Solar Compass最新文献

{"title":"Time series forecast of power output of a 50MWp solar farm in Ghana","authors":"Alhassan Sulemana Puziem ,&nbsp;Felix Amankwah Diawuo ,&nbsp;Peter Acheampong ,&nbsp;Mathew Atinsia Anabadongo ,&nbsp;Dampaak Abdulai","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy industry in Ghana is working towards the strategic objective of accelerating the development and use of energy efficiency and renewable energy technology to attain a 10 % penetration of the country's electricity mix. However, due to the inherent unpredictability of solar energy compared to conventional sources, adjustments in power system planning and operations will be required to achieve these targets. The variations in solar energy output can cause problems for the grid infrastructure, especially for large-scale solar farms, potentially leading to poorer power flow quality. An autoregressive model (AR) serving as a benchmark model was developed as a reference for the Facebook prophet model. The Prophet outperformed the AR model in percentage-based metrics, with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 12.1 % and a Median Absolute Percentage Error (MdAPE) of 13.8 % , both lower than the AR model's 16.28 % and 17.23 % respectively. However, the AR model demonstrates stronger performance in absolute error metrics, suggesting it better captures magnitude changes, whereas Prophet excels in relative error metrics, indicating better robustness to scale and variability. It is expected that the results of this study will improve Bui Power Authority (BPA) confidence in the effective decision-making of energy generation and supply. Moreso, this study also contributes to existing research, particularly in Ghana, providing insights to optimize energy production, improve grid stability, and enhance revenue streams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance assessment of sustainable evacuated tube heat pipe solar collector driven seawater desalination system","authors":"Manish Sonkar,&nbsp;B. Kiran Naik","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a solar-powered humidification and dehumidification freshwater extraction system, analyzing its efficiency through heat transfer modeling. Despite extensive research on thermal desalination using various renewable energy sources, limited attention has been given to solar energy applications, particularly for humidification-dehumidification-based freshwater extraction and seawater recovery. The proposed system aims to be both economical and energy-efficient, leveraging low-grade solar energy for heating and utilizing natural water bodies as thermal reservoirs. The humidifier and condenser components were validated individually using data from existing literature, yielding an estimated maximum error of ±12 %. A parametric analysis highlights the impact of the exit temperature from an evacuated tube heat pipe solar collector on the system's performance, showing membrane energy exchange, water condenser energy exchange, and freshwater condensation rate of 0.91 kW/m², 0.21 kW/m², and 0.154 L/h-m², respectively, within the specified conditions and operating range. Performance analysis indicates that using cooling water from seawater, alongside enhanced effectiveness of condenser and optimized fluid flow rate ratio, improves the system's performance. The exit temperature from the solar collector emerges as a primary influence on the overall performance, and the correlation matrix of performance parameters is identified as a significant factor in system effectiveness. This research offers insights into solar-driven seawater recovery across various regions, acting as a reference for identifying solar energy hotspots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation studies and experimental validation on solar multi - effect desalination system","authors":"Thilagan K.,&nbsp;Advaith S.,&nbsp;Mani A.","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A solar energy-based multi - effect desalination (MED) system simulation model is developed for each system-level component using sea water as a working fluid. The solar flat plate collector arrays are modelled on the TRNSYS 18 platform. Thiruvananthapuram weather data is made to link with a flat plate module. Flash chamber, multi - effect evaporator, condenser and ejector are modelled in the MATLAB 2016b platform. Output from solar flat plat collector field and weather data from TRNSYS 18 platform are live linked with the platform using TRNSYS - MATLAB live link plugin mode. Thermophysical properties of sea water are modelled based on temperature, pressure and salinity. The simulation helps to understand the MED’s systematic behaviour using sea water properties. Besides, this gives an in-depth understanding of the component-level behaviour of solar MED system with respect to incident solar energy. Also, this system-level model is capable of predicting distillate output from the system with different operating conditions. Using this model, the simulation results are validated with the experiments conducted on a solar MED system with 10 m³ of fresh water as a capacity in Vivekananda Kendra, Kanyakumari, India. It is observed that the average freshwater production rate was 300 kg.h^{protect relax special {t4ht=−}1} during peak production between 10:00 to 15:00 h both in simulation and experimental systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing sustainable residential energy practices through the implementation of an energy-efficient labelling system for domestic consumers in Sri Lanka","authors":"Rafius Zamaan ,&nbsp;Tharanga Wickramarathna","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2024.100102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2024.100102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper addresses the imperative need for an energy-efficient labelling system tai-lored for domestic consumers in Sri Lanka. The country faces challenges related to energy dependencies, high energy costs for primary and secondary sources, and lower per capita electricity consumption compared to neighboring countries. The objective of this research is to contribute to sustainable energy practices and enhance residential energy efficiency in Sri Lanka by introducing a comprehensive energy-efficient labelling system for domestic consumers.</div><div>The findings of this study are anticipated to inform energy policies, enhance Energy Se-curity, assist in Energy Resource Assessment, contribute to accurate Demand Forecasting,guide Infrastructure Energy Requirements, support Energy Efficiency initiatives, facilitate Renewable Energy Integration, consider Environmental Implications, weigh Economic Fac-tors, promote International Collaboration, and establish a robust Policy and Regulatory Framework. The proposed energy-efficient labelling system for domestic consumers aims to raise awareness, induce behavioral changes, and provide incentives for energy-efficient practices, ultimately reducing carbon footprints and fostering a more sustainable residential sector.</div><div>In conclusion, this research significantly enhances our comprehension of energy consump-tion in residential buildings, particularly in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The study exposes a lack of awareness and understanding of energy usage among domestic consumers, emphasizing the potential benefits of integrating renewable energy sources and implementing time-of-use tariffs for optimizing efficiency. Findings underscore the importance of natural lighting, ven-tilation, and building envelope efficiency in reducing energy consumption and improving in-door comfort. Additionally, exploration of biogas for cooking and IoT-based solutions reveals promising opportunities for sustainable energy practices. The proposed IoT-based solution,utilizing JavaScript, emerges as a key enabler for real-time energy monitoring and intelligent energy management, demonstrating scalability for future implementations. While acknowl-edging research limitations, including sample size and case study scope, the paper suggests expanding samples and conducting comprehensive case studies for validation. Practical im-plications advocate for tailored energy-efficient labeling systems in Colombo, proposing tax relaxation for start-rated consumers to promote sustainability. This research serves as a foundational step toward a more sustainable energy future, offering valuable guidance for policymakers, stakeholders, and energy-conscious consumers, with potential for continued progress and environmental responsibility through further research in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental analysis on a solar photovoltaic indoor cooker integrated with an energy storage system: A positive step towards clean cooking transition for Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Jimmy Chaciga ,&nbsp;Denis Okello ,&nbsp;Karidewa Nyeinga ,&nbsp;Ole J. Nydal","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper presents a solar photovoltaic cooking solution (dual tank system) integrated with energy storage system for indoor cooking. The system consists of a heat storage tank, a heating funnel and a cooking unit. The heat storage contains heat transfer oil and rock pebbles. The heating funnel was made in the form of a Y-shape where a small volume of oil is heated very fast to higher temperatures. The system is based on self-circulation; no pump is required. A 1.8 kW solar PV system generated electricity to supply a heater rated 1.2 kW, 72 V mounted inside the heating funnel. The heated oil in the funnel expanded and overflows into the heat storage. It was observed that the oil in the heating funnel reached temperatures of above 150 °C in less than 30 min: the TES system can store up 9.0 kWh. Several cooking tests were demonstrated during charging and discharge processes. 10 L of water was boiled in 25 min consuming 0.986 kWh; 3 kg of rice was boiled in 1 h consuming 0.556 kWh and 1.26 kWh of energy was used for boiling and simmering of 3 kg of beans within 2–3 h. At the top of the cooker a high-temperature heat front was observed. During the discharge cycle, there is no mixing of cold and hot oil. A thermal charging efficiency of 57.4 % was obtained. Cooking efficiencies of 75.0 % and 59.4 % were obtained during charging and discharge cycles respectively. The system highly scalable for indoor household and institutional solar cooking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143347926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban heat island and pollutant correlations in Bangalore, India using geospatial techniques","authors":"Aneesh Mathew,&nbsp;K.S. Arunab","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interaction between urban heat island (UHI) effects and urban air pollution significantly impacts urban ecology, climate dynamics, and inhabitants' well-being. This study examines into the correlation between UHI effects and various pollutants (CO, HCHO, aerosols, NO₂, O₃, and SO₂) across Bangalore from 2019 to 2022, exploring their spatial and thermal connections. The study utilized satellite remote sensing data from TROPOMI for air pollutants (CO, NO₂, HCHO, SO₂, O₃, and aerosols) and MODIS for land surface temperature (LST). Data were collected over a four-year period (2019–2022) to analyze spatial and temporal pollutant distributions and UHI effects in Bangalore and employed statistical methods, including Pearson correlation, independent <em>t</em>-tests, and ANOVA, to assess the relationships between UHI indicators and pollutant concentrations. A weighted Urban Pollution Island (UPI) index was developed using Fuzzy AHP, while thermal categorization was achieved through spatial analysis techniques. Research indicates significantly elevated pollution levels in urban areas compared to rural regions. The research demonstrates positive correlation between UHI indicators and CO, HCHO, aerosols, NO₂, and O₃ in urban-rural environments. A negative correlation is observed between the UHI indicator and SO₂ in these contexts, requiring a thorough investigation of the UHI-pollutant relationship. High-risk zones (HRZs) demonstrate significantly elevated yearly average concentrations of NO₂ (66.614%), aerosols (13.610%), HCHO (8.816%), and CO (2.028%) relative to low-risk zones (LRZs). Ozone levels are consistently similar between HRZs and LRZs. In contrast, LRZs demonstrate a greater yearly average concentration of SO₂ (7.562%) than HRZs. Furthermore, HRZs exhibit an elevated LST of 2.198 °C relative to LRZs. These results yield essential insights for urban planning and policy development, providing a thorough comprehension of UHI pollution dynamics. This research clarifies these dynamics, aiding informed decision-making to mitigate the effects of UHI and pollution in urban settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of bifacial and monofacial FPV system in the UK","authors":"Mohammed Al Araimi,&nbsp;Mohamed Al Mandhari,&nbsp;Aritra Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems offer an effective solution to land-use constraints and efficiency challenges in traditional ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study investigates the performance of bifacial and monofacial TOPCon PV panels with power ratings of 460 W and 420 W, respectively, in an FPV setup under temperate UK conditions. Addressing a gap in experimental data for such climates, the experiment was conducted at the University of Exeter's Penryn campus. Results show that bifacial panels achieved an average efficiency of 19.64 %, outperforming monofacial panels by 6.59 %. At high irradiance of 1043 W/m², bifacial panels generated a maximum power output of 401.7 W, compared to 391 W for monofacial panels. Even under low irradiance conditions (228 W/m²), bifacial panels maintained an advantage, producing 127.4 W versus 85.43 W for monofacial panels. Thermal analysis demonstrated that bifacial panels exhibited superior cooling, with a top-bottom temperature differential of 1.71 °C, compared to 3.51 °C for monofacial panels. The bifacial gain peaked at 19 % under low irradiance, reducing to 5 % at higher irradiance levels. These results highlight the potential of bifacial FPV systems to enhance energy generation and improve thermal stability in regions with diffuse solar radiation. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing FPV system designs and suggest that bifacial panels are a promising technology for maximizing solar energy production in temperate climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post technical assessment and field manual for solar home systems in island communities: The case of Ghana","authors":"Emmanuel Effah ,&nbsp;Samuel Gyamfi ,&nbsp;Felix Amankwah Diawuo ,&nbsp;Mathew Anabadongo Atinsia","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar Home Systems (SHSs) have emerged as a solution for rural electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa, offering a sustainable alternative to grid electricity in remote communities. Despite their growing deployment and socio-economic impacts, the long-term sustainability of SHSs is often threatened by inadequate maintenance practices and the absence of user-friendly field manuals. This study introduces a Technical Field Audit (TFA) framework aimed at developing a practical Field Manual (FM) for SHSs in remote communities in Ghana. The manual is designed to help users with limited literacy, in resolving minor faults, minimizing reliance on technicians and delays in repairs.</div><div>A comprehensive TFA of 166 households across three regions: Bono East, Oti and Upper West was conducted and common technical challenges such as blown fuses, battery over-discharge, and undercharge were identified as the most frequent faults that compromise SHS performance. The study presents a flowchart-based troubleshooting guide that help users to address minor faults independently, reducing reliance on technical support. The findings highlight that while user education plays an important role in the upkeep of the SHSs, users education influence the types of appliances added to their SHS. About 15% of users modified their SHSs by adding components like inverters to support additional appliances such as fans and televisions indicating unmet user expectations. The deployment of the FM reduced maintenance calls, with 80% of cases requiring no calls after implementation compared to only 20% pre-implementation, demonstrating its effectiveness in solving minor technical problems independently.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving optical efficiency of linear Fresnel collectors in the Sahel via position and length adjustment","authors":"Souwera Stan Lionnel Somda,&nbsp;Kokouvi Edem N’Tsoukpoe","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2024.100105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2024.100105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Linear Fresnel concentrators are promising technologies for solar thermal applications, but their performance is often hindered by end losses and inefficiencies related to receiver design and placement. This study aimed to enhance LFC optical performance under the specific solar conditions of the Sahel region by exploring dynamic receiver displacement and tailored receiver length extension. The methodology involved calculating the maximum non-illuminated receiver length analytically for each solar condition and simulating various displacement frequencies (weekly, biweekly, and monthly) using the Tonatiuh ray-tracing tool. The combined strategies of dynamic receiver adjustment and analytically optimised receiver length were evaluated in terms of annual optical efficiency and flux stability. Key findings reveal that the dynamic displacement strategy improved average annual optical efficiency by 13 percentage points, corresponding to a 38 % relative increase compared to fixed receiver positions. Weekly adjustments provided the highest efficiency, while monthly adjustments offered a practical alternative, achieving similar performance with four times fewer interventions. Extending the receiver to match the calculated maximum non-illuminated length yielded an additional 3 % improvement in annual efficiency and a 75 % reduction in flux variability. These results highlight the advantages of adapting receiver design and positioning strategies to regional solar profiles, particularly in intertropical regions like the Sahel. The proposed methods enhance both the optical performance and economic feasibility of LFCs, offering practical insights for optimising solar thermal technologies in diverse climates. Future work could explore automated adjustment mechanisms to further reduce operational demands and improve scalability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integral ecology approach to life cycle assessment of solar arrays","authors":"Charles E. Sprouse III","doi":"10.1016/j.solcom.2024.100104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solcom.2024.100104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, a novel approach to life cycle assessment (LCA) is introduced, termed “integral ecology life cycle assessment”. At the most fundamental level, integral ecology LCA is a life cycle study that simultaneously considers all the dimensions of how humanity exists within the natural environment, using the broadest possible lens to determine the ecological impacts of a technological design/product. Currently, most industry practitioners use ISO 14040, an LCA standard that was introduced in 1997 and republished in revised form in 2006. The present integral ecology LCA concept is brought forward as a contribution to the decades long tradition of openly discussing the ways in which LCA practices can evolve and improve. In addition to offering differences in vision and scope, integral ecology LCA also provides new insights by intentionally examining simple foundational questions, handling data unavailability and uncertainty pragmatically rather than scientifically, and honoring value-choices. Recognizing that practical limitations make it impossible to provide a full methodological basis for evaluating every aspect of an integral ecology LCA, the article focuses on introducing the integral ecology LCA concept and selectively utilizes illustrative examples for a ∼1 MW scale photovoltaic solar array. For instance, since a MW scale array occupies several acres, the basic concept of separation vs. integration is shown to be important. Plants, animals, and humans are often separated from solar arrays rather than integrated, which unnecessarily compounds concerns over land use, so different models are favored by integral ecology LCA. Additionally, material sourcing for sizable projects can present an important value-choice, and an integral ecology examination of thin film solar modules yields a meaningfully different ecological profile than typical crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules, while also highlighting the use of the precautionary principle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101173,"journal":{"name":"Solar Compass","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}