Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Life cycle assessment for calcination process of flue gas desulfurization gypsum and transformation into β-CaSO4·0.5H2O","authors":"Payal Bakshi ,&nbsp;Asokan Pappu ,&nbsp;Dhiraj Kumar Bharti","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Life cycle assessment for calcination process of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum is carried out at three altered temperatures from 200 to 600 °C for transformation into β-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O without chemical treatment. Physicochemical characterization of obtained FGD gypsum are performed by standard methods to recognize the physical and chemical properties, identification and quality of the material for further analysis. Effect of calcination on particle size distribution of FGD gypsum is studied along with mineralogical, compositional and morphological analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), respectively. Calcination process has slightly reduced the particle size and improved microstructure of FGD gypsum. Aspect ratio of calcined FGD gypsum samples is reduced from 2.40 to 1.32 due to crack bursting at high temperature and removal of hydroxyl functional group. Environmental impact of calcination process is evaluated by life cycle assessment method using openLCA software and ecoinvent database in conformance with ISO 14040–14044. System boundary covers stages of procedure with cradle-to-gate approach. Production of β-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O powder by calcination at 200 °C exhibited minimum environmental impacts with 25.5 kg of CO₂eq emission, responsible of GWP. FGD gypsum has transformed into β-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O via frugal and easy method for construction applications with geometric microstructure, which offers high mechanical strength with better workability. Present study will provide referential data set for FGD gypsum without chemical treatment and life cycle data of its calcination process. This will be supportive for reutilizing FGD gypsum in value-added sustainable construction materials as there is a dearth of reliable data on characteristics of FGD gypsum and its environmental impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143360559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized process and modeling of waste Gmelina arborea seed pyrolytic oil production and its characterization as a sustainable biofuel","authors":"Victor Idankpo Ameh ,&nbsp;Olusola Olaitan Ayeleru ,&nbsp;Helen Uchenna Modekwe ,&nbsp;Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo ,&nbsp;Ishmael Matala Ramatsa","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofuels from bioresources are a viable renewable energy source, but high prices, the food versus fuel debate, and biodiversity loss limit the demands for bioenergy. Sourcing alternative bioresources from waste with a higher yield and energy value to produce bioenergy, as well as optimizing biofuel refining processes, are crucial for reducing production costs and increasing output to mitigate high prices and feedstock availability. The extracted bio-oil of non-edible seeds of Gmelina arborea is being investigated for transesterification into biofuels, a process that does not entirely maximize the bioenergy generated from the bioresources and generates further waste. However, pyrolysis can convert wholly the lignocellulose seed components into bioproducts with high-quality fuel properties without associated glycerol. Consequently, in this study, pyrolytic oil was produced from waste Gmelina arborea seed, the process parameters were optimized using the surface response methodology with experimental validations, the process model was established, and the pyrolytic oil was characterized. The optimum yield of 54 % at a temperature of 485 °C, a heating rate of 40 °C/min, and a particle size of 0.9 mm were established, and a corresponding regression model equation was developed. The Gmelina arborea seed biomass was revealed to have 81.95 % volatile matter with oil extractives of 44.80 %. The GC-MS analysis shows that the aliphatic hydrocarbon of a cyclic monoterpene occupies the highest concentration of 67.46 %. The fuel properties and the calorific value of 33.69 MJ/kg of the pyrolytic oil compared to ASTM standard specifications for pyrolytic liquid biofuel show suitability for commercial and industrial fuel. The absence of sulfur in the pyrolytic oil elemental analysis adds credence to its usefulness as a sustainable fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143211041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of activated carbon for polypropylene microplastic removal in wastewater","authors":"Amanda Laca,&nbsp;Yolanda Patiño,&nbsp;Alba Sánchez-Condado,&nbsp;Daniel Sol,&nbsp;Adriana Laca,&nbsp;Mario Díaz","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, raising global concern regarding these micropollutants. The main challenge with MPs lies in the difficulty of removing these particles during wastewater and drinking water treatment processes. Adsorption could be an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for the removal of microplastics from water. In this work, the capacity of granular activated carbon (GAC) to retain standard polypropylene (PP) microplastics has been evaluated. Batch experiments were carried out under different conditions with the aim of analysing the adsorption performance. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-first order model, indicating that the retention of MPs is driven by physical processes. This observation was further supported by FTIR, as the surface functional groups of the GAC did not undergo any modifications after the adsorption process. In addition, only the Freundlich isotherm provided a good fit, suggesting that the adsorption takes place in a cooperative manner. When MPs obtained from wastewater samples were employed in the experiments using 0.5 g/L of GAC, the removal percentage achieved after 7 hours was approximately 30 %, a lower value than that obtained with the PP MP standards (43 %), which can be attributed to the nature of the MPs. This value increased to 90 % when a concentration of 1.5 g GAC/L was used. This study reveals that GAC can be considered a moderate adsorbent for the removal of PP microplastics in water treatment plants, with MPs attaching to the GAC surface through weak bonds such as Van der Waals forces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143179061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sustainable method of crystal violet dye removal using novel strain Klebsiella pneumoniae ED2","authors":"Akanksha Pandey,&nbsp;Navneet Bithel,&nbsp;Sandeep Kumar,&nbsp;Sachin Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to identify a potent bacterium capable of degrading Crystal Violet (CV) dye, a prominent textile dye causing environmental pollution in water bodies. A bacterial strain identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> ED2 was isolated from textile industrial effluent sediment samples. The isolated bacteria exhibited non-pathogenic and non-antibiotic resistant characteristics. The preliminary decolorization experiment evinced high CV-degrading competency i.e. 92.58 % by <em>K. pneumoniae</em>. Optimization experiment were conducted using a central composite design (CCD) approach to optimize pH, temperature, dye concentration, and degradation time parameters. Employing response surface methodology, degradation efficiency was enhanced. The maximum decolorization of 93.65 % was achieved at 37°C with a 1 mL inoculum volume over 48 h using 200 mg/L of CV dye. Confirmation of biodegradation was accomplished through UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and GC-MS analysis of both the intact CV dye and its degraded products. Microbial toxicological assessments using <em>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, and phytotoxicity studies with <em>Vigna radiata</em> L. significantly reduced dye toxicity post-degradation. In conclusion, the identified <em>K. pneumoniae</em> strain proved to be an efficient microbe for dye degradation, offering potential applications in mitigating pollution caused by industrial dyes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143179060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From urea to urea cocrystals: A critical view of conventional and emerging nitrogenous fertilizer materials for improved environmental sustainability","authors":"Mohamed Eisa ,&nbsp;Mariana Brondi ,&nbsp;Clinton Williams ,&nbsp;Reagan Hejl ,&nbsp;Jonas Baltrusaitis","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen (N) is a critical nutrient that is essential for plant growth and sustainable population development. Since the inception of modern fertilizer technology, N has been supplied to the environment via low-stability fertilizer materials which has resulted in very large losses of reactive nitrogen to the environment. These losses have severe impacts on soil, air and surface water locally and result in changes to the ecosystem biodiversity as well as climate globally. Synthesis of nitrogen fertilizer, such as urea, consumes 1–2 % of global energy as well as significant amounts of natural gas. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the stability of fertilizer-N in the environment to decrease their losses and increase N-use efficiency.</div><div>This work provides a critical evaluation of the current and emerging methods to stabilize urea fertilizers to deliver nitrogen to the environment more sustainably. The emphasis in this review is placed on material chemistry development, such as recent emergence of urea cocrystals that possess reduced solubility and enhanced environmental stability. The materials analysis suggests that future research needs to focus on urea stabilization methods that create partial bonds between the constituents beyond weak molecular interaction. This requires avoiding unsustainable feedstock, such as formaldehyde, or exogenous stabilizing molecules that affect the soil biota, such as urease inhibitors. These developmental products then need to be transformed into thriving technologies to provide high-value fertilizers by decreasing the energy footprint needed to make ammonia, a precursor of urea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143179059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide, an ionic liquid as an eco-friendly and green inhibitor for corrosion of aluminium in hydrochloric acid: Mechanistic insights and experimental validation","authors":"Mansi Y. Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Meenakshi Gupta ,&nbsp;Prerna Bansal ,&nbsp;Yudhvir S. Sharma ,&nbsp;Neelu Dheer ,&nbsp;Arun Kant ,&nbsp;M. Ramananda Singh ,&nbsp;Shramila Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Allyl Triphenyl Phosphonium Bromide (ATPB), an ionic liquid was used as an inhibitor for mitigation of corrosion of aluminium in a 0.5 M hydrochloric acid. The mitigating properties of ATPB was experimentally evaluated through gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance techniques. The highest inhibition efficiency of 99.95 % was achieved at 308 K. The mitigation of corrosion was caused by the spontaneous assembly of an ATPB monolayer onto the aluminium surface. As the concentration of ATPB rises, the extent of adsorption also increases. The accumulation of ATPB molecules over aluminium surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The strength of adsorption is also enhanced through the electrostatic interaction of bromide anion with the surface of aluminium. The enhancement of charge transfer resistance (R_ct) values on addition of ATPB in electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies in comparison over the R_ct value in HCl without ATPB reveals that charge transfer mechanism is involved in the inhibition process. The decrease in double layer capacitance (C_dl) also occurred along with an increase in concentrations. This suggests, the adsorption is the key to the inhibition of corrosion of aluminium. SEM micrograms and EDXS confirmed the presence of a protective ATPB layer on the aluminium surface. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation also supports the experimental observation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of anthocyanins and other phenolics from dried blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) pomace via ultrasonication","authors":"Nur Izzati Mohamed Nawawi,&nbsp;Nur Allisya Akma Ahmad Khushairi,&nbsp;Giroon Ijod,&nbsp;Ezzat Mohamad Azman","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blackcurrant (<em>Ribes nigrum</em> L.) pomaces are rich in phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins yet often discarded as waste during juice processing. The heat-sensitive phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, unavoidably, degrade due to higher temperatures and longer times during conventional extraction methods. Typically, organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and acetone were used to extract the phenolic compounds from dried blackcurrant pomaces (DBP). The necessity for employing substantial amounts of solvents in conventional extraction methods, such as water baths, resulted in health hazards and environmental pollution. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasonication (US) and water bath (WB) extraction time on the anthocyanins composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of DBP extracts. The DBP powders were mixed with 50 % ethanol in the beaker (1:40, w/v) and extracted for 5 − 30 min using ultrasonication at 50 % amplitude and a water bath at 180 rpm. The extracts were further analyzed using the HPLC analysis, Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid content, DPPH, and FRAP assays. As a result, ultrasonication only required 10 min to produce ∼27 % higher total anthocyanins (37.15 ± 0.71 mg/g) than the water bath at 20 min (26.97 ± 0.18 mg/g), while the highest TPC (38.02 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g) and TFC (38.83 ± 1.41 mg CE/g) were recorded at 20 min. Also, a significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) DPPH inhibition (52.76 ± 0.90 %) and reducing power (352.60 ± 7.64 µmol TE/g) were detected after 25 min of ultrasonication. Overall, ultrasonication is suitably used as an alternative to conventional extraction, where the natural colorant obtained from DBP extracts could be potentially utilized in commercial food applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-treatment and post-treatment strategies for enhancing anaerobic digestion in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater management","authors":"Madhu Sudan Reddy Atchala ,&nbsp;Polisetty Venkateswara Rao ,&nbsp;Sridhar Pilli ,&nbsp;Ashish Pawar ,&nbsp;Rajesh Ganiga ,&nbsp;R.D. Tyagi","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the years, anaerobic digestion (AD) has proven to be an effective method for breaking down organic materials, reducing sludge, and generating renewable energy. However, its application in treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) faces challenges, particularly due to the high concentrations of fats, oils, grease (FOG) around 400 – 1110 mg/L, and ammonia around 25–90 mg/L (initial concentration), which can inhibit the AD process. Additionally, even after AD, residual nutrients in the treated wastewater can lead to environmental issues such as eutrophication and methemoglobinemia if discharged untreated. This review explores the effects of FOG and ammonia on AD, along with the influence of nutrient levels on water bodies. It evaluates potential pre-treatment methods to enhance degradation by challenges posed by FOG and ammonia. Additionally, the review discusses post-treatment options to mitigate nutrient-related issues. Finally, this study concludes with a discussion of future perspectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalytic application of second cycle copper-based laboratory waste for synthesis of beta-keto-1,2,3-triazole: A micro circular economy approach","authors":"Randhir Rai","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study follows the circular economy principle to explore the catalytic potential of second-cycle cuprous oxide laboratory waste. Undergraduate students generated cuprous oxide as a second cycle waste during a practical session, where they used an aqueous solution of recycled copper sulfate pentahydrate as a Fehling’s reagent A. The cuprous oxide waste was isolated by a simple filtration method and characterized using infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microscopic techniques. The isolated material was used as an active click catalyst to synthesize beta-keto-1,2,3-triazole in an aqueous medium <em>via</em> a one-pot, three-component click reaction. The catalytic activity of the second-cycled cuprous oxide waste was compared with first-cycled cuprous oxide waste and commercial cuprous oxide. We observed that the catalyst was recycled and reused for up to two cycles without significant yield loss. Also, the synthesized beta-keto-1,2,3-triazole was found to show chelating properties towards copper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiesel production in Africa from non-edible sources: Sources, production, properties and policies","authors":"Khalifa Musa Muhammad ,&nbsp;Modupe Munirat Adeyemi ,&nbsp;Joseph Jacob ,&nbsp;Abubakar Rabiu Koko ,&nbsp;Kabiru Dauda ,&nbsp;Anas Ali Tamasi ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Yahuza","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy is crucial in the 21st century as it immensely contributes to growth and development. Fossil fuel serves as the backbone of the world’s energy demand. This source of energy is non-renewable and it adversely affects the environment. Africa suffers from the challenge of energy crisis and this negatively affects the development of the continent. To remedy this, it is pertinent to focus on energy sources that are environmentally friendly. This study highlights the potential of biodiesel production in Africa with a focus on non-edible sources. The sources, emission characteristics, oil content, percentage yield and properties of these samples are stated. These sources do not compete with food so there is no contention of “food versus fuel”. The study clearly highlights the advantages of biodiesel such as high cetane number and flash point; less toxicity; renewable; and biodegradable amongst others. Techniques for enhancing the cold flow properties of biodiesel are stated. Policies and laws that support biodiesel production were discussed. The key factors that should be incorporated in every biofuel policy or legislation was recommended. Biodiesel utilization is in accordance with Sustainable Development Goal 7 “clean and affordable energy”. The study also presents potentials, benefits, challenges, and solution of biodiesel production and utilization in Africa which gives a picture of its socio-economic implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}