Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles from waste printed circuit boards and its anti-bacterial applications","authors":"Balaji Ravi,&nbsp;J. Karthick,&nbsp;Arun Murugesan","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our ecology is being threatened by electronic garbage. It takes time and effort to handle and recycle electronic trash. Researchers are trying to improve the existing recycling methods for a more effective process which produce fewer by-products. The present study is to develop a simple and practical hydrometallurgical process for producing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) from waste printed circuit board (WPCB). WPCBs are selectively leached using aqueous ammonium salt, ammonia buffer which undergo precipitation at 2 N sodium hydroxide solution at 80 °C for 1 h. The precipitates undergo repeated centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 min to remove the impurities. To eliminate residual moisture, they were initially dried in a hot air oven at 100 °C and subsequently calcined in a muffle furnace at 500 °C for 3 h. XRD, HRTEM, FESEM-EDS, and FTIR are used to analyze synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles, which have applications in inhibiting the bacterial growth. The synthesized particles exist as nanospheres with an average diameter of 50 nm and possess a monoclinic crystal structure. The anti-bacterial activities of copper oxide nanoparticles were evaluated by varying their concentrations from 25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL. The results showed significant inhibition against <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> with inhibition zone of 25 mm at 100 mg/mL CuO concentration, using the disc diffusion method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent perspectives of microplastic analysis from sampling to characterization","authors":"Foysal Mahmud ,&nbsp;Hridoy Roy ,&nbsp;Mustafa Md Wasif ,&nbsp;Abir Mahmud ,&nbsp;Md. Nymuzzaman Saikat ,&nbsp;Addrita Haque ,&nbsp;Eduardo Alberto Lopez-Maldonado ,&nbsp;Abul Basar Baki ,&nbsp;Md. Shahinoor Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastic (MP) pollution has been an emerging global concern due to its persistent nature and the requirement for sophisticated detection techniques. However, MP research has always been complexified due to the unavailability of structured methodology and the ambiguity of process selection. This review has critically analyzed different aspects of MP abundance in water, sediments, biota and wastewater and MP analyzing techniques. MP analysis results are solely dependent on its processing stages, such as oven drying and sieving, chemical digestion, and alkaline treatment, which are the crucial parts of MP sample preparation and processing. To identify the specified polymer in MP samples, analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectra (RS), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Pyr GC-MS) are widely used. Among the applied techniques, FTIR is the cheapest, whereas µ-RS is the most accurate. MP matrix specifications and concentrations vary for water, sediments, biota, and wastewater sources. The highest concentration of 152,688 ± 92,384 particles/m³ MP was observed for the Sea Surface Microlayer of 1000 µm. The MPs concentration in river water reached 718 ± 244 MPs/m³. River sediments of developing countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia and Taiwan have very high concentrations of MPs, which is a great concern for river biota. Various types of plastics, including PP, PE, PE-PP, PE-PDM, PET, nylon, T-elastomer, CP, wool, and cotton, were identified in reported studies. The study discloses recent perspectives on MP research and appropriate sampling and analysis techniques are crucial for reporting MPs in environmental samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of C3-substituted Indoles in water and their anti-bacterial activities","authors":"Thangjam Linda Devi ,&nbsp;Mayanglambam Maneeta Devi ,&nbsp;Kistu Singh Nongthombam ,&nbsp;Thokchom Prasanta Singh ,&nbsp;Okram Mukherjee Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of novel C3-substituted indole derivatives containing a pyridine moiety (<strong>5a–i</strong>) were successfully synthesized through multi-component reactions. The synthesis involved 3-acetylindole, various aldehydes, ethyl cyanoacetate, and ammonium acetate, with water as the solvent and NaOH as the catalyst. This method proved advantageous, offering a straightforward experimental procedure, reduced reaction times, and favorable yields, all while maintaining substrate diversity and operational simplicity under metal-free conditions for forming C–C/C–N bonds. The agar-well diffusion method's anti-bacterial activities were carried out for the synthesized compounds. It was found that <strong>5a</strong> ha<strong>s</strong> shown the highest anti-bacterial activity with the lowest MIC value of 12.50 µg/mL against <em>Escherichia coli</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D-printed chitosan/polylactic acid-based antimicrobial cups for toxic metal adsorption from water","authors":"Achintha Wijenayake ,&nbsp;Gayan A. Appuhamillage ,&nbsp;Dulanjaya Mapage ,&nbsp;Kaushani K.G. ,&nbsp;Gayan I. Priyadarshana ,&nbsp;Rajitha Gunaratne ,&nbsp;Sankalya S. Ambagaspitiya ,&nbsp;Bandara T.A.R.W.M.M.C.G.","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents fabrication of eco-friendly, 3D printable, antimicrobial composites that capture toxic heavy metal ions from contaminated water bodies. Chitosan, a biopolymer having heavy metal chelating sites was incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA), a 3D printable, biodegradable thermoplastic matrix. Using the heat-press method, a series of composites was prepared by altering the wt% of chitosan. Using moderately polluted water, the composites were subjected to Pb^2 + , Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺ adsorption at ambient temperature and neutral pH. The 30 and 60 wt% chitosan (C) loaded composites (30 C/PLA and 60 C/PLA) reduced Pb²⁺ below the environmental protection agency (EPA) recommended action level (AL) before 5 min. The 60 C/PLA reduced Cu²⁺ below EPA-AL within 30 min. All the composites adsorbed the metal ions significantly higher than neat PLA, the control. Reusability studies for Pb²⁺ removal with the 30 C/PLA indicated that <em>ca</em> 96 % of the original Pb²⁺ adsorption efficiency could be achieved even after the fifth regeneration cycle. Moreover, 30 C/PLA and 60 C/PLA indicated inhibition zones for <em>Escherichia coli</em>, a bacterium that could live in water. No inhibition zone was detected with the control. In addition, the 10, 20, and 30 C/PLA were successfully 3D printed into cup-like shapes. Ultimate compressive strength, toughness, and Young’s modulus of the 3D printed 30 C/PLA cups were significantly higher than that of the control. An object with complex geometry was also successfully 3D printed using the 30 C/PLA composite. As per the overall results, this is the first work to report a 3D printable eco-friendly antimicrobial material (30 C/PLA) that reduces toxic Pb²⁺ below EPA-AL before 5 min while retaining <em>ca</em> 96 % of the original Pb²⁺ adsorption efficiency even after the fifth cycle. The approach lays a foundation for future development of cost-effective, eco-friendly water filtration devices with free-standing complex geometries via 3D printing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single and binary adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid on chitosan-carbon nanotubes hydrogel beads: Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic parameters","authors":"Siphesihle Mangena Khumalo,&nbsp;Babatunde Femi Bakare,&nbsp;Sudesh Rathilal","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The occurrence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in bodies of water that receive contaminants has presented substantial health hazards for humans and aquatic organisms. Herein, the adsorption of PFOA (1.208E-05 mol/L to 1.208E-04 mol/L) and PFOS (9.997E-06 mol/L to 9.997E-05 mol/L) on chitosan-carbon nanotube (CCNT) hydrogel beads from aqueous solutions was studied. Findings on the adsorption kinetics studies suggest that the nonlinear pseudo-first-order kinetic model fits experimental data well at a contact duration of 48 h and an adsorbent load of 1.5 g/L for both PFOA and PFOS. Single adsorption isotherm data were accurately modeled by the nonlinear Freundlich model, with R² =0.991 for PFOA and R² =0.997 for PFOS, suggesting that the adsorption of PFOA and PFOS on the adsorbent was not restricted to the monolayer adsorption process. Binary adsorption isotherm data were well fitted by the extended-Langmuir isotherm model (R²=0.996 for PFOA and R²=0.995 for PFOS) and extended-Sips isotherm model (R²=0.996 for PFOA and R²=0.997 for PFOS). As such, it was inferred that the uptake of one adsorbate in the presence of the other resulted in antagonistic effects, which reduced the overall efficacy of the adsorbent. Thermodynamic studies explicitly indicated that the adsorption of PFOA and PFOS on CCNT was an endothermic process that can be characterized as a physicochemical adsorption process. The presence of sodium chloride as a competing ion synergized the uptake of adsorbates from an aqueous solution. It was concluded that hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic attraction were the predominant mechanisms in the sorption of PFOA and PFOS on CCNT hydrogel beads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerogels and cryogels as green sorbents for organic contaminant extraction and chromatographic analysis","authors":"Ilektra C. Feida ,&nbsp;Vasileios D. Alampanos ,&nbsp;Justyna Płotka-Wasylka ,&nbsp;Dimitra A. Lambropoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing more environmentally friendly analytical methods. In this context, microextraction techniques have gained wider application, and novel materials are being researched as potential adsorbents. Among these, aerogels and cryogels stand out due to their exceptional attributes, including high porosity, large surface area, excellent adsorption capacity, and favorable mechanical properties. These materials can be combined with various affinity substances to form composites that interact with a wide range of analytes. This manuscript reviews the numerous applications of aerogels and cryogels in microextraction pretreatment processes, focusing on the extraction of organic pollutants from various matrices prior to liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The extraction methods and analytical parameters are thoroughly discussed, highlighting the environmental benefits of using aerogels and cryogels as green adsorbents. The future directions are also pointed out.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of waste cotton reinforced corn and potato starch sustainable bioplastics for eco-friendly packaging material","authors":"Rois Uddin Mahmud ,&nbsp;M Abu Darda ,&nbsp;Md Tanvir Hossain ,&nbsp;Md. Ahasan Habib ,&nbsp;Ranajit Kumar Nag ,&nbsp;Md. Palash Sarker","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-biodegradability and widespread use of plastics have made them a significant environmental threat by polluting the atmosphere, degrading ecosystems, and endangering wildlife. Researchers are trying hard to find alternatives to non-biodegradable plastic. Environmentally friendly biopolymer film can be an excellent alternative to non-biodegradable plastic explored from starch and cellulose. This study developed sustainable bioplastics from corn and potato starch reinforced with waste cotton to be used for eco-friendly packaging. The compression molding was employed to fabricate the samples, and thickness, solubility, water absorbency, tensile strength, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), biodegradability, and moisture management properties (MMP) tests were employed to characterize the samples. Physical properties such as thickness (1.8 mm), solubility (41.43 %), and water absorbency (21.51 %) have shown the possibility of using this material as packaging. Also, the material has good tensile characteristics, with a maximum tensile strength of 2.80 MPa, and can withstand external forces during its intended application. FTIR spectra validate the existence of starch and cellulose (3309.85 cm⁻¹) in the chemical structure of the bioplastic. The intensity and position of XRD peaks provide valuable information about cellulose and starch's crystalline structure and orientation within the bioplastic matrix. Moreover, the MMP demonstrates the waterproof properties of developed bioplastic. Additionally, the soil burial biodegradability test reveals a 76 % weight loss by day 35, demonstrating its excellent biodegradable nature and making it an eco-friendly alternative to plastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent developments and emerging methodologies in the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass","authors":"Sana Riaz ,&nbsp;Ashwini J. John ,&nbsp;Melvin S. Samuel ,&nbsp;Selvarajan Ethiraj","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignocellulosic biomass offers a sustainable feedstock for bioethanol production, aligning with circular economy principles and enhancing energy security. Pretreatment methods play a crucial role by improving enzymatic access, hydrolysis, and fermentation efficiency, while reducing inhibitory compounds and enhancing cellulose accessibility. These techniques modify biomass structure, making it more conducive to bioconversion, thus improving the economic viability of bioethanol production. This study focuses on recent advancements in pretreatment methodologies for lignocellulosic biomass, elucidating their role in fiber breakdown, biomass conversion enhancement, and polysaccharide hydrolysis. It also examines strategies to reduce lignin content, decrease cellulose crystallinity, and minimize energy consumption during pretreatment. Additionally, the study evaluates physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment methods based on criteria such as economic feasibility, environmental impact, and efficiency. Future research suggestions emphasize the importance of refining pretreatment methods to reduce their environmental impact even further.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of solid marine wastes from snail and cockle shells for the sustainable synthesis of nanocrystalline Gypsum","authors":"Md. Kawcher Alam ,&nbsp;Md. Sahadat Hossain ,&nbsp;Takvir Hossan Parhad ,&nbsp;Shassatha Paul Saikat ,&nbsp;Tasnimul Quader Tazim ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahriar Bashar ,&nbsp;Newaz Mohammed Bahadur ,&nbsp;Samina Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cockle shells and discarded snails were employed as the source of calcium in this study to synthesize industrially essential minerals, known as gypsum, utlilizing a wet chemical precipitation technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for analyzing the generated gypsums. XRD data were also used to determine several crystallographic parameters, including growth preference, residual stress, microstrain, dislocation density, crystallinity index, and crystallite size (using the Scherrer equation and other model equations). Based on the information from XRD, the previously specified models were employed to determine that all the generated gypsum displays a crystallite size within the authorized range of 1–150 nm. The images captured by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that the gypsum crystals have a distinct morphology that takes the shape of plates. The texture coefficient (T_c) provides an approximate representation of the given plane's texture, indicating a similar preferred orientation along the stated crystallographic planes. Furthermore, the EDX examination (Ca, S, and O percentages) and Rietveld refinement (nearly 99 % gypsum) supported the nature of the final gypsum samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-pyrolyzed and valorized municipal solid wastes and coconut husks into biochar adsorbing methylene blue in aqueous solution","authors":"Divine Angela G. Sumalinog ,&nbsp;Dennis C. Ong ,&nbsp;Jose Antonio I. Pimentel ,&nbsp;Ralf Ruffel M. Abarca ,&nbsp;Carl Francis Z. Lacson ,&nbsp;Nurak Grisdanurak ,&nbsp;Sergio C. Capareda ,&nbsp;Mark Daniel G. de Luna","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adsorption potential of biochar derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) and coconut husk (CH) for methylene blue (MB) removal was investigated in this study. Both produced biochars exhibited a pH_PZC of 8.5 with no observed significant compositional changes (consistent with literature values). The integration of CH in the co-pyrolysis process altered the surface morphology of MSW-BC. Moreover, the post-adsorption images indicated MB deposition on the biochar surfaces. The MCH-BC had 559 m² g⁻¹ specific surface area and about 29 mg g⁻¹ adsorption capacity, and practically indicated superior adsorbent quality than MSW-BC (with corresponding lower values). Furthermore, the adsorption behaviors suggested that the phenomena were (1) potentially influenced by chemisorption from kinetic studies, (2) best fitted the Freundlich isotherm model, denoting a heterogeneous adsorption mechanism, and (3) endothermic and spontaneous from the thermodynamic analysis. The proposed adsorption mechanism was feasibly dominated by physisorption, as indicated by low ΔG° values (−1.234 kJ mol⁻¹ to −4.531 kJ mol⁻¹) and functional groups, likely facilitating hydrogen bonding, which perhaps followed by initially identified chemisorption from kinetic studies. Finally, the study highlighted the potential of co-pyrolyzed MSW and CH biochar as a competitive low-energy synthesis, producing an adsorbent for MB removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}