RSC Pharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Advanced mechanisms of polymer-based drug delivery systems for clinical applications","authors":"Barakat Olamide Ishola, Khandoker Asiqur Rahaman, Shaikh Abdur Razzak, Md Mahamudul Hasan Rumon, Md Salman Shakil and Shihab Uddin","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00242G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00242G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Polymer-based drug delivery technologies have revolutionized modern therapeutics by enabling controlled, sustained, and targeted drug release. These systems employ diverse natural and synthetic polymers that engage with biological environments to exert therapeutic effects. The history of polymeric drug delivery systems, their classification, formulation techniques, mechanisms of action, and diverse applications across various disease conditions are essential for future advancements. Polymer chemistry has led to the development of stimuli-responsive polymers that release drugs in response to external triggers, such as pH, temperature, electricity, light, or ultrasound. Moreover, 3D printing technologies are increasingly employed to develop more complex, multifunctional, layered, polymer-based drug delivery systems. While polymer-based technologies have demonstrated remarkable potential in drug delivery, challenges like scalability, biocompatibility, and regulatory compliance persist. Interdisciplinary collaboration and multifaceted strategies can advance targeted treatments for life-threatening diseases and enhance quality of life through tissue regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 331-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00242g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for treating neglected tropical diseases: affordable and scalable pathways for global health impact","authors":"João Paulo Figueiró Longo and Josué de Moraes","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00343A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00343A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nanomaterials present promising avenues for advancing global health, particularly in addressing neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Affecting over a billion people, NTDs suffer from limited treatment options, often relying on drugs with poor solubility and bioavailability. This challenge is compounded by increasing drug resistance and difficulties in administering treatments effectively. This situation underscores a critical gap in pharmaceutical innovation, influenced more by market forces than by scientific limitations. The prohibitive costs and high failure rates of traditional drug development render standard innovation pathways economically impractical for neglected tropical diseases. Moreover, regulatory frameworks and intellectual property rights often hinder the development of affordable treatments for neglected tropical diseases. Nanotechnology, specifically self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS), offers a scalable solution to overcome solubility and bioavailability barriers. By spontaneously forming emulsions in gastrointestinal fluids, SNEDDS eliminate complex manufacturing needs, as seen with successful clinical examples like ritonavir and cyclosporine. Leveraging these cost-effective, orally compatible platforms allows for the repurposing of existing drugs. Integrating such streamlined nanotechnologies into global health programs is essential to close the therapeutic gap in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 374-378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00343a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced bispecific antibody design and inhaled biologics; emerging strategies for asthma","authors":"Zeina Kassem, Jenny K. W. Lam and Hanieh Khalili","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00230C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00230C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease affecting over 300 million individuals worldwide. While current therapies, including inhaled corticosteroids and monoclonal antibodies, have significantly improved management of Type 2 (T2)-high asthma, treatment options for T2-low, steroid-resistant, and severe asthma remain limited. Recent advances in biologic therapeutics have introduced bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) as a promising next-generation strategy. BsAbs are engineered to simultaneously target two distinct inflammatory pathways, offering broader immunomodulatory effects and the potential to improve disease control in heterogeneous asthma phenotypes. Concurrently, pulmonary delivery systems such as nebulisers, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) and soft mist inhalers (SMIs) have emerged as attractive non-invasive alternatives to injections for biologic administration, providing localised treatment directly to the lungs, reduced systemic side effects, and enhanced patient adherence. This review examines the immunological basis of asthma endotypes, evaluates current monoclonal antibody therapies and their limitations, and explores the design, mechanisms, and clinical progress of bispecific antibodies in the treatment of asthma. Additionally, we analyse the feasibility and challenges of inhaled biologic delivery, including formulation strategies and device optimisation. We conclude by highlighting future research priorities, including the development of inhalable bsAbs for T2-low asthma and the need for scalable, stable, and patient-friendly formulations. This dual-focused approach, combining novel antibody engineering with targeted delivery, represents a critical step towards personalised, effective asthma care.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 3","pages":" 630-644"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00230c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148011762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymeric nano-in-microparticles for pulmonary delivery of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Alison Tatiana Madrid Sani, Brenno da Cunha Lima, Beatriz Moreira Rodrigues, Michelle Alvares Sarcinelli, Marcelo Henrique da Cunha Chaves, Helvécio Vinícius Antunes Rocha, Natália Neto Pereira Cerize, Maria Helena Ambrosio Zanin, Juliana Terzi Maricato, Valker Araujo Feitosa and Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00269A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00269A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the urgent need for advanced drug delivery systems to enhance the safety and efficacy of existing antiviral therapies. This study presents an inhalable powder formulation of remdesivir (RDV) using polymeric nano-in-microparticles for pulmonary administration. RDV was nanoencapsulated in a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix <em>via</em> emulsion–diffusion–solvent evaporation and stabilized with DPPC and Pluronic F127, resulting in nanoparticles (RDV-PCL-NP) of 184 ± 11 nm and 87% encapsulation efficiency. Cytotoxicity assays in Vero E6 cells confirmed the RDV-PCL-NP safety at therapeutic concentrations, with a marked reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 viral load at 5 µM RDV. The nanoparticles were spray dried with lactose, yielding a dry powder (RDV-PCL-MP) with 63% process yield. Physicochemical characterization (SEM, FTIR, DRX, DSC/TGA, laser diffraction) confirmed uniform particle size and stability (1–5 µm) of the RDV-PCL-MP inhalable powder. <em>In vitro</em> lung deposition studies showed 40% fine fraction and 39% respirable fraction. These findings support the potential of RDV-loaded nano-in-microparticles as a scalable pulmonary delivery platform to improve COVID-19 treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 552-563"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00269a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of fenticonazole nitrate-loaded, fucoidan-coated lecithin–chitosan nanoparticles for the treatment of vaginitis","authors":"Valamla Bhavana, Padakanti Sandeep Chary, Urati Anuradha, Kishan Kumar Parida, Nitin Pal Kalia and Neelesh Kumar Mehra","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00345H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00345H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this investigation, self-assembling fenticonazole-loaded lecithin–chitosan nanoparticles (FZNP) with cationic zeta potential were altered by coating them with an anionic fucoidan polymer (Fu-FZNP) through an ionic gelation method to overcome the vaginal mucosal barrier. FZNP and Fu-FZNP possessed particle sizes of 129.20 ± 0.25 nm and 227.10 ± 1.54 nm, polydispersity indexes of 0.21 ± 0.00 and 0.26 ± 0.01, and zeta potentials of 30.96 ± 1.15 mV and −26.75 ± 0.3 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency and drug loading were 65.47% ± 2.32% and 11.69% ± 0.414% for FZNP and 71.13% ± 5.74% and 7.41% ± 0.60% for Fu-FZNP, respectively. The nanoparticles exhibited spherical and smooth morphology under TEM imaging. An excised goat vagina was used for the <em>ex vivo</em> permeation studies, which showed drug permeations of 61.74% ± 2.07% for FZNP and 72.11% ± 1.4% for Fu-FZNP. FZNP and Fu-FZNP demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal properties against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Candida albicans</em>, respectively, <em>in vitro</em>. Therefore, FZN and Fu-FZNP may be developed further for the safe, practical, and efficient treatment of mixed vaginal infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 3","pages":" 726-737"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00345h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148011771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Naringenin-encapsulated nano-cochleate hydrogel for topical delivery: cellular anti-inflammatory activity and dermatokinetic profiling","authors":"Anuja Shashikant Kamble, Ashish Dilip Sutar, Gagandeep Kaur, Kamalinder K. Singh and Rahul Shukla","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00268K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00268K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Naringenin (NR) is a plant-based flavonoid with poor aqueous solubility, which is indicated for the treatment of psoriasis due to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the non-steroidal NR-loaded nanocochleate hydrogel (NR-NC-G) for its skin permeation, safety, and efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis. First, nanoliposomes (NR-LIPO) were prepared and further chelated using calcium chloride to transform them into nanocochleates (NR-NCs). NR-NCs exhibited rolled sheet-like nanosized particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 160–170 nm, an encapsulation efficiency of 81–82%, and good colloidal stability, as indicated by a <em>ζ</em>-potential of −27 mV. To achieve a local reservoir-like action, nanocochleates were loaded into a hydrogel comprising of combination of Carbopol 934P and sodium alginate. NR-NC-G was characterised for its physical and rheological characteristics, and it exhibited uniform drug loading, long-term stability, and the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), as validated by various antioxidant assays. Furthermore, NR-NC-G reduced cellular ROS levels, nitrate accumulation, and mitochondrial healing ability in a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 inflammation model, thereby proving its enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The <em>ex vivo</em> skin permeation and dermatokinetic studies showed that NR-NC-G exhibited high permeation across the excised skin of BALB/C mice. The dermatokinetic studies showed that topical application of NR-NC-G provided 3.43 and 3.34-fold greater <em>C</em><small>_max</small> and AUC<small>_{0−<em>t</em>}</small> in the epidermal layer, respectively, compared to the bulk NR solution. Overall, this novel nanoformulation enhances ROS scavenging capacity, improves cellular uptake, enhances skin permeation and retention, and suggests potential applications for treating psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 401-422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00268k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simple and cost-effective chrysin–theophylline eutectic: enhanced solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability with potential for respiratory applications","authors":"Sanket Sirmanwar and Sharvil Patil","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00258C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00258C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the most prevalent chronic respiratory diseases. Theophylline is used for its bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects, but its clinical use is declining due to its narrow therapeutic index and metabolism by cytochrome enzymes, which increases the risk of drug interactions and toxicity. Chrysin, a BCS class II flavonoid, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and is reported to inhibit cytochrome enzymes. Drug–drug eutectic mixtures are increasingly explored to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this context, a eutectic mixture of chrysin and theophylline was prepared using a simple, eco-friendly grinding method, with theophylline (a BCS class I drug) serving as a coformer. The prepared eutectic was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hot stage microscopy (HSM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE SEM-EDS), <em>in vitro</em> dissolution studies and <em>in vivo</em> pharmacokinetic evaluation in Wistar rats. DSC studies confirmed eutectic formation as its melting point was below those of chrysin and theophylline. They also confirmed a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 2 between chrysin and theophylline. FTIR studies suggested intermolecular hydrogen bonding between chrysin and theophylline. The eutectic mixture significantly improved the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of chrysin. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed a 3-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC) and a 2.87-fold increase in relative bioavailability of chrysin. This dual-drug eutectic may offer combined anti-inflammatory benefits and improved bioavailability for both agents, with chrysin's cytochrome inhibition potentially reducing theophylline degradation, supporting its therapeutic potential for possible use in asthma and COPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 3","pages":" 701-710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00258c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148011769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The paradigm shift in therapeutics: a comprehensive review of artificial intelligence in drug delivery systems","authors":"Shivam Singh and Anindita De","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00235D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00235D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the pharmaceutical landscape is heralding a new era of precision medicine, particularly in the domain of drug delivery. Traditional drug development is notoriously time-consuming, expensive, and prone to high attrition rates. AI, with its subfields of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is poised to de-bottleneck this process by enabling the rational design of intelligent, targeted, and responsive drug delivery systems (DDS). This review meticulously outlines the transformative role of AI across the entire spectrum of advanced drug delivery. We explore how AI algorithms leverage vast chemical and biological datasets to design novel nanocarriers, predict their physicochemical properties, and optimize their formulation for enhanced efficacy and safety. A significant focus is placed on AI-driven targeted and stimuli-responsive DDS for oncology, neurological, and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we delve into the emergence of AI-powered closed-loop systems for autonomous drug release. The review is supplemented with detailed tables summarizing key algorithms, recent clinical trials, and a landscape analysis of patents, highlighting the intense commercial and academic interest. Finally, we address the current challenges—including data quality, regulatory hurdles, and model interpretability—and propose future directions for the clinical translation of AI-engineered therapeutics. This synthesis underscores AI not merely as a tool but as a disruptive force, poised to unlock personalized, predictive, and precise drug delivery paradigms.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 3","pages":" 645-653"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00235d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148011763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction, characterization and evaluation of jute (Corchorus olitorius) leaf polysaccharide as a binding agent for matrix tablet formulation","authors":"Olivia Sen, Devlina Pal, Tamal Jana, Sanchita Das, Gouranga Nandi and Sreejan Manna","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00267B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5PM00267B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The objective of the present investigation was to estimate the potential of jute (<em>Corchorus olitorius</em>) leaf polysaccharide (JLP) as a tablet binder. This polysaccharide was extracted by a simple decoction method using distilled water and precipitated with twice the volume of acetone. The extracted JLP was dried, powdered and subjected to several characterizations, such as FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, XRD, scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential analysis, particle size analysis, tests for the presence of phytochemical constituents, elemental analysis, and stability study in an aqueous environment, along with characterizing other physicochemical properties. Diclofenac sodium-incorporated granules were prepared using 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% w/w JLP concentrations, and the prepared granules were evaluated and compressed into tablets. The formulated tablet batches were evaluated for disintegration, drug release and kinetics study. The obtained results were compared with those of similar concentrations of starch and PVP K-30 batches used as tablet binders. Results of FTIR spectroscopy and DSC study established the compatibility between JLP and diclofenac sodium (DS) in the formulation. SEM analysis indicated that drug release from the tablet matrix was predominantly controlled by surface erosion and pore development, which facilitated dissolution. JLP formulations revealed a drug release of &gt;75% at 45 min (77.75% ± 1.298% to 87.352% ± 1.35%). The Korsmeyer–Peppas release exponent (<em>n</em>) from 0.56 to 0.84 indicated that the majority of batches exhibited anomalous (non-Fickian) transport, signifying that drug release was influenced by both diffusion and polymer relaxation or erosion. Preliminary study findings established JLP as a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. Even at 2.5% binder concentration, low friability (0.308% ± 0.057%), hardness (4.22 ± 0.105 kg m<small>⁻²</small>) and drug release pattern of the prepared tablets indicated the potential of the extracted novel JLP as a sustainable and safe alternative to conventional tablet binders.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 490-506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/pm/d5pm00267b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogel platforms for engineered live biotherapeutics: materials, microbial integration and clinical potential","authors":"Emma Liane Etter, Sarah Thormann, Srilekha Venkatraman, Sri Sruthi Potluru and Juliane Nguyen","doi":"10.1039/D5PM00304K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5PM00304K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Engineered living materials (ELMs), which integrate live microorganisms into biocompatible matrices, are emerging as powerful platforms for therapeutic applications. Among these, hydrogels encapsulating engineered live biotherapeutic products (eLBPs) offer enhanced microbial stability, targeted delivery, and functional versatility for treating human disease. By protecting microbes from environmental stress and immune clearance while supporting nutrient diffusion and activity, hydrogel systems address key challenges in microbial therapeutic delivery. This review highlights recent advances in hydrogel-based delivery of eLBPs, focusing on material design, microbial engineering, and performance metrics critical for clinical translation. We provide a framework for designing next-generation living materials for human health, emphasizing opportunities and challenges in bringing these systems from bench to bedside.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 305-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12818027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146021155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}