Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

{"title":"Design of a new multi-epitope subunit vaccine to combat the EIA virus, targeting Pol, Gag, and Env proteins: In silico technique","authors":"M. Rahiyab,&nbsp;I. Ul Haq,&nbsp;S.S. Ali,&nbsp;Z. Hussain,&nbsp;S. Ali,&nbsp;I. Khan,&nbsp;A. Iqbal","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus, a member of the Retroviridae, that affects horses and is distributed nearly everywhere in the world. It results in a chronic infection followed by recurrent fever episodes linked to viremia, thrombocytopenia, and symptoms of atrophy. An alternate way of preventing this disease is vaccination or immunization.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Numerous immunoinformatics algorithms were applied to determine potential epitopes (CTL, HTL, and B-cells) from the three structural proteins (polyprotein, gag, and envelope).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Based on the prior research, the 50S ribosomal subunit protein L7/L12 of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> was added to the vaccine, including several linkers for connecting epitopes. After designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine (MESV), the structure was validated by exploiting the ERRAT, Ramachandran plot, and the ProSa-web. The validated structure was docked with TLR3 and TLR8. The structure of the vaccine was submitted to GROMAX for the MD simulation. The results indicated stability and proper folding. Using a codon optimization technique, the vaccine's GC contents and CAI values were 50.84% and 0.99, respectively. The pET28a (+) vector demonstrated an appropriate expression of the vaccine. Finally, in immune simulation, TC and TH-cell populations, including high concentrations of IgG + IgM and IgG1 + IgG2 immunoglobulins, and different cytokines (e.g., IFN-g, IL-2, etc.) are consistent with natural immunity and also show quicker antigen elimination.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This new research will be helpful for upcoming experimental evaluations to validate the safety and antigenic potency of the constructed vaccine and, eventually, to treat diseases linked to the EIA virus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of diabetes on CD4 expression in T lymphocytes: A comparative analysis postCovishield vaccination","authors":"K. Dayana ,&nbsp;V. Jelin ,&nbsp;Y. Alex","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Diabetic individuals often exhibit altered immune responses, which may impact vaccine efficacy. This prospective observational cohort study aimed to assess and compare CD4 expression in T lymphocytes between diabetic individuals and healthy controls one month following the first (prime) dose of the Covishield vaccine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Blood samples were collected from 5 diabetic individuals and 5 healthy controls. Flow cytometry was employed to measure CD3 and CD4 expression, with a gating strategy that identified lymphocytes, excluded doublets, and gated CD3<!--> <!-->+ and CD4<!--> <!-->+ cells.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study found that CD4 expression in T lymphocytes was significantly lower in diabetic individuals (Mean ± SD: 44.4 ± 6.4) compared to healthy controls (Mean ± SD: 66.092 ± 9.7), with a p-value of 0.009. This reduction in CD4 expression could potentially impair B cell activation and antibody production, consistent with prior reports of delayed seroconversion in diabetic patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings suggest that lower CD4 expression in diabetic individuals may impact their immune response to the Covishield vaccine. This aligns with previous studies indicating compromised T-cell responses and delayed antibody production in diabetic individuals post-vaccination. Further research with larger cohorts, additional immunological markers, and extended follow-up is necessary to validate these observations and provide a deeper understanding of vaccine responses in diabetic individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the booster vaccine effect on new COVID-19 variant management employs the Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo fractional derivative operator together with the Laplace-Adomian decomposition method","authors":"M.O. Olayiwola ,&nbsp;K.R. Tijani ,&nbsp;M.O. Ogunniran ,&nbsp;A.O. Yunus ,&nbsp;E.A. Oluwafemi ,&nbsp;M.O. Abanikanda ,&nbsp;A.I. Alaje ,&nbsp;J.A. Adedeji","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500458","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;New COVID-19 variants create worldwide health difficulties that call for effective control methods including booster vaccinations. The risk factors associated with new COVID-19 variants include enhanced transmission capabilities together with escape from immune responses and more severe disease manifestations which requires advanced vaccination measures. The developed mathematical model assesses how effectively booster vaccines help stop new COVID-19 variants from transmitting between people. Environmental variables that measure both public vaccine acceptance levels and widespread awareness levels integrated with the model to determine their roles in disease propagation rates. The research introduces fractional calculus to examine disease progress as well as booster vaccination effectiveness in stopping outbreaks.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This research establishes a fractional mathematical model to evaluate how booster vaccinations affect the spread of new COVID-19 variants. The stability evaluations and determination of basic reproduction number (R0) through next-generation matrix method form the basis of operational analysis for the model. Sensitivity analysis evaluates the effects that variable modifications have on disease outbreak controls. Evaluating complex fractional differential equations requires the analytical solutions derived by employing the Laplace-Adomian Decomposition Method (LADM). The solution approach provides accurate insights into equilibrium points as well as stability patterns together with control measures of disease transmission through vaccination strategies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Numerical data confirms the success of booster vaccination strategies because they lower transmission rates of infections and manage disease spread. Boosted vaccination rates lead to substantial decline in the basic reproduction number (R0) thus reducing disease transmission across the population. Sensitivity analysis shows how vaccine acceptance together with public awareness directly affects the maximum results achievable through booster doses. Success rates of vaccination programs heavily depend on behavioral elements which include vaccine hesitancy together with social perceptions about immunizations. The study demonstrates how vaccinating people alongside education programs leads to superior transmission control which supports long-lasting mitigation tactics.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The research evidence shows that booster vaccinations play a critical role in containing new COVID-19 variant spread. The research enables a full disease dynamics understanding through its integrated fractional-order model with behavioral components so it delivers effective vaccination optimization recommendations. Public health measures together with transmission control improve when people become more aware of vaccines. This developed model provides both scientific fundamentals for beh","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal influenza in the wake of COVID-19: Redressing the H3N2 outbreak and its implications for public health","authors":"Farid Rahimi ,&nbsp;Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500422","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary analysis of combined vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus","authors":"Jordi Reina,&nbsp;Eugenia Cabrera","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The epidemiological and etiological importance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in lower respiratory tract infections, both in children and adults, dictates the need for a combined vaccine that protects against both viruses. Both viruses have a single-stranded RNA genome of 15.2 kb for RSV and 13.3 kb for hMPV. Serotypes or subgroups that cocirculate each season have been described for both viruses. Of the different proteins contained in both viruses, the F proteins have a high degree of similarity in structure and conformation, sharing between 30 and 35% of their sequence; therefore, they have been used to develop combined vaccines. Attenuated combined vaccines use a strain of hMPV deleted in the SH gene, which is replaced by the RSV F protein gene. This strain replicated in cell cultures and mice allowing for the initiation of a trial in mice. The humoral and cellular immunity induced by this vaccine was heterologous and encompassed different subtypes of both viruses, and also protected animals from exogenous infection. Preliminary data have been reported on a combined mRNA vaccine with the F protein in its preF form. The results showed that both vaccines increased neutralizing antibody titers against RSV-A and RSV-B, and hMPV in children aged 5–8 months and 8–23 months who were both seronegative and previously seronegative against this virus, meaning that the immune response is independent of the prior presence of antibodies. A chimeric vaccine consisting of the globular head of the RSV F protein and the stem of hMPV is also in the very preliminary phase. Definitive data are not yet available, yet it is quite possible that a combined vaccine that could prevent RSV and hMPV infections will be available in the near future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational in-silico design of a multi-epitope vaccine against human Rhinovirus an immune simulation and molecular dynamics simulation approach","authors":"Najeebullah,&nbsp;I.U. Haq,&nbsp;M. Rahiyab,&nbsp;S.S. Ali,&nbsp;I. Khan,&nbsp;A. Iqbal","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The <em>Rhinovirus</em> (<em>HRV</em>) belongs to the Enterovirus genus in the <em>Picornaviridae</em> family and is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Commonly accountable for respiratory tract infections, which include common colds. It is yet unknown how to treat <em>HRV</em> infection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study employed robust immunoinformatics techniques to predict the B-cell, CTL, and HTL epitopes on the Genome Polyprotein. Both non-allergic and antigenic epitopes were chosen in order to produce a subunit vaccine that patients could receive.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The vaccine's immunogenicity score was reported as −<!--> <!-->4.46838, and its antigenic ratio yielded values of 0.5625 and 0.450999, respectively, using ERRAT, Rampage, and ProSa-web servers to validate the vaccine model. Consequently, the Z-score was −<!--> <!-->6.85, the ERRAT score was 90.432, and the Ramachandran plot value was generated as 86.0%. When TLR-7 was utilized to dock the vaccine, it revealed a good interaction with 151 non-bonding components, 7 hydrogen bonds, and 1 salt bridge. Using MD modeling, the stability of the docked complex was assessed. The vaccine had a GC content of 48.4% and a CAI value of 0.99% when it was reverse-translated. To implement the concept in a wet laboratory, the reverse translated vaccine sequence was cloned in pET28a (+) vector.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The vaccine developed in this work has to be experimentally validated in order to ensure its efficacy against the disease. The final application of this new research will be in the treatment of <em>HRV-</em>related illnesses as well as in upcoming experimental testing to verify the safety and immunogenicity of the suggested vaccine design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intranasal influenza vaccine: Exploration of parental motives for refusal or acceptance","authors":"Virginia Reverte,&nbsp;Matilde Zornoza-Moreno,&nbsp;Consuelo Lucía Álvarez-García,&nbsp;Jaime Jesús Pérez-Martín","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Influenza in children under 5 years of age has a higher risk of causing serious complications that may require hospitalization and even death. Since 2012, the World Health Organization and other international organizations have recommended influenza vaccination for children aged 6 to 59 months. School-based influenza vaccination was introduced in the study community in the 2023–2024 campaign for children aged 3 and 4 years, and although it is known that school immunization is a way to facilitate the process, some parents still show reluctance and refuse to vaccinate their children. The main objective of this study was to find out their reasons.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>A qualitative study was designed using focus group technique to collect information.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From the parents' opinions, we were able to identify two main reasons for the refusal of influenza vaccination: a lowered perception of the risks associated with influenza in children who have no associated risk factor and a lack of confidence in the vaccine, based mainly on the lack of specificity to the virus strain circulating that season. The sending of numerous reminders, the fact that vaccination does not exempt the child from getting sick, or misconceptions about whether some vaccines are mandatory or not were also mentioned as reasons.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion and conclusions</h3><div>The results obtained are very useful for the design of the next information campaigns aimed at families, whose purpose is to improve influenza vaccination coverage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate for Marburg virus applying advanced immunoinformatics strategies: A computational analysis","authors":"Md. Nafij Mashrur ,&nbsp;M. Nazmul Hoque ,&nbsp;Soharth Hasnat ,&nbsp;Sakhawat Hossen Saikat ,&nbsp;Md. Mehedi Hasan ,&nbsp;Faria Khan Hridy ,&nbsp;Nurul Amin Rani ,&nbsp;Fardous Mohammad Safiul Azam","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Marburg virus (MbVs), which causes Marburg viral disease (MbVD), primarily manifests flu-like symptoms, but critical hemorrhagic fever appears toward the end. It transmits through direct contact between individuals or animals. While incidences may be rare, the elevated mortality rate of this virus is a significant concern. Currently, there is no vaccine for this lethal virus. Immunization is essential for reducing the mortality rate associated with this disease. We recommend employing immunoinformatics techniques and MbV structural proteins to develop multi-epitope vaccine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A multi-epitope vaccine was created using B-cell and T-cell epitopes of MbV, along with adjuvants and specific linkers. The proposed vaccine was assessed for antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and population coverage. Additionally, <em>in silico</em> immune response models were conducted. The vaccine design was further analyzed for expression and cloning viability utilizing the pET-28a(+) vector.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The designed vaccine exhibited antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic properties. It demonstrated excellent global population coverage and induced a robust immune response <em>in silico</em>. Furthermore, the <em>in silico</em> assessments confirmed the effective expression and cloning of the vaccine in <em>E. coli</em>, indicating its feasibility for large-scale manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results suggest that the proposed vaccine design may effectively elicit immune responses against MbV. Future studies must incorporate <em>in vivo</em> testing to validate these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mathematical model for assessing vaccination's efficacy as a preventative strategy against newly emerging COVID-19 variants","authors":"Akeem Olarewaju Yunus,&nbsp;Morufu Oyedunsi Olayiwola","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination in curbing the spread of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants using the SEVIAR mathematical model with Caputo fractional orders. The model integrates vaccine-induced immunity and assesses the impact of vaccination on transmission dynamics while determining herd immunity thresholds.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The SEVIAR model was applied to real-world data from Rivers State, Nigeria, to simulate disease transmission dynamics within vaccinated populations. Fractional calculus was employed to address the complexities of disease spread and the nuanced effects of vaccination. Sensitivity analyses and computer simulations were performed to examine the influence of varying vaccination rates and timing on mitigating variant transmission and reducing hospitalization rates.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings demonstrate a strong association between higher vaccination rates and decreased transmission and hospitalization, even amid the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the critical role of early diagnosis and timely immunization in controlling the spread of variants. Thresholds for achieving herd immunity were identified, underscoring the need for sustained high vaccination coverage to manage variant transmission effectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study underscores the importance of continuous and robust vaccination campaigns, particularly in the context of evolving COVID-19 variants. It highlights the utility of fractional calculus in modeling the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants and optimizing public health responses. For policymakers, these findings provide valuable guidance in formulating strategies to address the challenges posed by emerging virus strains. Given the virus's evolving nature, ongoing evaluation of vaccine efficacy and adaptive public health strategies are essential to controlling the pandemic effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine production and TLR 7/8 gene expression following BBIBP-CorV COVID-19 vaccination","authors":"Ali Mohammed Ashraf ,&nbsp;Marwan Y. Al-Maqtoofi ,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Burghal","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and objective</h3><div>The impact of inactivated vaccines for COVID-19, BBIBP-CorV COVID-19, on the human immune system was not studied. This study investigates the immune response induced by the BBIBP-CorV COVID-19 vaccine.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A total of 90 blood samples (5 ml each) were collected from participants (mean age: 20 years) in Basrah, Iraq. The study included 60 vaccinated individuals (38 males, 22 females), 60 days post-BBIBP-CorV vaccination and 30 unvaccinated controls (15 males, 15 females). Blood was divided: 2 ml in EDTA tubes for TLR7/TLR8 mRNA expression (RT-qPCR) and 3 ml in clotting activator tubes for serum isolation to measure IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and IL-21 levels (sandwich ELISA). Data were compared with controls and analysed for statistical differences. Volunteers with flu, COVID-19 symptoms, fever, chronic diseases, or immunocompromised conditions were excluded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The BBIBP-CorV vaccine did not disrupt cytokine production, with no significant differences in IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and IL-21 levels between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups after 60 days (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). However, TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) in vaccinated individuals compared to controls, indicating enhanced innate immune activation without affecting cytokine balance. These findings highlight the vaccine's ability to stimulate immunity while maintaining normal cytokine levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results are particularly significant as they demonstrate that the BBIBP-CorV COVID-19 vaccine successfully induces immunological responses via TLR7 and TLR8 activation without abnormal effects on cytokine production. As a pilot study, these findings lay a strong foundation for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500459"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}