Achintha Wijenayake , Gayan A. Appuhamillage , Dulanjaya Mapage , Kaushani K.G. , Gayan I. Priyadarshana , Rajitha Gunaratne , Sankalya S. Ambagaspitiya , Bandara T.A.R.W.M.M.C.G.
{"title":"3d打印壳聚糖/聚乳酸抗菌杯，用于从水中吸附有毒金属","authors":"Achintha Wijenayake , Gayan A. Appuhamillage , Dulanjaya Mapage , Kaushani K.G. , Gayan I. Priyadarshana , Rajitha Gunaratne , Sankalya S. Ambagaspitiya , Bandara T.A.R.W.M.M.C.G.","doi":"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100289","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents fabrication of eco-friendly, 3D printable, antimicrobial composites that capture toxic heavy metal ions from contaminated water bodies. Chitosan, a biopolymer having heavy metal chelating sites was incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA), a 3D printable, biodegradable thermoplastic matrix. Using the heat-press method, a series of composites was prepared by altering the wt% of chitosan. Using moderately polluted water, the composites were subjected to Pb<sup>2 +</sup> , Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and Cd<sup>2+</sup> adsorption at ambient temperature and neutral pH. The 30 and 60 wt% chitosan (C) loaded composites (30 C/PLA and 60 C/PLA) reduced Pb<sup>2+</sup> below the environmental protection agency (EPA) recommended action level (AL) before 5 min. The 60 C/PLA reduced Cu<sup>2+</sup> below EPA-AL within 30 min. All the composites adsorbed the metal ions significantly higher than neat PLA, the control. Reusability studies for Pb<sup>2+</sup> removal with the 30 C/PLA indicated that <em>ca</em> 96 % of the original Pb<sup>2+</sup> adsorption efficiency could be achieved even after the fifth regeneration cycle. Moreover, 30 C/PLA and 60 C/PLA indicated inhibition zones for <em>Escherichia coli</em>, a bacterium that could live in water. No inhibition zone was detected with the control. In addition, the 10, 20, and 30 C/PLA were successfully 3D printed into cup-like shapes. Ultimate compressive strength, toughness, and Young’s modulus of the 3D printed 30 C/PLA cups were significantly higher than that of the control. An object with complex geometry was also successfully 3D printed using the 30 C/PLA composite. As per the overall results, this is the first work to report a 3D printable eco-friendly antimicrobial material (30 C/PLA) that reduces toxic Pb<sup>2+</sup> below EPA-AL before 5 min while retaining <em>ca</em> 96 % of the original Pb<sup>2+</sup> adsorption efficiency even after the fifth cycle. The approach lays a foundation for future development of cost-effective, eco-friendly water filtration devices with free-standing complex geometries via 3D printing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101196,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"3D-printed chitosan/polylactic acid-based antimicrobial cups for toxic metal adsorption from water\",\"authors\":\"Achintha Wijenayake , Gayan A. Appuhamillage , Dulanjaya Mapage , Kaushani K.G. , Gayan I. Priyadarshana , Rajitha Gunaratne , Sankalya S. Ambagaspitiya , Bandara T.A.R.W.M.M.C.G.\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.scenv.2025.100289\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>This work presents fabrication of eco-friendly, 3D printable, antimicrobial composites that capture toxic heavy metal ions from contaminated water bodies. Chitosan, a biopolymer having heavy metal chelating sites was incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA), a 3D printable, biodegradable thermoplastic matrix. Using the heat-press method, a series of composites was prepared by altering the wt% of chitosan. Using moderately polluted water, the composites were subjected to Pb<sup>2 +</sup> , Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and Cd<sup>2+</sup> adsorption at ambient temperature and neutral pH. The 30 and 60 wt% chitosan (C) loaded composites (30 C/PLA and 60 C/PLA) reduced Pb<sup>2+</sup> below the environmental protection agency (EPA) recommended action level (AL) before 5 min. The 60 C/PLA reduced Cu<sup>2+</sup> below EPA-AL within 30 min. All the composites adsorbed the metal ions significantly higher than neat PLA, the control. Reusability studies for Pb<sup>2+</sup> removal with the 30 C/PLA indicated that <em>ca</em> 96 % of the original Pb<sup>2+</sup> adsorption efficiency could be achieved even after the fifth regeneration cycle. Moreover, 30 C/PLA and 60 C/PLA indicated inhibition zones for <em>Escherichia coli</em>, a bacterium that could live in water. No inhibition zone was detected with the control. In addition, the 10, 20, and 30 C/PLA were successfully 3D printed into cup-like shapes. Ultimate compressive strength, toughness, and Young’s modulus of the 3D printed 30 C/PLA cups were significantly higher than that of the control. An object with complex geometry was also successfully 3D printed using the 30 C/PLA composite. As per the overall results, this is the first work to report a 3D printable eco-friendly antimicrobial material (30 C/PLA) that reduces toxic Pb<sup>2+</sup> below EPA-AL before 5 min while retaining <em>ca</em> 96 % of the original Pb<sup>2+</sup> adsorption efficiency even after the fifth cycle. The approach lays a foundation for future development of cost-effective, eco-friendly water filtration devices with free-standing complex geometries via 3D printing.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":101196,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment\",\"volume\":\"12 \",\"pages\":\"Article 100289\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-06\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949839225000847\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949839225000847","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
3D-printed chitosan/polylactic acid-based antimicrobial cups for toxic metal adsorption from water
This work presents fabrication of eco-friendly, 3D printable, antimicrobial composites that capture toxic heavy metal ions from contaminated water bodies. Chitosan, a biopolymer having heavy metal chelating sites was incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA), a 3D printable, biodegradable thermoplastic matrix. Using the heat-press method, a series of composites was prepared by altering the wt% of chitosan. Using moderately polluted water, the composites were subjected to Pb2 + , Cu2+, and Cd2+ adsorption at ambient temperature and neutral pH. The 30 and 60 wt% chitosan (C) loaded composites (30 C/PLA and 60 C/PLA) reduced Pb2+ below the environmental protection agency (EPA) recommended action level (AL) before 5 min. The 60 C/PLA reduced Cu2+ below EPA-AL within 30 min. All the composites adsorbed the metal ions significantly higher than neat PLA, the control. Reusability studies for Pb2+ removal with the 30 C/PLA indicated that ca 96 % of the original Pb2+ adsorption efficiency could be achieved even after the fifth regeneration cycle. Moreover, 30 C/PLA and 60 C/PLA indicated inhibition zones for Escherichia coli, a bacterium that could live in water. No inhibition zone was detected with the control. In addition, the 10, 20, and 30 C/PLA were successfully 3D printed into cup-like shapes. Ultimate compressive strength, toughness, and Young’s modulus of the 3D printed 30 C/PLA cups were significantly higher than that of the control. An object with complex geometry was also successfully 3D printed using the 30 C/PLA composite. As per the overall results, this is the first work to report a 3D printable eco-friendly antimicrobial material (30 C/PLA) that reduces toxic Pb2+ below EPA-AL before 5 min while retaining ca 96 % of the original Pb2+ adsorption efficiency even after the fifth cycle. The approach lays a foundation for future development of cost-effective, eco-friendly water filtration devices with free-standing complex geometries via 3D printing.
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