The Microbe最新文献

{"title":"Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An evolutionary perspective and its adaptation to the lung microenvironment","authors":"Satyendra Shukla ,&nbsp;Nitin Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Ashutosh Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A highly specialized airborne human intracellular pathogen, <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (<em>Mtb</em>), causes the disease tuberculosis (TB), with one death per second and approximately 10 million cases per year worldwide. <em>Mtb</em> has emerged as a health risk due to its ability to adapt to drugs<em>.</em> The emergence of drug-resistant <em>Mtb</em> is affected by factors such as drug-resistant gene mutations, the efficacy of TB treatment, genetic background of the strain, and its ability to adapt to host and specific environmental conditions. Mutations in gene coding for drug targets are the evident reason for drug resistance and are believed to arise mainly through single-step chromosomal mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and insertion-deletions. Stepwise fixation of mutations leads to acquired drug resistance, resulting in the gradual development of multiple types of drug-resistant <em>Mtb</em> strains. Approximately 25 % of the world population demonstrates some level of immunological response against <em>Mtb</em> infection that may remain dormant (TB infection) or develop into active disease (TB disease). The interaction of <em>Mtb</em> with the host during the early stages of infection can influence the disease outcome, driving the development of active, latent, or resistant TB. The adaptation of bacterial strains in the lung environment during the course of infection depends on their dynamic and unique cell envelope, their composition and metabolic responses in drug-resistant strains. Drug-susceptible and drug-resistant bacteria will adapt to the lung environment in distinct ways. In this review, we have explored the evolution of drug-resistant strains and their adaptation to the changing lung environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella from roasted meat (\"Suya\") sold in federal capital territory, Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"H. Dagah. ,&nbsp;J.A. Ameh ,&nbsp;S. Mailafia ,&nbsp;David Dalyop Dantong ,&nbsp;O.H. Onigbanjo ,&nbsp;C.I.C. Ifeanye ,&nbsp;B.J. Adeyemo","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Roasted meat (Suya) is a spicy traditional ready-to-eat stick meat produced mostly by the Hausas of the northern part of Nigeria. It is a major consumer’s fast-food sales along the streets, in clubs, houses, at picnics, parties, and restaurants. Salmonellosis is the most common foodborne infection caused by the genus <em>Salmonella</em> and a major public health concern worldwide. Antimicrobial-resistant <em>Salmonella</em> infections are one of the public health concerned responsible for increasing hospitalization rates, morbidity, and mortality due to the indiscriminate use of drugs; hence, the need to evaluate the antibiotic Susceptibility of the isolates. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and to assess antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of salmonella from roasted meat (\"Suya\") sold in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. A total of 200 samples of roasted meat (Suya) from beef were collected using simple random sampling techniques between August and November 2022 from four out of six area councils of FCT and were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria count and <em>Salmonella</em> isolation using microbiological phenotypic methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using a disk diffusion assay. The total aerobic count ranges from 5.0 × 10⁴ to 2.05 × 10⁶ CFU/ml, while the prevalence of <em>Salmonella spp</em>. was 7 (3.5 %). The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that 14.3 % and 8.6 % of the isolates had susceptibility to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. However, non of the isolates was susceptible to streptomycin, augmentin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, gentamicin, and septrin. The highest multiantibiotic resistance index (MARI) was 0.6, while the lowest MARI was 0.1. The highest multidrug resistance (MDR) recorded was 0.5, while the lowest MDR was 0.2. The detection of <em>Salmonella spp</em>. from Suya (“steak meat) in the FCT indicated a public health risk of spreading foodborne pathogens, and the MARI shows the potential burden of treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological potential of Curcuma longa endophytes","authors":"Garima Sharma ,&nbsp;Surbhi Agarwal ,&nbsp;Rashmi Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Vitthal T. Barvkar ,&nbsp;Rucha C. Godbole ,&nbsp;Vinay Kumar ,&nbsp;Nandita Narayanasamy ,&nbsp;Vartika Mathur","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endophytes contribute to plant fitness and defence by producing bioactive secondary metabolites, which may be utilized in various industrial applications. We assessed the potential of bioactive compounds from the endophytes of <em>Curcuma longa</em> for therapeutic properties. We screened phytochemicals obtained from the <em>C. longa</em> endophytes for host-specific bioactive compounds which were also evaluated for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. 59 endophytes were isolated from leaves and rhizome of <em>C. longa,</em> among which isolates <em>Fusarium fujikuroi</em> PCLCUT2 and <em>Bacillus pacificus</em> NCLALC2 showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PCLCUT2 showed strong antioxidant potential (IC₅₀ 1.33 mg/mL) and the presence of compounds such as (-)-epicatechin and curcumin. <em>B. pacificus</em> NCLALC2 exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potential (MIC 200 µg/L) against <em>Mycobacterium smegmatis.</em> NCLALC2 showed the presence of 12 potential bioactive compounds including Calicoferol D, terpinolene and alpha-phellandrene. With the presence of host-specific compounds, the two endophytes hold promising potential as cost-effective sources of bioactive metabolites for pharmacological applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity of psychrotolerant strains of Antarctic Pseudogmynoascus fungi reveals potential opportunistic profiles","authors":"Eldon Carlos Queres Gomes ,&nbsp;Vívian Nicolau Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Marliete Carvalho da Costa ,&nbsp;Gustavo José Cota de Freitas ,&nbsp;Daniel Assis Santos ,&nbsp;Susana Johann ,&nbsp;Jefferson Bruno Soares Oliveira ,&nbsp;Tatiane Alves da Paixão ,&nbsp;Peter Convey ,&nbsp;Luiz Henrique Rosa","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of fungal taxa in the extreme ecosystems of Antarctica that are known to opportunistically infect humans and animals. Among these are members of the genus <em>Pseudogymnoascus</em>, including some that are genetically similar to <em>P. destructans</em>, known to be pathogenic to bats. We evaluated the <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> pathogenic potential of 11 <em>Pseudogymnoascus</em> spp. strains recovered from Antarctica. All strains were able to grow at temperatures up to 28 °C and displayed <em>in vitro</em> pathogenicity through hemolytic activity, growth at different pH levels, production of hydrolytic enzymes, spore diameters, tolerance to oxidative stress, hypoxia, and halotolerance. Among them, <em>Pseudogymnoascus</em> sp. UFMG 8532 exhibited strong <em>in vitro</em> pathogenicity and in preliminary <em>in vivo</em> assay killed 100 % of <em>Tenebrio molitor</em> larvae within one day. The pathogenicity of the same strain was also tested using immunosuppressed BALB/c mouse models. Survival of BALB/c mice was affected, with oscillations between weight gain and loss, and impacts on sensory function, reflexes and autonomic function. Histopathological data from the organs of infected mice showed evidence of inflammatory processes, with numerous neutrophils, a small number of macrophages, fluid accumulation inside the lungs and intense hyperemia. Our results indicate that Antarctic <em>Pseudogymnoascus</em> spp. strains obtained from various substrates/habitats in maritime Antarctica may possess intrinsic virulence factors and pathogenic potential for immunosuppressed animals and humans in the region. Given that the Antarctic environment is an important reservoir for <em>Pseudogymnoascus</em> species, which display growth performance across a range of temperatures, it is possible that increasing temperatures in the maritime Antarctic could activate dormant genes or biochemical pathways, select virulent species and/or strains, and facilitate their spread within and beyond the region. The ability of <em>Pseudogymnoascus</em> species to grow slowly even at 28°C, coupled with their potential <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> virulence factors, suggests that these fungi might be undergoing an opportunistic transition due to the effects of climate change on the Antarctic Peninsula.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of multi-drug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli from urine samples: Insights into urinary tract infection management","authors":"Bernaitis L ,&nbsp;Bharathi Priya ,&nbsp;Ezhilarasu A ,&nbsp;Revathi P Shenoy","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) present a significant global health burden. With UPEC responsible for approximately 90 % of UTIs, understanding its mechanisms of virulence and antibiotic resistance is paramount for effective treatment strategies. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli strains in urinary tract infections and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying their resistance. A total of 150 E. coli isolates were obtained from urinary tract infection specimens collected patients at Doctor’s Diagnostic Centre in Kalyan Nagar, Bangalore over four months November 2022 to February 2023. Isolation and screening of pathogenic E. coli were conducted using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar and Nutrient Agar, followed by identification through gram staining and biochemical characterization tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Mueller-Hinton agar and various antibiotic discs. Phenotypic and molecular identification of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers were conducted, along with the screening for specific antibiotic resistance genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 150 E. coli isolates, 57.3 % were found to be multi-drug resistant, with all 35 isolates from hospitalized patients exhibiting MDR characteristics. Phenotypic and molecular analyses revealed the presence of ESBL-producing isolates, with the <em>blaCTX-M, blaTEM,</em> and <em>blaSHV</em> genes detected in PCR assays. Plasmid extraction and PCR assays further identified the presence of plasmid-encoded carbapenemase genes (<em>blaOXA-48, blaNDM-1, blaKPC-2</em>), as well as other antibiotic resistance genes including those conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones. The results underscore the alarming prevalence of MDR E. coli strains in urinary tract infections, particularly in hospitalized patients. Molecular characterization revealed the diverse genetic mechanisms contributing to antibiotic resistance, including the presence of ESBLs and plasmid-encoded resistance genes. These findings emphasize the urgent need for surveillance and infection control measures to mitigate the spread of MDR pathogens and the development of alternative therapeutic strategies to combat antibiotic resistance in UTIs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR-Cas9 system: A potent tool to fight antibiotic resistance in bacteria","authors":"Arka Moitra ,&nbsp;Abhinaba Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Bomba Dam","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most challenging concerns for modern medical practitioners is to deal with infections caused by the ever-increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). New antibiotics are not coming up in that pace, as their development is a tedious and time-consuming process with limited economic benefits for pharma companies. Among the various strategies tested to combat ARB, CRISPR-Cas9-based therapy is the most novel and foolproof. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a recently discovered indigenous defense mechanism, identified in most archaeal and bacterial members that immunize and protect the cell against a second invasion from bacteriophage or plasmid DNA attack. These prokaryotic members, using an endogenous Cas9 protein guided by a unique short RNA sequence (∼20 nts) processed from earlier foreign DNA encounters, targets and destroys the invasive DNA. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has the potential and flexibility to be used as a gene-editing tool to modify antibiotic resistant or exclusive house-keeping genes on plasmids or genomes of specific pathogens, thereby resensitizing them to the antibiotics or even killing them. As the system is highly specific in its action, it can even target specific pathogenic bacteria in the infection site without harming the entire microbial population. This review first highlights the potential threats of ARB, particularly those in the priority list, and then elucidates how RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9-based therapy can be used to fight them, covering most of the technicalities involved in the process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model of staphylococcal food poisoning scenario mediated by companion dogs colonized by enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Morenike O. Adeola ,&nbsp;Faith I. Akinnibosun ,&nbsp;Odaro S. Imade","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Nigeria, the number of households with companion dogs is on the rise. Staphylococcal food poisoning remains a major public health issue, yet there is no documented evidence of this illness being linked to companion dogs in Nigeria. This study aims to estimate the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning stemming from companion dogs that are carriers of enterotoxin-producing <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. Both dry and rainy seasons were considered in this research, where standard phenotypic and molecular techniques were used to detect and measure enterotoxin-producing <em>S. aureus</em> on the fur of 70 healthy companion dogs. Besides, 140 pre-sterilized ready-to-eat (RTE) yams that were contaminated through contact with human hands previously exposed to the dogs'fur were tested. The results, simulated using the United States FDA-iRisk software and Monte Carlo simulations from data obtained from yam contamination surveillance and experts elicitations, indicated that the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning was notably higher during the rainy season (≥ 702 cases per 10,000 servings of RTE yams) compared to the dry season (about 1 case per 10,000 servings). In conclusion, there is a need for people, especially dog owners, to exercise greater caution regarding their interactions with companion dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a commercial immunochromatographic strip assay (ICT) for rapid detection of bovine, porcine and human Rotavirus A","authors":"Bilal Ahmad Malla ,&nbsp;Zunjar Baburao Dubal ,&nbsp;Shubham Saini ,&nbsp;Obli Rajendran VinodhKumar ,&nbsp;Aquil Mohmad ,&nbsp;P.T. Waseem Mirsab ,&nbsp;Mufeeda Beegum ,&nbsp;Vibha Singh ,&nbsp;Kiran Narayan Bhilegaonkar","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The most frequent diarrhoeal pathogen “Rotavirus” is commonly detected by Ribo Nucleic Acid- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (RNA-PAGE), Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Immunoassay (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) in humans. However, use of these tests is limited in animals therefore, penside test like Immunochromatographic test/Lateral Flow Assay (ICT/LFA) is necessary. The present study was carried out to compare the diagnostic efficacy of rapid commercial ICT strip assay, RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR for specific detection of Rotavirus A (RVA) from stool samples of calves, piglets and children. A total of 313 faecal samples were collected between November 2022 to April 2023 from children below 5years of age (n = 100), calves (n = 100) and piglets (n = 113) ≤ 3 months of age and were screened by RNA-PAGE, RT-PCR and commercial ICT kit for rotavirus A.</div><div>The overall positivity of RVA from human, calves and piglets using RNA-PAGE, RT-PCR and LFA was found to be 35 % (35/100), 8 % (8/100) and 14.16 % (16/113), respectively. Higher positivity of rotavirus was recorded in male children (44.26 %, 27/61) than in female children (20.51 %, 8/39). The kappa agreement between LFA and RT-PCR was 0.79 (substantial agreement); between LFA and RNA-PAGE was 0.61 (substantially low agreement) and between RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR was found to be 0.75 (substantial agreement). Relative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of LFA in comparison with RT-PCR was 74.54 % and 98.44 %, respectively and in comparison with RNA-PAGE was 72.97 % and 93.47 %, respectively. RNA-PAGE in comparison with RT-PCR is having diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 65.45 % and 99.6 %, respectively. In conclusion, the ICT strip assay is a rapid, convenient and effective method with satisfactory efficacy for detection of RVA from children, calves and piglets. ICT fulfilled the WHO ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment-free and Delivered) criteria for point-of-care testing. It can be useful in determining rotavirus outbreaks in resource-limited settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomics for accelerated discovery of antimicrobial compounds: A review focused on bovine mastitis","authors":"María Florencia Cerioli,&nbsp;Melina Moliva,&nbsp;Elina Reinoso","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine mastitis is the most common disease in dairy cattle worldwide and causes high economic losses to the dairy industry. It can be caused by different microorganisms, as bacteria, fungi, and algae. However, most of these infections are caused by bacteria which have been classified as contagious, opportunistic, and environmental pathogens. Prevention and treatment strategies for bovine mastitis rely primarily on antibiotic therapy. Although it has a positive impact on the dairy industry by contributing to udder health and milk production, it is not always effective. In addition, antimicrobial resistance is also a serious health problem and generates economic losses of billions of dollars. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in interest in the exploration of new antimicrobial compounds from different environments. The soil stands out as a prolific reservoir teeming with enzymes, antibiotics, and natural products. On the other hand, the use of metagenomic approaches allows the identification of a wide range of antimicrobial compounds isolated from soil. This review addresses the potential of metagenomics as a key tool to accelerate the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds, which could have potential applications in the treatment of bovine mastitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune response to occult hepatitis B virus infection among hemodialysis patients: A review","authors":"Ali Mussa ,&nbsp;Nor Hayati Ismail ,&nbsp;Nazmul Huda Syed ,&nbsp;Mustafa Talib ,&nbsp;Alaa Siddig ,&nbsp;Rosline Hassan ,&nbsp;Rohimah Mohamud ,&nbsp;Nik Haszroel Hysham Nik Hashim","doi":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microb.2024.100176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) has serious public health concerns. HBV infection can lead to acute hepatitis B (AHB) or chronic hepatitis B (CHB). After recovery, the viral genome (DNA) may persist for an extended period within the liver tissue and sometimes in the peripheral mononuclear cells and serum, leading to occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI), which is characterised by the absence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). Additionally, the existence of OBI DNA poses a threat to specific patient groups, such as those with patients undergoing hemodialysis. The available literature has shown ongoing efforts to improve understanding of the immune defence of hemodialysis patients. This review aims to support these efforts and elucidate the immune response's role in patients undergoing hemodialysis with OBI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101246,"journal":{"name":"The Microbe","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}