with the VLPs vaccine induced a robust humoral immune responses, providing complete protection against H9N2 AIV in chickens. Furthermore, challenge experiments with QX-type IBV indicated that VLPs vaccine immunization significantly inhibited viral replication in the trachea, lung, and kidney, and suppressed viral shedding in the throat and cloaca. Additionally, histopathological analysis revealed that the VLPs vaccine effectively mitigated QX-type IBV-induced tissue damages in the respiratory and renal systems. Collectively, these results suggest that the VLPs vaccine developed in this study is a promising vaccine candidate for the avian influenza and infectious bronchitis control, and highlight the potential of VLP-based vaccines as a viable alternative to traditional egg-dependent vaccines in the prevention of poultry diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination protocols according to World Small Animal Veterinary Association guidelines: a critical review of its implementation in Brazil","authors":"Amanda de Jesus Fonseca,&nbsp;Jordana Dantas Rodrigues Reis,&nbsp;Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista","doi":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccines are an important tool to help control and eradicate human and animal diseases worldwide. Given the complexity and unpredictability of immune responses in certain situations, the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) published guidelines to improve immunization of small animals. Therefore, this review aims to discuss these guidelines, which guide the three-yearly revaccination in small animals, as opposed to the annual booster, use of monovalent vaccines, and replacement of revaccination with serological tests, when possible, in addition to suggesting changes to the vaccination schedule for puppies. By reviewing articles and publications on small animal vaccination, the rationale for the guidelines was discussed. Considering the social and economic divergences between developed countries, where the guidelines are currently applied, and emerging and underdeveloped countries, the difficulties of the guidelines’ implementation in Brazil were assessed. The guidelines have current foundations, and vaccinating with multipurpose vaccines more frequently may increase the chances of adverse reactions in small animals. However, the country still presents difficulties in implementing the guidelines in their entirety, in addition to the challenges involving abandoned animals, the unavailability of monovalent vaccines and serological tests accessible to the poorest population limits the adherence of guardians and professionals to the WSAVA guidelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101273,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Vaccine","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}