RSC Pharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Naringenin-encapsulated nano-cochleate hydrogel for topical delivery: cellular anti-inflammatory activity and dermatokinetic profiling","authors":"Anuja Shashikant Kamble, Ashish Dilip Sutar, Gagandeep Kaur, Kamalinder K. Singh and Rahul Shukla","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00268K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00268K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Naringenin (NR) is a plant-based flavonoid with poor aqueous solubility, which is indicated for the treatment of psoriasis due to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the non-steroidal NR-loaded nanocochleate hydrogel (NR-NC-G) for its skin permeation, safety, and efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis. First, nanoliposomes (NR-LIPO) were prepared and further chelated using calcium chloride to transform them into nanocochleates (NR-NCs). NR-NCs exhibited rolled sheet-like nanosized particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 160–170 nm, an encapsulation efficiency of 81–82%, and good colloidal stability, as indicated by a <em>ζ</em>-potential of −27 mV. To achieve a local reservoir-like action, nanocochleates were loaded into a hydrogel comprising of combination of Carbopol 934P and sodium alginate. NR-NC-G was characterised for its physical and rheological characteristics, and it exhibited uniform drug loading, long-term stability, and the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), as validated by various antioxidant assays. Furthermore, NR-NC-G reduced cellular ROS levels, nitrate accumulation, and mitochondrial healing ability in a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 inflammation model, thereby proving its enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The <em>ex vivo</em> skin permeation and dermatokinetic studies showed that NR-NC-G exhibited high permeation across the excised skin of BALB/C mice. The dermatokinetic studies showed that topical application of NR-NC-G provided 3.43 and 3.34-fold greater <em>C</em><small>_max</small> and AUC<small>_{0−<em>t</em>}</small> in the epidermal layer, respectively, compared to the bulk NR solution. Overall, this novel nanoformulation enhances ROS scavenging capacity, improves cellular uptake, enhances skin permeation and retention, and suggests potential applications for treating psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 401-422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00268k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simple and cost-effective chrysin–theophylline eutectic: enhanced solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability with potential for respiratory applications","authors":"Sanket Sirmanwar and Sharvil Patil","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00258C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00258C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the most prevalent chronic respiratory diseases. Theophylline is used for its bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects, but its clinical use is declining due to its narrow therapeutic index and metabolism by cytochrome enzymes, which increases the risk of drug interactions and toxicity. Chrysin, a BCS class II flavonoid, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and is reported to inhibit cytochrome enzymes. Drug–drug eutectic mixtures are increasingly explored to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this context, a eutectic mixture of chrysin and theophylline was prepared using a simple, eco-friendly grinding method, with theophylline (a BCS class I drug) serving as a coformer. The prepared eutectic was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hot stage microscopy (HSM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE SEM-EDS), <em>in vitro</em> dissolution studies and <em>in vivo</em> pharmacokinetic evaluation in Wistar rats. DSC studies confirmed eutectic formation as its melting point was below those of chrysin and theophylline. They also confirmed a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 2 between chrysin and theophylline. FTIR studies suggested intermolecular hydrogen bonding between chrysin and theophylline. The eutectic mixture significantly improved the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of chrysin. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed a 3-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC) and a 2.87-fold increase in relative bioavailability of chrysin. This dual-drug eutectic may offer combined anti-inflammatory benefits and improved bioavailability for both agents, with chrysin's cytochrome inhibition potentially reducing theophylline degradation, supporting its therapeutic potential for possible use in asthma and COPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 3","pages":" 701-710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00258c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148011769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The paradigm shift in therapeutics: a comprehensive review of artificial intelligence in drug delivery systems","authors":"Shivam Singh and Anindita De","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00235D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00235D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the pharmaceutical landscape is heralding a new era of precision medicine, particularly in the domain of drug delivery. Traditional drug development is notoriously time-consuming, expensive, and prone to high attrition rates. AI, with its subfields of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is poised to de-bottleneck this process by enabling the rational design of intelligent, targeted, and responsive drug delivery systems (DDS). This review meticulously outlines the transformative role of AI across the entire spectrum of advanced drug delivery. We explore how AI algorithms leverage vast chemical and biological datasets to design novel nanocarriers, predict their physicochemical properties, and optimize their formulation for enhanced efficacy and safety. A significant focus is placed on AI-driven targeted and stimuli-responsive DDS for oncology, neurological, and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we delve into the emergence of AI-powered closed-loop systems for autonomous drug release. The review is supplemented with detailed tables summarizing key algorithms, recent clinical trials, and a landscape analysis of patents, highlighting the intense commercial and academic interest. Finally, we address the current challenges—including data quality, regulatory hurdles, and model interpretability—and propose future directions for the clinical translation of AI-engineered therapeutics. This synthesis underscores AI not merely as a tool but as a disruptive force, poised to unlock personalized, predictive, and precise drug delivery paradigms.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 3","pages":" 645-653"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00235d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148011763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction, characterization and evaluation of jute (Corchorus olitorius) leaf polysaccharide as a binding agent for matrix tablet formulation","authors":"Olivia Sen, Devlina Pal, Tamal Jana, Sanchita Das, Gouranga Nandi and Sreejan Manna","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00267B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00267B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The objective of the present investigation was to estimate the potential of jute (<em>Corchorus olitorius</em>) leaf polysaccharide (JLP) as a tablet binder. This polysaccharide was extracted by a simple decoction method using distilled water and precipitated with twice the volume of acetone. The extracted JLP was dried, powdered and subjected to several characterizations, such as FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, XRD, scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential analysis, particle size analysis, tests for the presence of phytochemical constituents, elemental analysis, and stability study in an aqueous environment, along with characterizing other physicochemical properties. Diclofenac sodium-incorporated granules were prepared using 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% w/w JLP concentrations, and the prepared granules were evaluated and compressed into tablets. The formulated tablet batches were evaluated for disintegration, drug release and kinetics study. The obtained results were compared with those of similar concentrations of starch and PVP K-30 batches used as tablet binders. Results of FTIR spectroscopy and DSC study established the compatibility between JLP and diclofenac sodium (DS) in the formulation. SEM analysis indicated that drug release from the tablet matrix was predominantly controlled by surface erosion and pore development, which facilitated dissolution. JLP formulations revealed a drug release of &gt;75% at 45 min (77.75% ± 1.298% to 87.352% ± 1.35%). The Korsmeyer–Peppas release exponent (<em>n</em>) from 0.56 to 0.84 indicated that the majority of batches exhibited anomalous (non-Fickian) transport, signifying that drug release was influenced by both diffusion and polymer relaxation or erosion. Preliminary study findings established JLP as a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. Even at 2.5% binder concentration, low friability (0.308% ± 0.057%), hardness (4.22 ± 0.105 kg m<small>⁻²</small>) and drug release pattern of the prepared tablets indicated the potential of the extracted novel JLP as a sustainable and safe alternative to conventional tablet binders.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 490-506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00267b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogel platforms for engineered live biotherapeutics: materials, microbial integration and clinical potential","authors":"Emma Liane Etter, Sarah Thormann, Srilekha Venkatraman, Sri Sruthi Potluru and Juliane Nguyen","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00304K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5PM00304K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Engineered living materials (ELMs), which integrate live microorganisms into biocompatible matrices, are emerging as powerful platforms for therapeutic applications. Among these, hydrogels encapsulating engineered live biotherapeutic products (eLBPs) offer enhanced microbial stability, targeted delivery, and functional versatility for treating human disease. By protecting microbes from environmental stress and immune clearance while supporting nutrient diffusion and activity, hydrogel systems address key challenges in microbial therapeutic delivery. This review highlights recent advances in hydrogel-based delivery of eLBPs, focusing on material design, microbial engineering, and performance metrics critical for clinical translation. We provide a framework for designing next-generation living materials for human health, emphasizing opportunities and challenges in bringing these systems from bench to bedside.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 305-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12818027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146021155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in electrospun nanofiber-based implantable drug delivery systems for breast cancer therapy","authors":"Jia Xing, Jingjing Feng, Qilin Wang, Deng-guang Yu and Sim-Wan Annie Bligh","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00265F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00265F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Breast cancer (BC) remains the most prevalent malignant tumor among women worldwide. While surgical resection currently serves as one of the primary treatment modalities for BC, traditional surgical approaches face challenges including local recurrence, suboptimal prognosis, and systemic side effects of drug administration. Researchers have recently developed implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) based on electrospun nanofibers for postoperative BC treatment. These electrospun nanofibers exhibit high porosity and specific surface area, which not only enhance contact area with cancer cells but also enable sustained and controlled drug release at targeted sites. This article provides a concise overview of current BC treatment strategies and electrospinning technology, while systematically reviewing recent studies on electrospun nanofiber-based IDDS for BC therapy. The classification is presented from two perspectives: categorization based on the source of loaded drugs (natural compounds, chemotherapeutic agents, <em>etc</em>.) and classification according to the stimuli type of smart-responsive IDDS (pH-, magnetic-, light-, or electric-triggered systems). Finally, the paper discusses existing challenges in electrospun nanofiber IDDS for BC treatment and proposes future development directions from multiple aspects, including material optimization, intelligent control systems, and clinical translation considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 276-304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00265f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the role of lactose anomeric composition in tablet disintegration and dissolution: a hidden variable in pharmaceutical formulation","authors":"Thamer Alzoubi, Gary P. Martin, Kendal Pitt, Hetvi Triboandas, Fangyi Chen, Abhimata Paramanandana and Paul G. Royall","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00256C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00256C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Lactose, a chiral excipient, is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as a diluent because it is safe and has developable physical properties. However, there are stability issues; β lactose powder stored at 40 °C/75% RH will epimerize from the β to the α chiral form within 7 days. The influence of lactose chiral composition on medicine stability is poorly understood but is likely to be valuable when ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the finished pharmaceutical product (FPP). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the anomeric composition of lactose on tablet properties. Tablets with a higher α lactose content (79.5/20.5 α/β % w/w (α79%)) demonstrated faster disintegration times when compared to tablets formulated with a higher β content (13.5/86.5 α/β % w/w (α13%)), <em>i.e.</em>, 27 s compared to 220 s. Differences in tablet hardness (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.05) were also observed, with tablets containing a higher α composition exhibiting higher hardness (<em>i.e.</em>, 207 N as opposed to 170 N under a 40 kN compression force). The release of acetylsalicylic acid was found to be faster from tablets that were formulated with ‘aged’ or epimerised lactose (α79%) compared to those produced using β lactose, as received (α13%), the respective <em>T</em><small>₉₀</small> values being 60 and 91 min. To conclude, it is apparent that the stereoisomeric effects of lactose excipients on tablets are evident, and therefore, the measurement of anomeric content is advised prior to tablet manufacture.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 538-551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d4pm00256c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of microparticle composition on colony morphology and viability of encapsulated therapeutic yeast for oral delivery","authors":"Emma Etter, Alita F. Miller, Timothy Little, Sri Sruthi Potluru, Srilekha Venkatraman and Juliane Nguyen","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00288E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5PM00288E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Engineered live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) offer a promising avenue for targeted drug delivery, particularly within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Among microbial chassis, <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (<em>S. cerevisiae</em>) is recognized as a highly favorable platform due to its safety profile, genetic amenability, and potential for dual functionality as both a therapeutic protein producer and probiotic. However, oral delivery of LBPs remains challenging due to the harsh conditions of the GI tract, which compromise microbial viability and therapeutic efficacy. To address this, we developed alginate-based hydrogel particles designed to encapsulate <em>S. cerevisiae</em> for oral administration and systematically evaluated their performance under simulated physiological conditions. Notably, we demonstrated that colony size can be tuned through specific alginate formulations, and that colony morphology significantly influences cell survival. Our findings establish key design principles for optimizing hydrogel carriers to enhance the viability and therapeutic potential of engineered microbial therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 507-525"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12801120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145992438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-precision deposition and controlled release of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid from contact lens surfaces using nanoelectrospray†","authors":"Rahul Tiwari, Matthew Alexander, Julie Sanderson, Robert A. Broad, Cheng-Chun Peng, Dharmendra Jani and Sheng Qi","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00237K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00237K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Using additive manufacturing processes to selectively modify soft and wet polymer surfaces, such as soft contact lenses, with micrometer-level precision for applications, including controlled delivery of active ingredients, can be challenging. This study demonstrates the use of a novel nanoelectrospray (nES) process as a technical solution to deposit precise amounts of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA), a highly water-soluble anionic glycosaminoglycan, onto predefined locations on the surface of soft contact lenses, and subsequently release it in a sustained manner. nES allows precise deposition of nano- to micrometer-thick layers outside the central optical zone. To achieve the sustained release of HA from the lens, a chemical modification of the polymer surface was developed to allow the lens surface to be covalently linked with a semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) layer containing entrapped HA after deposition by nES. Additional zein barrier layers applied by nES over the HA layer led to further reduction in the release rate of HA from the lenses. The results confirmed that the selective nES deposition allowed modification of the lens surface without affecting optical properties in the central vision zone of the soft contact lenses. The results suggested that the HA release kinetics can be strongly affected by multiple factors, including the degree of crosslinking, the molecular size of the crosslinker, the addition of a photoinitiator and the polymeric barrier layer. This study demonstrated the potential of nES as an alternative approach for surface modification and drug loading to commercially available contact lenses for treating ocular conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 526-537"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00237k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the bioavailability of sparingly-soluble drugs by expandable, solid-solution fibrous dosage forms","authors":"Aron H. Blaesi, Henning Richter and Nannaji Saka","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00195A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00195A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Many kinds of drug are sparingly soluble in the acidic gastric fluid, and are practically insoluble in the pH-neutral intestinal fluid. The efficacy of oral therapies employing such drugs is often limited by the amount of drug that can be delivered into the blood stream. For enhancing the amount delivered, in the present work an expandable, solid-solution fibrous dosage form is presented. The dosage form investigated was a cross-ply structure of fibers comprising 200 mg of the sparingly-soluble drug nilotinib molecularly dispersed in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based excipient. Upon administering to a dog, it expanded to a normalized radial expansion of 0.5 within an hour and resided in the stomach for about five hours. The drug concentration in blood rose to a maximum of 1.82 µg ml<small>⁻¹</small> by 4 hours, and decayed exponentially thereafter. The bioavailability (area under the drug concentration in blood <em>versus</em> time curve) was 10.81 µg h ml<small>⁻¹</small>. For comparison, the maximum drug concentration of an immediate-release capsule filled with 200 mg crystalline nilotinib particles was 0.68 µg ml<small>⁻¹</small> by 2.5 hours. The bioavailability was 2.94 µg h ml<small>⁻¹</small>, a third of that of the fibrous form. Models suggest that the greater bioavailability of the fibrous dosage form is due to increased gastric residence time and supersaturation of the gastric fluid with the drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 1","pages":" 88-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00195a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}