Design of a new multi-epitope subunit vaccine to combat the EIA virus, targeting Pol, Gag, and Env proteins: In silico technique

M. Rahiyab, I. Ul Haq, S.S. Ali, Z. Hussain, S. Ali, I. Khan, A. Iqbal
{"title":"Design of a new multi-epitope subunit vaccine to combat the EIA virus, targeting Pol, Gag, and Env proteins: In silico technique","authors":"M. Rahiyab,&nbsp;I. Ul Haq,&nbsp;S.S. Ali,&nbsp;Z. Hussain,&nbsp;S. Ali,&nbsp;I. Khan,&nbsp;A. Iqbal","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500463","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus, a member of the Retroviridae, that affects horses and is distributed nearly everywhere in the world. It results in a chronic infection followed by recurrent fever episodes linked to viremia, thrombocytopenia, and symptoms of atrophy. An alternate way of preventing this disease is vaccination or immunization.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Numerous immunoinformatics algorithms were applied to determine potential epitopes (CTL, HTL, and B-cells) from the three structural proteins (polyprotein, gag, and envelope).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Based on the prior research, the 50S ribosomal subunit protein L7/L12 of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> was added to the vaccine, including several linkers for connecting epitopes. After designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine (MESV), the structure was validated by exploiting the ERRAT, Ramachandran plot, and the ProSa-web. The validated structure was docked with TLR3 and TLR8. The structure of the vaccine was submitted to GROMAX for the MD simulation. The results indicated stability and proper folding. Using a codon optimization technique, the vaccine's GC contents and CAI values were 50.84% and 0.99, respectively. The pET28a (+) vector demonstrated an appropriate expression of the vaccine. Finally, in immune simulation, TC and TH-cell populations, including high concentrations of IgG + IgM and IgG1 + IgG2 immunoglobulins, and different cytokines (e.g., IFN-g, IL-2, etc.) are consistent with natural immunity and also show quicker antigen elimination.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This new research will be helpful for upcoming experimental evaluations to validate the safety and antigenic potency of the constructed vaccine and, eventually, to treat diseases linked to the EIA virus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Vacunas (English Edition)","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2445146025000548","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus, a member of the Retroviridae, that affects horses and is distributed nearly everywhere in the world. It results in a chronic infection followed by recurrent fever episodes linked to viremia, thrombocytopenia, and symptoms of atrophy. An alternate way of preventing this disease is vaccination or immunization.

Materials and methods

Numerous immunoinformatics algorithms were applied to determine potential epitopes (CTL, HTL, and B-cells) from the three structural proteins (polyprotein, gag, and envelope).

Results

Based on the prior research, the 50S ribosomal subunit protein L7/L12 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was added to the vaccine, including several linkers for connecting epitopes. After designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine (MESV), the structure was validated by exploiting the ERRAT, Ramachandran plot, and the ProSa-web. The validated structure was docked with TLR3 and TLR8. The structure of the vaccine was submitted to GROMAX for the MD simulation. The results indicated stability and proper folding. Using a codon optimization technique, the vaccine's GC contents and CAI values were 50.84% and 0.99, respectively. The pET28a (+) vector demonstrated an appropriate expression of the vaccine. Finally, in immune simulation, TC and TH-cell populations, including high concentrations of IgG + IgM and IgG1 + IgG2 immunoglobulins, and different cytokines (e.g., IFN-g, IL-2, etc.) are consistent with natural immunity and also show quicker antigen elimination.

Conclusion

This new research will be helpful for upcoming experimental evaluations to validate the safety and antigenic potency of the constructed vaccine and, eventually, to treat diseases linked to the EIA virus.
一种新的多表位亚基疫苗的设计,以对抗EIA病毒,针对Pol, Gag和Env蛋白:在硅技术
禽传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)是一种慢病毒,是逆转录病毒科的一员,影响马,几乎分布在世界各地。它导致慢性感染,随后出现与病毒血症、血小板减少症和萎缩症状相关的反复发热发作。预防这种疾病的另一种方法是接种疫苗或免疫。材料和方法应用多种免疫信息学算法从三种结构蛋白(多蛋白、gag和包膜)中确定潜在的表位(CTL、HTL和b细胞)。结果在前期研究的基础上,将结核分枝杆菌50S核糖体亚基蛋白L7/L12添加到疫苗中,包括多个连接表位的连接子。设计出多表位亚单位疫苗(MESV)后,利用ERRAT、Ramachandran图和ProSa-web对其结构进行了验证。验证后的结构与TLR3和TLR8对接。将疫苗的结构提交给GROMAX进行MD模拟。结果表明,该材料具有良好的折叠性和稳定性。采用密码子优化技术,疫苗的GC含量和CAI值分别为50.84%和0.99。pET28a(+)载体显示了疫苗的适当表达。最后,在免疫模拟中,TC和th细胞群,包括高浓度的IgG + IgM和IgG1 + IgG2免疫球蛋白,以及不同的细胞因子(如IFN-g、IL-2等)都与自然免疫一致,抗原消除也更快。结论本研究为进一步验证构建的疫苗的安全性和抗原性提供了实验依据,并最终用于治疗与EIA病毒相关的疾病。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信