Superconductivity最新文献

{"title":"Multiphysics multilayer modelling and simulation of HTS REBCO magnets carrying direct currents under AC magnetic fields","authors":"Xuezhi Luo ,&nbsp;Jun Ma ,&nbsp;Huaqian Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhixuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High temperature superconducting homopolar inductor machine (HTS-HIM) is concerned and studied for electric aircraft because of its high power density, high efficiency, and high power-to-weight ratio. In an HTS-HIM, the high temperature superconducting magnets carrying DC currents under alternating background magnetic fields work as excitation magnets. Under extreme electromagnetic conditions, the voltage, loss, and temperature of the HTS magnets will increase because of the dynamic resistance effect. To predict the behaviors of the HTS magnet, it is necessary to analyze its electromagnetic-thermal characteristics by using a multiphysics model. This paper establishes a 2D axisymmetric multilayer multiphysics HTS magnet model based on the <strong><em>H</em></strong>-formulation. By using this multilayer multiphysics model, the electromagnetic-thermal characteristics of each turn can be analyzed. Meanwhile, this model can not only analyze the total loss and loss components of each layer under various operating conditions but also predict the temperature and quench behaviors of each part. The result shows that the loss components of the REBCO layer have distinct temperature dependence. When considering the thermal field effect, the magnetization loss of the REBCO layer reduces by 75% and the transport loss of the REBCO layer increases by 45% under high direct currents and high AC magnetic fields. Meanwhile, the temperature of the external turn is higher than the internal turn, and the external turn is at risk of quench in the operating process when the direct currents and AC magnetic fields are high. The multilayer multiphysics model is a powerful tool for designing, analyzing, and optimizing the HTS magnets in HTS-HIMs, and this multiphysics modelling technique can be utilized in modelling and simulating HTS REBCO magnets in various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100157"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An adaptive-extended modeling to accelerate electromagnetic study and data generation in superconducting magnet applications","authors":"Mingyang Wang ,&nbsp;Haolan Chen ,&nbsp;Tiantian Cai ,&nbsp;Fangliang Dong ,&nbsp;Junjie Jiang ,&nbsp;Jie Sheng ,&nbsp;Zhuyong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superconducting magnets possess unique electromagnetic properties, making them applicable in fields such as nuclear magnetic resonance, maglev, and fusion. These applications generally involve diverse environments featuring AC or DC conditions, where superconducting properties are influenced by various factors. Specifically, the most concerning properties in high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets include critical current, AC loss, screening current effects, and so on. Finite element method is widely used in reliable numerical studies for these properties. Several popular models have been proposed and developed to get higher precision and less calculation time. However, constrained by computational resources, they still have challenges in supporting high-throughput analysis. In various studies on electromagnetic characteristics of magnets, a substantial amount of data is often required to facilitate the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) methods or optimization approaches. This paper proposes an adaptive-extended J-model to compute superconducting properties, further enhancing the efficiency of electromagnetic study and also serving to generate dataset for AI methods. It reduces computation time to only 20%–30% of that of the existing fastest model while maintaining similar levels of accuracy. By using this method as a data-generative tool, the dataset of a series of HTS solenoids including 2000 turns is expeditiously obtained and employed to predict the screening current induced field. The predictive performance is reliable under the dataset calculation time of mere minutes. This study significantly shortens the time to realize big dataset demands, accelerating electromagnetic study of superconducting magnets in various scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of distributed Bragg reflectors on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors","authors":"Hongxin Xu ,&nbsp;Hailong Han ,&nbsp;You Xiao ,&nbsp;Jiamin Xiong ,&nbsp;Chaomeng Ding ,&nbsp;Zhiyun Shu ,&nbsp;Yuchi Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Liu ,&nbsp;Lixing You ,&nbsp;Zhen Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we investigate the impact of substrates with distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) on the proximity effect during the fabrication of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) using electron beam lithography. We compare the linewidth compression and line edge roughness of nanowires prepared on three different DBRs substrates. Additionally, we characterize the variations in switching current (I<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and intrinsic detection efficiency (IDE) at a 2.2-K temperature. The results show that when the substrates are composed of low atomic number materials, such as Si and SiO₂, the proximity effect is significantly mitigated. As a consequence, the lithography quality of nanowires is effectively improved, thus enhancing the IDE of SNSPDs. This study is expected to provide new insights into the fabrication of SNSPDs and lay the foundation for the preparation of high-performance and high-uniformity large-area devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The superconducting magnet development for the next generation ECR ion source on LEAF","authors":"Liangting Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Beimin Wu ,&nbsp;Yuquan Chen ,&nbsp;Li Zhu ,&nbsp;Xianjin Ou ,&nbsp;Shijun Zheng ,&nbsp;Enmin Mei ,&nbsp;Mingzhi Guan ,&nbsp;Canjie Xin ,&nbsp;Xudong Wang ,&nbsp;W. Lu ,&nbsp;L.X. Li ,&nbsp;W.H. Zhang ,&nbsp;B. Li ,&nbsp;Wenhui Ren ,&nbsp;Hongwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In December 2024, the world first stand-alone Low Energy high intensity heave ion Accelerator Facility (LEAF) has been commissioned to its design performance and passed the acceptance test conducted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. LEAF is designed and built by the Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, which is aiming to provide unprecedent ion beam conditions for the researches of nuclear astrophysics, atomic physics, nuclear materials and so on. To realize this goal, it is essential to develop an ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) ion source beyond the performance of the state-of-the-art machines. This ECR ion source is called FECR (First 4th generation ECR ion source) designed to be operated with the plasma heated by 45 GHz microwave frequency that needs high magnetic field confinement. Therefore, with FECR Nb₃Sn superconducting technology was incorporated to ECR ion source for the first time in the world. FECR features Nb₃Sn solenoids and NbTi sextupole coils that enables its high performing operation at 45 + 28 GHz microwave heating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural evolution mechanism of Ba0.6KαFe2As2 Cu/Ag composite sheathed superconducting tapes","authors":"Wenchao Li ,&nbsp;Chen Guo ,&nbsp;Meng Han ,&nbsp;Minghui Tang ,&nbsp;Chiheng Dong ,&nbsp;Chao Yao ,&nbsp;Dongliang Wang ,&nbsp;Yanwei Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-cost Cu/Ag composite sheathed Ba<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>0.6</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>K<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>Fe₂As₂ superconducting tapes have been the focus of considerable research interest in terms of superconducting properties and performance improvement. The K-doping content has a great influence on the transport critical current density (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) of Cu/Ag composite sheathed tapes. This study analyzes the evolution occurring within the micro-composition and the mechanism affecting the transport <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> in Ba<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>0.6</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>K<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>Fe₂As₂ (0.42 <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span>\u0000 <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>\u0000 <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> 0.54) raw material, by modulating the ratio of K. It has been demonstrated that both extremes of K content, namely an insufficient or excessive amount, have an adverse effect on phase purity of the powders. Consequently, this has a direct impact on the transport <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> of tapes. Cu/Ag tapes fabricated using a precursor powder with an optimal K ratio <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>∼</mo></mrow></math></span>0.464 exhibited the highest performance, with a <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> of 5.8 × 10⁴ A cm ⁻² at 10 T and 4.2 K. The optimized Cu/Ag composite tapes have been found to have superior advantages for high-field applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100154"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of superconductivity and corresponding electronic structure in pressurized Nb3Sn","authors":"Wenxuan Chen ,&nbsp;Xintian Chen ,&nbsp;Yangfan Gao ,&nbsp;Yazhou Zhou ,&nbsp;Shu Cai ,&nbsp;Jinyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Ke Yang ,&nbsp;Aiguo Li ,&nbsp;Sheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Qi Wu ,&nbsp;Defang Duan ,&nbsp;Jing Guo ,&nbsp;Liling Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The studies on superconductors under extreme conditions offer valuable insights for assessing their potential in new applications. Nb₃Sn, an intermetallic alloy with an A15 structure, is a key commercial superconductor known for its high critical current and magnetic field tolerance. Here, we systematically investigated the physical properties of Nb₃Sn under high pressures. Our findings reveal that superconductivity in Nb₃Sn remains robust up to <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>142 GPa, demonstrating remarkable stability despite a gradual suppression of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> with increasing pressure. First-principles calculations indicate that the pressure-dependent superconducting behavior is primarily driven by variations in the density of states of Nb’s d-electrons, particularly contributions from the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>−</mo><msup><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></msub></math></span> orbitals. Furthermore, we predict the potential for synthesizing Nb₃Sn films and demonstrate that biaxial strain induced by suitable substrates can preserve their superconducting properties. This comprehensive study not only enhances our understanding of Nb₃Sn’s superconducting mechanism under high pressure but also opens new avenues for its application in advanced superconducting technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100153"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and electromagnetic characteristics of MgB2 wires & Cable-in-Conduit Conductors for fusion magnet application","authors":"Peng Gao ,&nbsp;Jiahao Wan ,&nbsp;Yishan Chen ,&nbsp;Hongjun Ma ,&nbsp;Weijun Wang ,&nbsp;Xintao Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Dai ,&nbsp;Tianli Dai ,&nbsp;Yu Min ,&nbsp;Arend Nijhuis ,&nbsp;Matt Rindfleisch ,&nbsp;Mike Tomsic ,&nbsp;Huan Jin ,&nbsp;Huajun Liu ,&nbsp;Liu Fang ,&nbsp;Jinggang Qin ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A study on a 4-stage sub-size MgB ₂ Cable-in-Conduit Conductor (CICC), tested at the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP), revealed a 20% degradation in critical current at 4.2 K compared to single-strand data. To address this issue, the mechanical properties of MgB ₂ wires from Hyper Tech and WST were investigated, and two sub-size CICCs were manufactured using a “close-to-1-ratio” Twente design with smaller diameter wires. These cables demonstrated no significant degradation in critical current after cabling and compaction, nor after electromagnetic load cycling. The results indicate that the close-to-1-ratio cable design is optimal for brittle superconducting materials such as MgB ₂, Nb₃Sn, and BSCCO, as it minimizes mechanical stress and preserves superconducting properties. This design shows significant potential for the application of MgB ₂ in next-generation fusion reactors, particularly in Poloidal Field (PF) coils, Correction Coils (CC), and feeders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100155"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to previously published articles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2025.100150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100150"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy ion irradiation effects on the high-frequency properties of YBCO and Nb3Sn thin films","authors":"Gianluca Ghigo ,&nbsp;Michela Fracasso ,&nbsp;Roberto Gerbaldo ,&nbsp;Daniele Torsello ,&nbsp;Dorothea Fonnesu ,&nbsp;Matteo Fretto ,&nbsp;Cristian Pira ,&nbsp;Natascia De Leo ,&nbsp;Laura Gozzelino","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2024.100149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2024.100149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-energy heavy-ion irradiation is known to produce effective vortex pinning centers in the high-<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> cuprate superconductors, as amorphous columnar tracks. However, while the beneficial effects on pinning has been well established through dc and low-frequency characterizations, the same analysis in the high-frequency regime is far from complete. Even less investigated are the effects of heavy ion irradiation on the microwave properties of metallic low-<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> superconducting films. Here, we report on the effects of 1.15 GeV Pb irradiation on the high frequency properties of YBa<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>Cu<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> (YBCO) and Nb<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>Sn thin films. The microwave analysis, performed in the range 7-8 GHz, allows obtaining the fundamental properties of both the materials, as the London penetration depth and gap values, and of the main pinning parameters, through the determination of the Campbell length by measurements in dc magnetic fields up to 4 T. GeV heavy-ion irradiation confirmed to be extremely effective for YBCO also in the high frequency regime, enhancing both the pinning constant and the depinning frequency, thus pushing the critical current density to about 30% of the depairing current density. On the other hand, the discontinuous but correlated defects produced in Nb<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>Sn was found to be ineffective to enhance the pinning properties (the pinning constant in fact decreases), while the observed increment of the depinning frequency is ascribed to the reduction of the vortex viscosity, in turn due to the growth of the normal state resistivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100149"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and construction of magnet system for world’s first full high temperature superconducting tokamak","authors":"Z.Y. Li ,&nbsp;Z.C. Pan ,&nbsp;Q.J. Zhang ,&nbsp;K.P. Zhu ,&nbsp;C. Zhang ,&nbsp;Z.W. Zhang ,&nbsp;G. Dong ,&nbsp;Y.M. Ye ,&nbsp;Z. Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.supcon.2024.100137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supcon.2024.100137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In June 2024, the world’s first full high temperature superconducting (HTS) tokamak has successfully achieved its first plasma operation in Shanghai, China <span><span>[1]</span></span>. This tokamak device, HH70, is designed by Energy Singularity Fusion Power Technology (Shanghai) Ltd. (ES Company) in Shanghai, China. The conceptual and engineering design of HH70 was initiated in June 2022, whose major radius (R₀) and minor radius (a) are 0.7–0.75 m and 0.25–0.31 m, respectively. Its toroidal magnetic field B₀ at R₀ = 0.7 m is 0.6 T, the total inductance of the toroidal field (TF) magnet are 6.48 H. Over the past two years, ES company has achieved the first milestone: successfully design, construct and operate an HTS tokamak, and has amassed experience and know-how about such a first-of-its-kind HTS device. The HH70 tokamak’s magnet system consists of three types of coils: central solenoid (CS) coil, poloidal field (PF) coil, and toroidal field (TF) coil, in which all of the coils are fabricated by HTS conductors. Hence, the HH70 is currently the first tokamak in the world to be fully integrated with HTS coils, marking a groundbreaking advancement in fusion technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101185,"journal":{"name":"Superconductivity","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100137"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142758929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}