The Microbe最新文献

{"title":"Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties of Lysozyme Extracted from Catostylus perezi, an Invaluable Jellyfish Bloom","authors":"Muhammad Naveed , Anas Sajjad , Amjad Ali , Malik Wajid Hussain Chan , Fenghuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To show the beneficial aspect of jellyfish bloom in Pakistan, this study was designed. Lysozyme was isolated from <em>Catostylus perezi</em> and then purified by multistep methodological procedures such as salt precipitation (ammonium sulfate), dialysis and ultrafiltration. The lysozyme obtained at a 70 % concentration of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> had the highest yield of 14.58 mg/mL, while the lowest yield of 1.06 mg/mL was obtained at a 20 % concentration of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution. Using the ultrafiltration method, a yield of 68 % with a specific enzyme activity of 1952 U/mg was obtained. The lysozyme obtained by ultrafiltration was used for the evaluation of its bactericidal potential against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. The results of the antibacterial activity, <em>e.g.</em> the zones of inhibition (ZOI) and the minimum inhibitory concentration/minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC), showed that lysozyme has a higher bactericidal potential against Gram-positive than against Gram-negative bacterial strains. The results of antimicrobial index (AMI) and percent activity index (PAI) showed that lysozyme had the highest bactericidal potential against <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 25923. The AMI value of Lysozyme against <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 25923 was 1.30 and the PAI value was 130. Lysozyme had higher anti-biofilm activity against Gram-positive than Gram-negative species. The lysozyme was purified by gel column chromatography, resulting in a yield of 15.07 % with a specific activity of 1606 U/mg. The resulting lysozyme was further processed by native-PAGE (Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) technique and the protein/lysozyme obtained had an enzymatic activity of 1732 U/mL. This indicated that the lysozyme still retained its enzymatic potential at this stage. The purified lysozyme was also further processed by SDS-PAGE (Sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) technique. The results indicated, the lysozyme sample obtained by 70 % (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration had a prominent protein band at 20 kDa. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) technique was used to confirm antibacterial activity for two Gram-positive (<em>M. luteus</em> and <em>S. aureus</em>) and two Gram-negative species (<em>E. coli</em> and <em>K. pneumoniae</em>). The bactericidal potential of lysozyme was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the bacterial cultures treated with lysozyme exhibited a significant inhibition against biofilm producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of lysozyme against these bacterial species was: 31 mm ZOI (zone of inhibition) for <em>M. luteus</em> ATCC 4698 and 26 mm ZOI for <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 25923, while 18.5 mm ZOI for <em>E. coli</em> ATCC 25922 and 16 mm ZOI for <em>K. pneumoniae</em> ATCC 13883. It was concluded from this study that the isolation and purification of the potenti","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143890408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative research: Current trends and considerations for biomarker discovery and precision medicine","authors":"Jessica Grace Cockburn ,&nbsp;Vanitha Mariappan ,&nbsp;Mun Fai Loke ,&nbsp;Anis Rageh Al-Maleki ,&nbsp;Barathan Muttiah ,&nbsp;Kumutha Malar Vellasamy ,&nbsp;Jamuna Vadivelu","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of molecular biology, from the discovery of DNA's double-helix to current genomic tools, has revolutionized biomedical science. Integrative research, with the inclusion of genomic, proteomic, and clinical data, plays a critical role in biomarker identification and precision medicine. This review describes how integrative approaches enable better disease classification, such as breast cancer, for targeted therapy and improved patient care. Some of the most important technology advancements—next-generation sequencing, multi-omics integration, artificial intelligence, and single-cell omics—have sped up this field. With the use of directed and undirected biomarker discovery platforms, researchers can identify specific molecular markers or explore novel candidates in different biological layers. These methods have enabled the exploration of complex diseases, from COVID-19 to chronic conditions. Nevertheless, data complexity, computational limitations, and ethical concerns in personalized diagnosis persist. To overcome them, is the key to crossing the gap from computational knowledge into medical application. Enhancing the diagnostics of diseases, improving therapeutics' precision, and facilitating patient therapy are the general objectives of integrated investigations. By advancing the most technology available in computing and molecules, researchers are going towards more precision-guided and effective medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic properties of Pediococcus acidilactici DS3 isolated from Kanji: Naturally fermented black carrot juice","authors":"Mehak Manzoor ,&nbsp;Deepansh Sharma ,&nbsp;Mohammad Zaki Shamim ,&nbsp;Asma Jeelani ,&nbsp;Bilal Ahmad Mir ,&nbsp;M. Amin Mir ,&nbsp;Neha Chauhan ,&nbsp;Ercan Bursal","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional fermented foods, many of which have untapped probiotic potential, are increasingly being found to contain probiotic bacteria. This study assessed the probiotic qualities of Pediococcus acidilactici DS3, which was isolated from a traditionally fermented black carrot beverage. With counts ranging from 6.7 to 7.02 log CFU/ml, the strain demonstrated acid and salt tolerance, surviving at salt concentrations ranging from 1 % to 10 %. Its identification was verified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Survival was affected by temperature, with counts ranging from 7.92 to 6.41 log CFU/ml. The strain demonstrated high acidification (2.30 %), auto-aggregation (50.2 %), and hydrophobicity (93 %). Co-aggregation with E. coli and S. aureus was 76.5 % and 80 %, respectively. Lysozyme susceptibility after 30- and 90-minute exposure was 8.95 ± 0.07 and 8.86 ± 0.04 log CFU/ml. The strain exhibited cholesterol removal (12.8 ± 0.23 %) and bile salt hydrolase activity (42.75 ± 0.41 %). Growth in prebiotics (FOS and inulin) at 600 nm was 0.78 (one-fold dilution) and 0.74 (three-fold dilution). Enzyme screening showed amylase (1.02 ± 0.51 U/ml) and protease (90 ± 3.1 U/ml) activity. Adherence to Caco-2 and HT-29 cell lines ranged from 9.83 ± 0.7–11.9 ± 0.66 %. Survival through oro-gastro-intestinal transit was 8.79 ± 0.12–5.37 ± 0.33 log CFU/ml. These findings confirm that P. acidilactici DS3 possesses key probiotic characteristics, making it a strong candidate for further application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How protists contribute to plant growth and health: Exploring new interactions with the plant microbiome","authors":"Gustavo Santoyo ,&nbsp;Ma del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda ,&nbsp;Olubukola Oluranti Babalola","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The plant microbiome is a key determinant of plant fitness. Traditionally, research has focused on interactions involving a few microbial groups, such as bacteria and fungi, while other players, including protists, have been largely overlooked. Recently, protists have emerged as important regulators of plant microbiome diversity and functionality. Beyond providing direct ecological services, protists influence the structure of rhizosphere populations, promoting those with beneficial roles for plants. Emerging evidence further reveals that the regulatory effects of protists extend beyond the rhizosphere, shaping endophytic communities. As the importance of protists becomes increasingly evident, future crop production strategies must integrate their role as regulators of microbiome functionality and plant performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143890467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative screening methods to reduce the misdiagnosis of Lyme disease: Public health and global implications","authors":"Diala Ra’Ed Kamal Kakish ,&nbsp;Jehad Feras AlSamhori ,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-Sawalha ,&nbsp;Wafaa Shehada ,&nbsp;Asham Al Salkhadi ,&nbsp;D. Prashasti ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Almaliti ,&nbsp;Mohammad Al-Zuriqat ,&nbsp;Qais Akasheh ,&nbsp;Abdulqadir J. Nashwan","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lyme disease remains a persistent global health concern, complicated by diagnostic delays and high rates of misdiagnosis, particularly in early-stage presentations and underserved populations. Conventional two-tier serological testing is hampered by limited sensitivity, antigenic cross-reactivity, and poor performance in acute disease. Recent advancements in diagnostic innovation, including Modified Two-Tier Testing (MTTT), synthetic peptide-based platforms, bacteriophage-targeted PCR, and MENSA (Medium Enriched for Newly Synthesized Antibodies), offer enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and real-time immune profiling. In parallel, developments in therapeutic and preventive strategies, such as cyclic antimicrobial peptides and microbiota-targeted vaccines, underscore a growing emphasis on translational approaches to persistent infection and vector control. This review provides a novel synthesis of diagnostic and therapeutic advances in Lyme disease, uniquely bridging molecular tools, public health disparities, and precision medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Japanese encephalitis in north-east, India: Pharmacotherapeutic perspectives","authors":"Moksood Ahmed Laskar,&nbsp;Priyam Jyoti Das,&nbsp;Mrinmoy Basak,&nbsp;Juganta Kumar Kalita,&nbsp;Santa Mandal","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Japanese Encephalitis (JE) poses a significant health threat in North-East India, with seasonal outbreaks causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Studies report an incidence rate of approximately 4.4 cases per 100,000 population annually. The disease's neuroinvasive nature leads to severe neurological complications, with mortality rates ranging from 20 % to 30 %. Understanding JE's epidemiology is crucial; for instance, a study found that 85 % of cases occurred in rural areas. JE targets neurons in the central nervous system, resulting in neuronal death and inflammation. Management involves supportive care, with antiviral drugs like ribavirin showing promise in reducing mortality. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of prevention, with the live attenuated JE vaccine demonstrating over 90 % efficacy. However, challenges such as vaccine coverage gaps persist, emphasizing the need for improved surveillance and vaccine accessibility to mitigate JE's impact in North-East India. This study provides insights into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management perspectives of JE in the region, highlighting the importance of integrated approaches to combat this public health threat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trichoderma-bacterial network: A balance inter-kingdom interaction for agricultural relevance","authors":"Abd Rahman Jabir Mohd Din ,&nbsp;Zaheda Mohamad Azam ,&nbsp;Nor Zalina Othman ,&nbsp;Jean W.H. Yong","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring the potential of fungal-bacterial interactions holds great promise as this inter-kingdom association has coexisted and been ubiquitous. Benefiting from an enhanced comprehension of microbial community structure and assembly allows us to understand how this bipartite interaction can be manipulated for maintaining the agricultural balance. Given the complexity of their relationships, it is necessary to understand their ecological role in biocontrol applications. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between <em>Trichoderma</em> and bacteria, encompassing both physical and chemical interactions. We highlight their beneficial effects and the multifaceted nature of this relationship in both natural and laboratory settings. Critical discussion on the need for having compatible and stable consortia is covered, emphasizing their effect on the biocontrol consistencies. Future studies should utilize advanced techniques to address research gaps, such as the need for simple model in eukaryotes-bacteria interaction, the hidden novel <em>Trichoderma</em>-bacteria-derived metabolites, the impact of omics technologies for deciphering mechanisms and the development of cost-effective bioformulations. Leveraging the microbial crosstalk has shown a great potential in agricultural sustainability that allows for the development of future intervention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"6-gingerol enhances ciprofloxacin efficacy by inhibiting NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Shashikanta Sau ,&nbsp;Sarika Sharma ,&nbsp;Gopal L. Khatik ,&nbsp;Sandeep Sharma ,&nbsp;Nitin Pal Kalia","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The drug efflux mechanism adopted by <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> helps it in its survival under antibiotic pressure. The efflux pump NorA, a member of the MFS superfamily, effluxes out fluoroquinolones, biocides, quaternary ammonium compounds, and anti-infectives. Therefore, in a continuous effort to identify new scaffolds as NorA inhibitors, we in the present study screened 6-gingerol ((5S)-5-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) decan-3-one) for its role as a NorA efflux pump inhibitor. 6-gingerol dramatically decreased the intracellular invasion and ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in NorA, overproducing <em>S. aureus</em> SA-1199B. Furthermore, 6-gingerol enhanced the killing efficacy and minimized the mutation frequency of ciprofloxacin. The accumulation of ethidium bromide, another substrate for NorA efflux pump, was significantly inhibited by 6-gingerol. A molecular docking on NorA protein suggested the potential role of 6-gingerol in inhibiting efflux pump via binding at the protein's active site. 6-gingerol showed an excellent binding affinity of −5.8 kcal/mol at NorA protein. Further, in an intracellular invasion assay performed using J774A. 1 macrophage cell lines, 6-gingerol significantly reduced the invasion of <em>S. aureus</em> SA-1199B (NorA overproducing) by 2 Log₁₀. For the first time, the study delineated the role of 6-gingerol as an efflux pump inhibitor of <em>S. aureus</em> with a significant impact on intracellular invasion of the bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between the health of the intestines and the human body with Akkermansia muciniphila","authors":"Seyed Ali Sadr Tabatabaei ,&nbsp;Hedie Yousefi Ghadim ,&nbsp;Sara Alaei ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Abdolvand ,&nbsp;Hoora Mazaheri ,&nbsp;Farzaneh Shamsi ,&nbsp;Yasin SarveAhrabi ,&nbsp;Ava Behrouzi","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In recent years, <em>Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila)</em> has gained considerable attention as an important gut microbe. In addition to endocrine and nervous system diseases, this bacterium can cause musculoskeletal and respiratory problems and other diseases. Many gastrointestinal diseases are associated with disturbances in the gut microbiota, which modulates host metabolism and immune response. <em>A. muciniphila</em> maintains intestinal barrier integrity, modulates the host's immune response, and improves several metabolic pathways, making this bacterium a key component in the pathogenesis of many diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this study was to understand the basic mechanism underlying the relationship between <em>A. muciniphila</em> and diseases and its interactions with hosts, establishing a causal relationship with a therapeutic supplement associated with <em>A. muciniphila</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>It is well known that obesity and its related metabolic syndromes, including liver disorders and type 2 diabetes, are a worldwide epidemic that is highly linked to diet. The gut microbiota-diet interaction has been highlighted as a hot research area in treating obesity and other metabolic diseases. One of the \"next-generation probiotics\" for treating metabolic disorders and the inflammatory responses is <em>A. muciniphila</em>, which has been found to have a crucial role in metabolic diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>A. muciniphila</em> has been extensively studied, but little is known about its regulation in type 2 diabetes (T2D). <em>A. muciniphila</em> has been recognized as an important player in body metabolism and offers great promise for treating metabolic disorders associated with obesity and as a future candidate for therapeutic agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial effect ZnO nanoparticles and Clove extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples","authors":"Fatemah HajiSadeghi ,&nbsp;Ali Sobhani Nasab ,&nbsp;Somaye Rashki ,&nbsp;Hengame Zandi ,&nbsp;Saleh Afsharikhah ,&nbsp;Zahra Sadat Fatemi-Nasab ,&nbsp;Ali Nazari-Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2025.100363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens leads to treatment failure. So, the need for new antibacterial drugs is urgent. We evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and <em>clove</em> extract against biofilm-producing <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</em></div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>In this descriptive-experimental study, clinical isolates of <em>P. aeruginosa were collected</em> d from different wards of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan. In this research, the extract of clove was obtained by the Soxhlet extraction method in concentrations of 250 mg/ml to 62.5 mg/ml. ZnO nanoparticles were chemically synthesized at Kashan University of Medical Sciences in 125–250 µg/ml concentrations. We evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of ZnO/NPs and <em>clove</em> extract against biofilm-producing <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> microbroth dilution and crystal violet assays. The combined effect of these compounds was studied using the checkerboard method. The expression of biofilm-related gene (<em>algD</em>) was investigated by real-time PCR.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The MIC values of the compounds tested for <em>P. aeruginosa</em> were estimated at 312.5, 1250, and 78.12 μg/ml. Also, ZnO/NPs and <em>clove</em> extract and their combination. In this study the result showed that, the combination of Zno/NPs and <em>clove extract</em> resulted in the decrease in MIC/MBC for <em>P. aeruginosa</em>. The FICI classified the combination of combination of Zno/NPs and clove extract as synergistic for <em>P. aeruginosa.</em> According to the results, a combination of ZnO/NPs and <em>clove</em> extract at a concentration of 2MIC strongly inhibited the biofilm formation up to 60 % after 24 h<em>.</em> Moreover, treatment with combination of ZnO/NPs and <em>clove</em> extract led to the downregulation of the <em>AlgD</em> gene expression, a key factor in biofilm formation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Collectively, the combination of ZnO-NPs and <em>clove extract</em> improved antibacterial properties due to changes in the surface of nanoparticles. In addition, based on the present study, the effective combination Zno/NPs and <em>clove extract</em> could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent against.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}