Superconductivity最新文献

{"title":"Deep learning approach for defect identification and current distribution reconstruction in REBCO-coated conductors based on magnetic field mapping","authors":"Denghui Huang ,&nbsp;Shaoyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Peifeng Gao ,&nbsp;Xingzhe Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-temperature superconducting (HTS) rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO)-coated conductors (CCs) are widely used in large-scale applications owing to their high critical performance and excellent mechanical stability. However, defects can significantly degrade their performance by distorting current distributions. Conventional nondestructive evaluation techniques typically involve stepwise inversion from magnetic field measurements to current distributions, and then to defect morphology. However, these approaches suffer from intrinsic ill-posedness and limited ability to identify complex or multiple defects. To address these challenges, we propose an integrated inverse-forward framework that combines deep learning with physical modeling to directly map surface magnetic field measurements to internal defect morphology and current density distributions. The core of this method is a specially designed conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) as the primary learner. It undergoes adversarial training on a dataset containing complex multi-defect configurations and their corresponding magnetic field distributions, enabling robust inverse prediction of defect morphology. The reconstructed defect geometry is then incorporated as a boundary constraint into the forward solution of Maxwell's equations coupled with superconducting nonlinear constitutive relations, enabling high-fidelity reconstruction of the current density distribution. Validation was performed using finite element simulations of REBCO-CCs with various defect types under current-carrying conditions. The adversarial training was performed using the generated finite element dataset. The trained model accurately identified multiple complex defect morphologies across different operating conditions and demonstrated strong generalization capability. Furthermore, the reconstructed current density accurately reproduced the original magnetic field distribution, confirming the reliability of the proposed method. This work integrates data-driven inference with physics-based modeling to establish a unified “magnetic field–defect morphology–current density” inversion paradigm, providing an efficient and reliable approach for nondestructive evaluation and performance assessment of REBCO-CCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100220"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid envelope-to-rectangle (HER) three-stage optimization method for ultra-high field MRI superconducting magnets","authors":"Zijie Lin ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Li ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Chu ,&nbsp;Zhiheng Ren ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jinggang Qin ,&nbsp;Zhan Zhang ,&nbsp;Feng Liu ,&nbsp;Guolin Ma ,&nbsp;Manxi Xu ,&nbsp;Kuan Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a novel Hybrid Envelope-to-Rectangle (HER) optimization methodology addressing critical design challenges in ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) superconducting magnets. Traditional two-stage magnet design methods, which integrate linear programming (LP) with nonlinear programming (NLP), frequently produce irregular non-zero current clusters that necessitate manual intervention for coil regularization. This approach is computationally inefficient, particularly in ultra-high field systems where electromagnetic constraints are highly sensitive to geometric deviations. The HER methodology comprises three distinct phases: 1) initialization through linear programming with multi-layer current density constraints, 2) geometric conversion using elliptical envelope parameterization and dual-field matching, and 3) constrained nonlinear optimization incorporating harmonic suppression. The HER method systematically converts irregular current clusters into rectangular coils through dual geometric-field optimization, achieving a peak-to-peak homogeneity of 0.31 parts per million (ppm) within a 120 mm diameter spherical volume (DSV). This approach enhances computational efficiency while maintaining robustness, thereby advancing automation and precision in ultra-high field magnet engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China's CFETR Central Solenoid Model Coil achieves 12T with 48kA current","authors":"Libiao Hu,&nbsp;Liang Guo,&nbsp;Yanlan Hu,&nbsp;Fang Liu,&nbsp;Huajun Liu,&nbsp;Jinggang Qin,&nbsp;Yu Wu,&nbsp;Jiangang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China achieved a major milestone in its nuclear fusion program with the successful first test campaign of the Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC), a critical subsystem of the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT), completed in late 2024. The CSMC surpassed its design target by achieving a steady-state current of 48 kA (vs. 47 kA design) at a peak magnetic field of 12 T. This validates essential large-scale superconducting magnet technologies for fusion reactors. The coil, constructed using Nb₃Sn and NbTi conductors, features a 1.5 m inner diameter, weighs 140 t, and stores 407.6 MJ of energy. Key challenges overcome include magnet design methodologies, complex manufacturing processes (winding, insulation, heat treatment, VPI, assembly, joints), and advanced testing/diagnostics (quench protection, cryogenic safety). Following cooldown to ∼4.5 ​K and subsystem checks, the coil demonstrated stable excitation to 48 kA. This success provides crucial technical support for the construction of the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) and advances China's pursuit of practical fusion energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A double-layer Propulsion-Levitation-Guidance (PLG) coil configuration for suppressing electromagnetic force fluctuations in superconducting electrodynamic suspension","authors":"Yiqiu Tan ,&nbsp;Hengda Li ,&nbsp;Danfeng Zhou,&nbsp;Qiang Chen,&nbsp;Haochen Zhu,&nbsp;Zihao Wang,&nbsp;Aoqi Tang,&nbsp;Mingxin Liu,&nbsp;Peichang Yu,&nbsp;Jie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>-Superconducting electrodynamic suspension (EDS) systems generate the required propulsion, levitation, and guidance forces for vehicle motion through electromagnetic interactions between ground coils and onboard superconducting coils. The propulsion coils (providing propulsion force) and the null-flux coils (providing levitation and guidance forces) are typically installed separately. In the 1980s, an integrated Propulsion-Levitation-Guidance (PLG) coil was proposed to reduce the number of ground coils and lower system costs, combining all three functional requirements into a single coil design. Visually resembling conventional null-flux coils in appearance, the PLG coils are distinguished by their active three-phase alternating current (AC) excitation. However, extensive research and experimental studies revealed that PLG coils exhibit significant propulsion force fluctuations, which not only increase control complexity in the propulsion system but also adversely affect the maintenance of the superconducting state of the superconducting coils. This paper presents an improved PLG system design featuring a double-layer coil configuration, which achieves significant reduction in propulsion force fluctuations without increasing material costs. A comprehensive theoretical model is developed for the fully coupled dynamic circuit, explicitly incorporating mutual inductance coupling between adjacent PLG coils. The model's validity is rigorously verified through comparison with experimental data obtained from the Miyazaki test line. Based on the structural parameters of the PLG coils in the Miyazaki test line, this paper presents the structural parameters of the double-layer PLG coils. Through comparative analysis of the theoretical electromagnetic force characteristics between the two kinds of coil structures, the superior performance of the double-layer PLG coils is confirmed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent superconductivity and ultrahardness in pressure-induced BC19","authors":"Feifan Yin ,&nbsp;Yiming Zhang ,&nbsp;Zefang Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhong ,&nbsp;Hanyu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional hard and superhard materials, such as diamond and cubic boron nitride, are attractive for both scientific and industrial applications, but their intrinsically poor electrical conductivity limits broader use. This motivates the exploration of novel materials that combine superior hardness with excellent superconductivity. Herein, we performed a comprehensive structure search of the B–C system under pressures ranging from 0 to 100 GPa using machine-learning-potential (attention-coupled neural network, ACNN) based crystal structure prediction (CALYPSO). A stable BC₁₉ phase was identified at 50 GPa, featuring a diamond-like covalent framework with metallic character. Interestingly, BC₁₉ shows anisotropic superconductivity with an estimated superconducting critical temperature (<em>T</em>_c) of 24 K at ambient pressure. Further analysis indicates that the high superconductivity of BC₁₉ originates from the strong coupling between the <em>σ</em> electrons and stretching vibrations of the covalent B–C framework. Additionally, BC₁₉ demonstrates superhard characteristics with a Vickers hardness of 76 GPa, exceeding that of cubic boron nitride. These results suggest that pressure-stabilized BC₁₉ represents a promising theoretical candidate for concurrent superconductivity and ultrahard mechanical performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100213"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical current distribution prediction in REBCO coated conductors via magnetization field and electromagnetic inversion","authors":"Shaoyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Peifeng Gao ,&nbsp;Xingzhe Wang ,&nbsp;Youhe Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of the critical current (<em>I</em>_<em>c</em>) is essential for understanding the operating mechanisms and engineering applications of Rare-earth Barium Copper Oxide (REBCO) coated conductor (CC) tapes. <em>I</em>_<em>c</em> uniformity in these tapes is typically characterized using magnetic field measurements, performed either under an applied external field or after magnetization. The combined effect of the background magnetic field and the screening-current self-field reduces the current in the tape to a value below the self-field critical current (<em>I</em>_<em>c</em>0). Furthermore, magnetic relaxation following magnetization negatively affects the accuracy of <em>I</em>_<em>c</em>0 evaluation. Existing calibration models that relate magnetic field to <em>I</em>_<em>c</em>0 are predominantly empirical and rely on external methods such as the four-probe technique for parameterization. This study proposes a novel <em>I</em>_<em>c</em>0 prediction model that uses magnetic measurement data and electromagnetic inversion while fully accounting for magnetic field and relaxation effects. The method was validated through numerical simulations and experiments. Results show that it can accurately predict <em>I</em>_<em>c</em>0 values for both flawless and defective tapes during and after magnetization. Additionally, the method successfully identifies defects and reveals their influence on current distribution. This approach shows promise for application in reel-to-reel processes, enabling accurate <em>I</em>_<em>c</em>0 prediction in long-length REBCO tapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100215"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of HTS magnet for ENN's proton-boron spherical torus","authors":"Yi Li,&nbsp;Huasheng Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nuclear fusion represents humanity's ultimate clean energy source. ENN group is dedicated to developing a spherical torus (ST) based on the proton–boron (p-¹¹B) reactions for its optimal commercial value. This article links the technical requirements imposed by the p-¹¹B ST to key magnet parameters such as the magnetic field strength and the current density in the coils. These requirements determine that employing high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet technology is the optimal solution for ENN. To this end, ENN successfully developed and tested a meter-scale, 12-T, D-shaped HTS coil as a toroidal field (TF) model coil last year. This year, extensive work has been undertaken to optimize magnet fabrication techniques and to conduct simulations and designs for the next generation HTS TF coil. The application of HTS magnet technology to fusion devices is a relatively recent development within the last five years, presenting numerous novel scientific and technical challenges that require clarification and explanation. ENN proposes several open research questions and aims to collaborate with the broader community of magnet researchers to advance humanity's fusion energy endeavors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100209"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetic modeling, loss analysis, and stress evaluation of parallel-wound no-insulation high-temperature superconducting magnets","authors":"Yong Chen ,&nbsp;Qiuliang Wang ,&nbsp;Kangshuai Wang ,&nbsp;Benzhe Zhou ,&nbsp;Hongzhuo Zeng ,&nbsp;Shixian Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Ji ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The parallel-wound technique is an effective method for reducing charging delay and enhancing electromagnetic margin of no-insulation high-temperature superconducting (NI HTS) coils, as demonstrated by both experiments and numerical simulations. From an engineering standpoint, the parallel-wound design also mitigates the constraint of individual conductor length, which is a significant limitation in large-scale coils requiring a single continuous conductor of the same specifications. However, traditional electromagnetic modeling of parallel-wound no-insulation (PWNI) HTS coils relies on equivalent circuit models, and a combined finite element model is required to capture the screening current characteristics of HTS coated conductors. The mutual invocation between circuit models and finite element models increases the technical demands on simulation engineers and complicates the analysis of electromagnetic interactions with other physical fields. To address these challenges, we first propose an axisymmetric distributed equivalent circuit model for PWNI HTS double pancake (DP) coils. The equivalent circuit model is then integrated directly into the finite element framework of <strong><em>T</em></strong>-<strong><em>A</em></strong> formulation, resulting in a streamlined electromagnetic finite element model. The validity of this model is confirmed through the charging and discharging experiments with a dual-wound NI HTS coil. Utilizing this model, we further investigate the effects of joint resistance and turn-to-turn contact resistivity on the electromagnetic characteristics of PWNI HTS coils. Additionally, the excitation loss and stress of multiple PWNI HTS DP coils in a 35 T all-superconducting high field magnet are also analyzed. The results indicate that both the lower turn-to-turn contact resistivity and joint resistance may lead to significant non-uniform currents within the coil. The joint resistance has a significant impact on the critical current of PWNI HTS coils, and the optimization of energization methodology increased the critical current of the experimental coil by 12 A. Enhancing the equivalent radial resistance between bundled turns proves more effective for reducing charging delay of PWNI coil than increasing that within bundled turns. Multiple PWNI coils in high field magnet exhibit elevated losses relative to single-tape equivalents due to coupling currents, particularly during the initial excitation. However, their peak strain accumulation is marginally lower than that of single-wound configuration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100217"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid-state potassium fluoride doping strategy for stable fabrication of iron-based superconductors","authors":"He Huang ,&nbsp;Chao Yao ,&nbsp;Chiheng Dong ,&nbsp;Meng Han ,&nbsp;Minghui Tang ,&nbsp;Chen Guo ,&nbsp;Yanchang Zhu ,&nbsp;Cong Liu ,&nbsp;Peng Yang ,&nbsp;Xianping Zhang ,&nbsp;Dongliang Wang ,&nbsp;Hongjun Ma ,&nbsp;Fang Liu ,&nbsp;Huajun Liu ,&nbsp;Jinggang Qin ,&nbsp;Junyi Luo ,&nbsp;Satoshi Awaji ,&nbsp;Yanwei Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of reactive alkali metals in solid-state synthesis poses significant challenges for large-scale production of iron-based superconductors (IBS). Particularly for Ba<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>K<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>Fe₂As₂ (BaK122), an IBS with proven high-field applicability, the extreme air sensitivity and explosive hydrolysis of potassium (K) metal hinder its practical manufacturing. In this work, an innovative approach substitutes elemental K with air-stable potassium fluoride (KF) to achieve the first successful synthesis of BaK122 superconductors, eliminating hazardous handling while maintaining stoichiometric control. The transition temperature of the BaK122 synthesized with KF (KF-based) reaches 38.5 K, consistent with those prepared using elemental K. IBS tapes were manufactured using the KF-based precursors via the powder-in-tube (PIT) method. The effects of thermal treatments at varied temperatures were thoroughly examined, with optimized tapes exhibiting high critical current density (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>). Comprehensive microstructural analysis uncovers grain structure and compositional homogeneity, offering essential guidance for additional <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> enhancement. KF is confirmed as a reliable potassium source that avoids the intrinsic instability of metallic K, facilitating industrial-scale fabrication of BaK122 superconductors. This materials innovation also establishes a novel strategy for the safe fabrication of potassium-containing inorganic nonmetallic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future superconducting magnets with “sensing nerves”: Distributed fiber optic sensing for quench detection and thermomechanical integrity","authors":"Taolue Yang ,&nbsp;Peifeng Gao ,&nbsp;Xingzhe Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR), based on Rayleigh scattering, offers an innovative diagnostic approach for superconducting magnets. In addition to its high spatial resolution, electromagnetic immunity, and distributed sensing capability, OFDR allows continuous and quantitative mapping of thermomechanical states throughout the magnet's lifecycle—from initial winding pre-stress and cooldown to excitation and quench. For critical performance monitoring, particularly in tracking the combined strain–temperature behavior under cryogenic and high-field conditions, OFDR provides a level of accuracy and spatial detail that is difficult to match with existing sensing methods. Although engineering challenges remain, including cryogenic calibration, strain transfer, signal decoupling, and system integration, most can be resolved as the technology matures. Looking ahead, OFDR is poised to become a core technology for next-generation “smart” superconducting structures, redefining diagnostic strategies in high-energy physics and fusion magnet systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100211"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}