Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

{"title":"Clesrovimab: A new monoclonal antibody for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus in the breastfeeding population","authors":"Jordi Reina, Nerea Espinosa","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 2023, the monoclonal antibody nirsevimab, specifically targeting the “site zero (Ø)” of the pre-fusion (preF) form of the RSV F protein, was introduced in Spain. The proven efficacy of this monoclonal antibody has led further researcher into novel antigenic targets on the RSV F protein. Clesrovimab (RB1) is a human IgG kappa monoclonal antibody directed against site IV of RSV, which is exposed in both the preF and postF conformations. The presence of clesrovimab in nasal secretions has shown RSV-neutralizing activity, which correlates with its nasal concentration that represents between 1.4% and 3.3% of serum concentration. Five months after immunization, clesrovimab has shown a reduction of the incidence and severity of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract symptoms by 88%, the incidence of RSV-related hospitalization by 84.2%, and the incidence of severe hospitalization by 90.9% following a single 100 mg dose. In June 2025, the FDA approved the monoclonal antibody Enflonsia™ (clesrovimab-cfor; Merck & Co.), produced by genetic recombination in Chinese hamster ovary cells, for the prevention of lower respiratory tract infections caused by RSV in infants born during or entering their first RSV season (aged <<!--> <!-->8 months). Based on various clinical trials, Enflonsia™ is considered a long-lived monoclonal antibody, designed to provide specific, direct, rapid, and long-lasting protection (at least 5 months) with a single intramuscular 105 mg dose, regardless of the infant's weight.</div></div><div><div>En 2023 se comercializó en España el anticuerpo monoclonal nirsevimab, dirigido específicamente frente al «sitio cero (Ø)» de la conformación de prefusión (preF) de la proteína F del virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS). La eficacia demostrada de este anticuerpo monoclonal impulsó la investigación de nuevas dianas antigénicas en dicha proteína del VRS. Clesrovimab (RB1) es un anticuerpo monoclonal humano tipo IgG kappa dirigido contra el sitio IV del VRS, expuesto tanto en la forma preF como en la posF. Su detección en secreciones nasales ha mostrado capacidad neutralizante frente al VRS, correlacionada con la concentración nasal, que representa entre el 1,4 y 3,3% de la concentración sérica. A los 5 meses de la inmunización, clesrovimab mostró una reducción en la incidencia y la gravedad de los síntomas del tracto respiratorio inferior asociados al VRS del 88%, en la hospitalización por VRS del 84,2% y en la hospitalización grave del 90,9%, tras una dosis de 100 mg. En junio de 2025, la FDA aprobó el anticuerpo monoclonal Enflonsia™ (clesrovimab-cfor, Merck & Co.), producido por la recombinación genética en células de ovario de hámster chino, para la prevención de las infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior causadas por el VRS en lactantes nacidos durante o expuestos a su primera temporada de circulación de VRS (menores de 8 meses). De acuerdo con los diferentes ensayos clínicos disponibles, se trata de un anticuerp","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500504"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taming the Marburg threat: lessons from Tanzania’s outbreak response","authors":"Shriyansh Srivastava , Dheeraj Sharma , Molakpogu Ravindra Babu , SK. Abdul Rahaman , Sachin Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500626","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500626"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global, regional, and subnational trends in typhoid fever burden from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of global burden of disease data","authors":"Z. Ahsan ,&nbsp;H. Mehmood ,&nbsp;H. Ali ,&nbsp;M. Ahsan","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Typhoid fever remains a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The study aimed to assess temporal trends in typhoid fever burden at the global, South Asian, and provincial levels in Pakistan from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An ecological analysis was conducted using GBD data to examine trends in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to typhoid fever. Temporal changes were analyzed globally, across South Asia, and within Pakistan's provinces using average percent change (APC) calculations and Joinpoint regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Globally and in South Asia, typhoid-related age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) declined substantially from 1990 to 2021. The global ASMR decreased from 3.22 to 1.31 per 100,000, while DALYs dropped from 247.95 to 101.09 per 100,000. In South Asia, ASMR fell from 9.80 to 3.42, and DALYs from 728.56 to 260.27 per 100,000. Within Pakistan, national ASMR declined from 6.42 to 3.08, and DALYs from 483.43 to 238.58 per 100,000. Provincial trends revealed marked disparities: Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa exhibited the greatest reductions, whereas Sindh showed slower progress, with the smallest decline in both mortality and DALYs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Despite encouraging global progress, persistent subnational disparities in Pakistan highlight the need for targeted public health interventions. Expanding vaccine coverage, enhancing antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure are essential to further reducing typhoid burden and addressing regional inequities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adult contributions to measles transmission in children: Evidence from a two-age model with implications for vaccination strategies in elimination-phase settings","authors":"T.S. Faniran ,&nbsp;M.O. Adewole","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Measles elimination depends on identifying who drives transmission and how cross-age interactions shape outbreaks. During the 2018–2019 New York City outbreak, preschool children were the primary spreaders, but the amplifying role of adults remained unclear. We developed and calibrated a two-age SEIR model to cumulative incidence data, estimated age-specific transmission parameters using nonlinear least squares, and analyzed equilibrium behavior and global stability under the threshold condition, <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math></span>. We also evaluated vaccination strategies, including intensified child vaccination, suspended adult vaccination, and control-based interventions, together with global sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. The fitted model reproduced observed patterns accurately (<span><math><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.94</mn></math></span> for children; <span><math><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.84</mn></math></span> for adults). The initial reproduction number was <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo></math></span> <span><math><mn>1.10</mn></math></span>, indicating sustained transmission. Stability analysis showed that the disease-free equilibrium is globally stable when <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo></math></span> and the endemic equilibrium is globally attracting when <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo></math></span> Although child-to-child transmission dominated, adults contributed a steady minority of new child infections (about 8%). Sensitivity analysis identified <span><math><msub><mi>β</mi><mi>CC</mi></msub></math></span> (child<!--> <!-->→<!--> <!-->child) as the strongest determinant of outbreak size and <span><math><msub><mi>β</mi><mi>CA</mi></msub></math></span> (adult<!--> <!-->→<!--> <!-->child) as the main driver of spillover; a 20% increase in <span><math><msub><mi>β</mi><mi>CA</mi></msub></math></span> nearly doubled the adult share of child infections. Vaccination simulations showed that balanced age-wide vaccination suppresses transmission more effectively than child-only intensification, which leaves an unprotected adult reservoir capable of reseeding infections. Increasing child coverage reduced child and adult cases by 3–4% and 2–3%, while adult boosters produced smaller but meaningful reductions in spillover. These results indicate that adults play a measurable secondary role in sustaining transmission. Effective elimination strategies must therefore maintain <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>1</mn></math></span> while preserving immunity across both age groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500629"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse events and health literacy as barriers to childhood immunization in Peru","authors":"Nancy V. Castilla-Torres ,&nbsp;Jeanette Castilla ,&nbsp;Víctor G. Sal y Rosas ,&nbsp;Johnny A. Tinco ,&nbsp;Jéssica P. Medina ,&nbsp;Cielo Á. Vega","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To determine whether the level of health literacy and adverse post-vaccination events (AEFI) against COVID-19 experienced by parents are barriers to childhood vaccination in Ayacucho.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cross-sectional predictive level study, conducted in 2022. The analysis was performed using Poisson family generalized lineal models (GLM) and crude (cPR) and adjusted (aPR) prevalence ratios were estimated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The sample included 128 parents of children between 5 and 11 years of age. A total of 90.6% of the parents received the vaccine, compared to 64.2% of their children. The incidence of AEFI was higher in adults 62.9% than in children 37.1%, the most frequent being pain at the injection site and fever. Although the level of literacy about COVID-19 and vaccines was adequate, it was poor with respect to AEFI. Multivariable analysis estimated greater hesitancy to childhood vaccination in previously vaccinated parents (RPa = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.14–0.99; <em>p</em>-value = 0.048) and in those with low literacy about AEFI (RPa = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.50–0.76; <em>p</em>-value &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In addition, the AEFI experienced by adults and the low level of health literacy constitute significant barriers to childhood immunization, which reaffirms the need to strengthen health education and reduce vaccine hesitancy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a novel multi-epitope subunit vaccine to combat monkeypox virus through an immunoinformatics approach","authors":"Hridoy Barua ,&nbsp;Md. Rakibul Hasan ,&nbsp;Radiya Tum Mardiya ,&nbsp;Tushar Ahmed Shishir ,&nbsp;Hemayet Hossain ,&nbsp;Fardous Mohammad Safiul Azam ,&nbsp;Mst Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand ,&nbsp;Md. Nafij Mashrur","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2026.500490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and objective</h3><div>Monkeypox (MPX) disease is a re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which poses an escalating danger to world health and has shown pandemic potential, as indicated by the 2022 epidemic. Notwithstanding the growing illness burden, no vaccinations or targeted therapies are sanctioned. The present work used a structure-based immunoinformatics approach to develop a multi-epitope subunit vaccine targeting MPXV.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Among the five identified viral proteins (A14L, A15L, A30L, A35R, and E8L), E8L, A14L, and A30L were potentially targeted for the vaccination due to their critical functions in viral particle attachment to host cells, viral envelope production, and morphogenesis. The comprehensive vaccine construction consists of six cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), four helper T lymphocytes (HTLs), and three B-cell epitopes interconnected by GGGS, GPGPG, and KK linkers to ensure epitope flexibility and preserve structural conformation and incorporating the β-defensin-3 and the PADRE sequence were used as adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity, resulting high antigenic, no allergenic, and no toxic.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The molecular docking demonstrated higher interaction with the TLR4 receptor (−<!--> <!-->877.1 kcal/mol), and molecular dynamics simulations validated the stability of the vaccine–receptor complex. Consolidating immunological models forecasted robust immune activation, characterized by elevated cytokine levels and enhanced memory cell responses. Additionally, codon optimization and <em>in silico</em> cloning confirmed the possibility for practical expression in <em>Escherichia coli</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings demonstrate a strong immunogenic potential of the vaccine design against MPXV, necessitating further <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> validation studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 500490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of vaccination schedules in Spain: 50 years after the first schedule (1975)","authors":"Fernando Moraga-Llop","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The year 2025 marks the 50th anniversary of the first vaccination schedule implemented in Spain, drawn up by the General Directorate of Health, which included vaccines against five diseases. This schedule was based on the national vaccination campaigns carried out from 1963 onwards against polio and was inspired by the 1973 Barcelona city schedule. At the end of 1979, the transfer of public health matters to the Autonomous Communities began, and they started to publish their own calendars. In 1995, the Interterritorial Council of the National Health System approved its first calendar, which was published as the 1996 Vaccination Calendar, applicable up to the age of 14 and including eight vaccines, with the aim of unifying criteria and methods of action in the different vaccination programmes of each autonomous community. In 2019, the first common lifelong vaccination schedule appeared, with the incorporation of 3 age bands from 14 years of age onwards. The 2025 schedule protects against 18 diseases and is the most complete in Europe, with excellent coverage in children; and the schedule of Catalonia, Ceuta and Melilla is superior, as it protects against 19 diseases, as it includes the hepatitis A vaccine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of vaccination against human papillomavirus: Towards cervical cancer elimination","authors":"Laia Alemany,&nbsp;Maria Brotons","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Certain human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes are a necessary cause of cervical cancer and are linked to the etiology of a fraction of anogenital and head and neck carcinomas. Currently, twelve HPV types have been classified as definitively carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, of which HPV16 is the most carcinogenic genotype. The carcinogenic classification of HPVs is based on extensive epidemiological studies and biological evidence conducted over the past decades and thanks to the strong collaboration between scientists seeking to uncover the etiology of cervical cancer. HPVs 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58 are responsible for more than 90% of cervical cancers. Since 2006, three effective prophylactic vaccines have been approved in Europe, and have demonstrated to be immunogenic, safe, efficacious and effective. The demonstration of HPV as a necessary cause of cervical cancer has also led to the refinement of screening strategies, such as the introduction of primary HPV testing. Comprehensive cancer research, from etiology to prevention, has had a significant impact on global public health policies, so much so that in 2020 the World Health Organization launched the campaign to eliminate cervical cancer, a possible milestone never before considered in the field of oncology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccines: A global perspective","authors":"Cristina García-Mauriño ,&nbsp;Quique Bassat","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccines are among the most effective and cost-efficient tools in public health. Vaccine schedules have evolved in recent years to incorporate new immunizations. The WHO's Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) recommends universal vaccines for 13 diseases and, depending on the context, for an additional 17 diseases. Over the past 50 years, global immunization efforts are estimated to have saved approximately 154 million lives, of which 146 million (95%) are children under the age of five.</div><div>Since 1974, child mortality has decreased from 92 to 25 per 1,000 live births, with estimates suggesting that 40 percent of this reduction is attributable to vaccines, though there are regional variations: 21 percent in the Western Pacific, 41 percent in America, and 52 percent in Africa.</div><div>Despite this impact, significant inequalities in access to vaccines persist between the global north and south. Since 2000, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has supported 73 low- and middle-income countries, facilitating equitable access to new or underused vaccines. However, challenges remain, such as underfunding and low local production in many countries in the global south, as evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic.</div><div>We are currently experiencing an exceptional moment in science. The great challenge is to ensure that these advancements reach the regions that need them most as a priority.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500457"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination as a strategy to control SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","authors":"José Antonio Navarro-Alonso","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Once COVID-19 vaccines produced on messenger RNA or adenovirus vector platforms became available, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections, particularly hospitalizations among the highly vulnerable population, began to decline. The vaccination strategies in Spain were agreed upon within the Ministry of Health among a group of professionals from various fields and were widely accepted by the population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145340501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}