RSC Pharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Formation of drug–drug salt crystals and co-amorphous forms of levofloxacin and 4-aminosalicylic acid for pulmonary applications†","authors":"Hiroshi Ueda, Jun Yee Tse, Tetsuya Miyano, Yuzuki Nakayama, Peiwen Mo, Yuta Hatanaka, Hiromasa Uchiyama, Yuichi Tozuka and Kazunori Kadota","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00250D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00250D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A dry powder inhaler is a viable formulation for pulmonary delivery; however, the co-delivery of multiple drugs requires a specially designed device. This study aimed to design multi-component crystal and amorphous forms for the co-delivery of levofloxacin (LVF) and 4-aminosalicylic acid (ASA). New multi-component crystals of LVF and ASA, crystal-I and crystal-II, were formed by solvent evaporation and slurry conversion. Thermal analysis revealed that crystal-I and crystal-II were the hydrate and anhydrate forms, respectively. Upon heating, each crystal was converted to different crystals. All polymorphs reverted to crystal-I during storage. The co-amorphous (CA) form was obtained by spray drying, which exhibited a relatively high glass transition temperature above 100 °C. Multi-component crystals and CA were estimated as salts by single crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. An <em>in vitro</em> aerodynamic performance test was performed for LVF, ASA, physical mixture (PM), crystal-I, and CA. The fine particle fraction (FPF, %) of LVF/ASA was 0.9/13.3 for pure drugs and 0.4/14.1 for PM. However, the FPF (%) for crystal-I and CA significantly improved to 25.4/29.9 and 20.0/20.6, respectively, with the co-delivery of LVF and ASA. We conclude that the design of multi-component crystals and co-amorphous forms is an effective strategy for the simultaneous delivery of inhalation drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 264-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00250d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peptide-derived gold nanoparticles as a promising delivery system for Src targeting siRNA in breast cancer cells†","authors":"Uday Suryakanta, Bijayananda Panigrahi, Sumana Pal, Swatilekha Das, Soumyadeep Biswas and Dindyal Mandal","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00249K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00249K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in various cellular processes including cell division, motility, adhesion, angiogenesis, and survival. RNAi therapy, particularly siRNA, aims to silence genes essential for tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance. In this study, previously developed linear peptides containing tryptophan and histidine/arginine were screened for synthesizing gold nanoparticles. The efficiency of the derived nanoparticles was investigated for nucleic acid delivery. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, and DLS. Gel retardation assays demonstrated strong siRNA binding (90%) by gold nanoparticles compared to peptides alone (40%), specifically for peptide W4R4. FACS results revealed a 10-fold enhancement in the cellular uptake of fluorescence-tagged siRNA when delivered <em>via</em> nanoparticles compared to that of naked siRNA. Confocal microscopy confirmed siRNA localization primarily in the cytosol and partially in the nucleus. Western blot analysis indicated 78% downregulation of the Src protein in MCF-7 cells using AuNP/siRNA complexes. These results collectively indicate that the synthesized AuNPs are promising delivery systems for siRNA and might be a potential candidate for RNAi therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 3","pages":" 581-597"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00249k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particle-based investigation of excipients stability: the effect of storage conditions on moisture content and swelling†","authors":"Isra Ibrahim, Mark Carroll, Anas Almudahka, James Mann, Alexander Abbott, Fredrik Winge, Adrian Davis, Bart Hens, Ibrahim Khadra and Daniel Markl","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00259H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00259H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Moisture sensitivity poses a challenge in formulating oral dosage forms, particularly when considering disintegrants’ swelling due to prior moisture exposure, impacting performance and physical stability. This study utilises dynamic vapour sorption to simulate real-world storage scenarios, investigating the equilibrium moisture content and dynamics of eight commonly used excipients in oral solid dosage forms. A model was developed to determine the kinetic rate constant of moisture sorption and desorption for different storage conditions. Dynamic vapour sorption tests revealed that excipients with higher moisture-binding capacities showed slower equilibration to the target relative humidity (RH). Elevated temperatures accelerated the moisture sorption/desorption process for all excipients, reducing the equilibrated moisture content for most, except mannitol and lactose. Particle imaging over a 14-day accelerated storage period quantified swelling, indicating approximately 6% increase in particle diameter for croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG), and a lesser 2.7% for microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), predominantly caused by the humidity. All excipients reached their swelling peak within the first day of storage, with permanent particle size enlargement for CCS and SSG, whereas MCC displayed a partial reversibility post-storage. Enhancing our understanding of excipients’ stability and interaction with moisture and the resulting particle swelling contributes to the rational design of oral solid dosage formulations and promotes a better understanding of their long-term physical stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 369-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00259h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugar-decorated cholesterol-core nanoparticles as potential targeting nanomedicines for the delivery of lipophilic drugs†","authors":"Laís Rossetto Ferraz de Barros, Carlos Eduardo de Castro, Anabella Patricia Rosso, Rodrigo da Costa Duarte, Alexandre Gonçalves Dal-Bó, Wendel Andrade Alves and Fernando Carlos Giacomelli","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00317A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00317A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Targeted drug delivery is a precise and effective strategy in oncotherapy and can be achieved through sugar-decorated assemblies since glucose receptors are overexpressed on cancer cell membranes to compensate for their increased glucose demands. In this study, core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using amphiphilic macromolecules comprising hydrophobic cholesterol (Chol) segments conjugated to hydrophilic polyethylene oxide containing azide group (Chol-PEO<small>₂₂</small>-N<small>₃</small>) or substituted with the carbohydrate <em>N</em>-acetyl-<small>D</small>-glucosamine (Chol-PEO<small>₂₂</small>-GlcNAc) <em>via</em> a click chemistry reaction. These self-assemblies, which are smaller than 100 nm and suitable for cancer treatment, demonstrated efficient loading efficiency (exceeding 70%) with ursolic acid (UA), a hydrophobic drug, serving as a proof-of-concept for targeted therapy using natural compounds against non-small cell lung cancer. The incorporation of sugar molecules modified the structural characteristics of the nanocarriers, resulting in larger and presumably less dense particles. This modification influenced the UA release mechanism, leading to a faster and nearly complete release over a week, whereas approximately 60% of the encapsulated UA remained entrapped in the Chol-PEO<small>₂₂</small>-N<small>₃</small> NPs. Enhanced cell cytotoxicity was achieved with UA-loaded NPs with <em>in vitro</em> cell viability assays indicating at least two-fold increase in the inhibitory effect of the drug-loaded nanocarriers. The targeted delivery was also demonstrated as UA-loaded Chol-PEO<small>₂₂</small>-GlcNAc NPs showed greater internalization by cancer cells than their healthy counterparts.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 387-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00317a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rise of mRNA therapeutic vaccines†","authors":"Jinlu Du, Ziling Fan, Jiangming Huang, Zhengyuan Li, Hongguo Hu and Yanxia Li","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00309H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00309H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >During the COVID-19 pandemic, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines were developed and approved to curb the spread of coronavirus. After over 16 billion doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech-Fosun and Moderna mRNA vaccines were administered, the immune protection and clinical value of the lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platform were fully demonstrated. Herein, we provide a detailed overview of the mRNA–LNP structure and immunogenicity function and provide mechanistic insights into the ability of the LNP to elicit an immune response to combat diseases. The challenges and solutions to address these are discussed. Finally, by learning from the fast-growing and most recent advances in mRNA therapeutic vaccines, from both pre-clinical and clinical aspects, we can further expand the mRNA platform to develop a new generation of mRNA therapeutic vaccines, satisfying unmet medical needs beyond COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 235-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00309h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of cocrystalline and coamorphous forms comprised of gefitinib and dasatinib for performance optimization†","authors":"Xian-Bi Shi, Zhi-Qing Wang, Hui-Tian Li, Xia-Lin Dai, Xiang-Tian Long, Yong-Liang Huang, Jia-Mei Chen and Tong-Bu Lu","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00237G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00237G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Drug–drug cocrystals and coamorphous systems, both comprising two drugs in a single phase, can be applied to concurrently improve the physicochemical properties of the involved drugs. The comparative evaluation of cocrystalline and coamorphous forms comprised of a given drug combination aid in finding the optimal solid form for the development of synergistic formulations. Gefitinib (GTB) and dasatinib (DAS) are oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors exhibiting synergistic effects against cancer cells. However, they both belong to BCS II drugs showing solubility that differ by several times. To optimize the performance of hybrid drugs, one cocrystal (<strong>GTB-DAS·2H<small>₂</small>O</strong>) and one coamorphous solid form (<strong>GTB-DAS CM</strong>) were successfully prepared and fully characterized by XRD, <small>¹</small>H NMR, TG, DSC, FTIR and DVS measurements. Crystal structural and Hirshfeld surface analysis shows GTB molecular layers are intercalated with layers of DAS <em>via</em> van der Waals interactions and weak hydrogen bonding interactions in the cocrystal. The stability and tabletability properties of <strong>GTB-DAS·2H<small>₂</small>O</strong> and <strong>GTB-DAS CM</strong> were evaluated, and the dissolution performance was studied in terms of <em>T</em><small>_max</small> (time to peak drug concentration), <em>C</em><small>_max</small> (maximum drug concentration) and AUC (area under the curve of dissolution profiles). Overall, <strong>GTB-DAS·2H<small>₂</small>O</strong> shows superior stability and tabletability properties, and synchronized drug release with improved dissolution performance, making it a more promising and reliable solid form for the development of combinational therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 3","pages":" 598-610"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00237g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Spinacia oleracea leaf extract concentration on silver nanoparticle formation and evaluation of antimicrobial properties","authors":"Tamara Akpobolokemi, Etelka Chung, Rocio Teresa Martinez-Nunez, Guogang Ren, Bahijja Tolulope Raimi Abraham and Alex Griffiths","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00302K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00302K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Plant mediated nanofabrication is a sustainable strategy for generating biocompatible nanomaterials with diverse industrial applications. Despite growing interest, there remain notable gaps in the understanding of the influence of plant extract concentration on the physiochemical properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), particularly regarding their size. Conflicting reports suggest an increase in AgNP size with increased extract concentration, and others suggest the opposite. To address this, this study explores the influence of varying <em>Spinacia oleracea</em> (<em>S. oleracea</em>) leaf extract concentrations on the physiochemical properties of AgNPs and their antimicrobial activity against Gram negative (<em>Escherichia coli</em>), Gram positive (<em>Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes</em>) bacteria and Fungi (<em>Candida albicans</em>). Hence, our investigation encompasses persistent infection-causing microorganisms currently plagued with drug resistance issues. This study's findings will enhance understanding of this sustainable nanofabrication approach, highlighting AgNP's potential application as novel antimicrobial agents. Results confirmed spherical nanoranged AgNPs were synthesised, obtaining AgNP-2%, AgNP-3%, AgNP-4%, AgNP-7%, and AgNP-10% v/v <em>S. oleracea</em> leaf extract. Our analysis revealed a consistent trend of size reduction with increasing extract concentration: AgNP-2% (173 nm), AgNP-3% (211 nm), AgNP-4% (148 nm), AgNP-7% (120 nm), and AgNP-10% (109 nm). Regarding antimicrobial activity, the lower concentration AgNPs (AgNP-2% and AgNP-3%) showed no activity, while all the higher concentrations AgNPs displayed full inhibition of all tested microbes. In summary, our research emphasises the significance of plant extract concentration in optimising AgNP synthesis and size reduction. The demonstrated antimicrobial properties suggest promising applications in industries such as environmental (water purification), biomedical (wound healing, drug delivery), and agricultural (pesticides, water remediation).</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 353-368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00302k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled isolation of a novel polymorphic form of chlorothiazide by spray drying†","authors":"Alice Parkes, Enrico Spoletti, John O'Reilly, Matteo Lusi, Ahmad Ziaee and Emmet O'Reilly","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00286E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00286E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study outlines a route to producing a novel polymorphic form of chlorothiazide (CTZ). CTZ was spray dried using three different atomising gas flowrate settings to determine whether it has any effect on the solid-state of CTZ. At a lower atomising gas flowrate, a new form of CTZ, CTZ form IV, was obtained in pure form, whereas at the highest atomising gas flowrate, a mixture of CTZ form I and CTZ form IV was obtained. The morphology of CTZ form I was prism-shaped, and the new form, CTZ form IV, consisted of spherical clusters, some of which were porous and some non-porous. As a result of the rapid drying process, acetone was trapped within the porous clusters and could be released by milling. CTZ form IV has been shown to be stable at room temperature and below 40% relative humidity (RH); however, after 1 week of stability under accelerated conditions of 40 °C/75% RH, CTZ form IV converted to CTZ form I. Also, at high temperatures between 150 °C and 175 °C, CTZ form IV converted to form I, with the simultaneous release of acetone upon its morphology change. This study demonstrates how spray drying can be useful to discover new forms of APIs by a controlled drying process.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 398-412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00286e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumor immunotherapy by plasmid DNAs encoding adenovirus virus-associated RNA†","authors":"Tomoko Ito, Takayuki Yoshimoto, Izuru Mizoguchi and Yoshiyuki Koyama","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00219A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00219A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Immunotherapy has become a most promising weapon for cancer treatment; however, tumor antigens generally exhibit low immunogenicity, limiting its effectiveness. In contrast, viral infections efficiently trigger innate and adaptive immunity. This is attributed to the high immunogenicity of microbial antigens and also to the activation of pattern recognition receptors such as retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I). Upon recognizing viral RNA, RIG-I induces secretion of type-I interferons (IFNs). Type I IFNs not only invite antiviral effects but also plays an effective role in cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, activation of RIG-I by the ligands has gained attention as a novel cancer immunotherapy in recent years. Virus-associated RNAs (VA-RNA I and VA-RNA II) are non-coding small RNAs generated from the adenovirus genome. VA-RNA I strongly activates RIG-I, leading to type-I IFN production. In this study, plasmid DNAs encoding both VA-RNA I and II [pDNA(I,II)] or only VA-RNA I [pDNA(I)] were prepared, and their IFN inducing and anti-tumor effects were investigated. In culture cells, introduction of pDNA(I,II) or pDNA(I) effectively induced both IFN-α and IFN-β production. Both plasmids significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice. pDNA(I) exhibited superior IFN-inducing and anti-tumor effects compared to pDNA(I,II). VA-RNA I gene administration holds promise as a novel anti-tumor immunotherapy strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 257-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00219a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-invasive quantitative chemical measurements of liposomal formulations using Raman spectroscopy†","authors":"Elizabeth J. Legge, Ryan T. Coones, William A. Lee, Yiwen Pei, Natalie A. Belsey and Caterina Minelli","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00238E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00238E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >With a growing interest towards low batch-volume personalised medicines and continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, the need for robust non-invasive quality control analytical methods is becoming increasingly important. Current methods for the quantification of total and encapsulated drug in a liposomal formulation include reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet or fluorescence spectroscopy, which requires sample consumption after procedures such as ultrafiltration to separate the free drug from the encapsulated drug. We have developed and tested a method to perform non-invasive Raman spectroscopy measurements on liposomal doxorubicin. Raman spectroscopy provides chemically specific, potentially quantitative information, with measurements able to be performed on the contents of a sealed glass vial. We developed and validated the method by using a model system of polystyrene (PS) nanospheres and produced calibration curves for the concentration of PS at sizes of 40 nm, 125 nm and 200 nm. We then applied the same method to a liposomal doxorubicin formulation to measure the concentration of lipidic and drug components, and differences in the percentage of encapsulated drug. Our results show that by this method we can measure differences in doxorubicin concentration of 0.25 mg ml<small>⁻¹</small> and distinguish between free and encapsulated doxorubicin down to a minimal relative concentration of 2.3%.</p>","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 279-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00238e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}