RSC Pharmaceutics最新文献_第3页

Development and characterization of a gallic acid-infused topical emulgel for enhanced wound management: formulation and in vitro optimization

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00297K

Sourav Dhandhi, Yeshna, Vishal, Monika, Samrat Chauhan, Monika Singh, Rahul Pratap Singh and Vikas Jhawat

{"title":"Development and characterization of a gallic acid-infused topical emulgel for enhanced wound management: formulation and in vitro optimization","authors":"Sourav Dhandhi, Yeshna, Vishal, Monika, Samrat Chauhan, Monika Singh, Rahul Pratap Singh and Vikas Jhawat","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00297K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00297K","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to develop and characterize a topical emulgel for wound management, combining gallic acid with skin-permeable excipients and optimized the gelation process for consistency and stability, ensuring ease of application and prolonged drug release. The emulgel was analyzed for physicochemical properties, including rheological and texture analysis, which assessed gel strength, viscosity, spreadability, and adherence. Drug release was evaluated using in vitro models under varying conditions to determine the optimal formulation for sustained delivery. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was also tested, revealing the gel's potential to reduce inflammation and wound symptoms. Key metrics showed spreadability ranged from 7.6 to 9.4 cm, viscosity from 3100 to 5230 cps, drug content from 81% to 94%, and cumulative drug release from 55% to 85%. These findings support the potential of topical emulgels for enhanced wound care through localized drug delivery, better patient compliance, and minimized systemic effects.","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 2","pages":" 333-341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00297k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microfluidics-generated PLA nanoparticles: impact of purification method on macrophage interactions, anti-inflammatory effects, biodistribution, and protein corona formation 微流体生成的聚乳酸纳米颗粒：纯化方法对巨噬细胞相互作用、抗炎作用、生物分布和蛋白冠形成的影响

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00233D

Jacob R. Shaw, Radha Vaidya, Fanny Xu, Shruti Dharmaraj and Ryan M. Pearson

{"title":"Microfluidics-generated PLA nanoparticles: impact of purification method on macrophage interactions, anti-inflammatory effects, biodistribution, and protein corona formation","authors":"Jacob R. Shaw, Radha Vaidya, Fanny Xu, Shruti Dharmaraj and Ryan M. Pearson","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00233D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4PM00233D","url":null,"abstract":"Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are traditionally formulated using batch methodologies that are poorly scalable and require time consuming, hands-on purification procedures. Here, we prepared poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based polymeric NPs using a scalable microfluidics-based method and systematically investigated the impact of purification method (centrifugation versus tangential flow filtration (TFF)) to remove poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on macrophage uptake, anti-inflammatory effects, biodistribution, and protein corona formation. TFF purification demonstrated significantly higher recovery of NPs compared to the centrifugation method, with little-to-no aggregation observed. PVA removal efficiency was superior with centrifugation, although TFF was comparable. NP cellular association, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, and in vivo biodistribution studies suggested purification method-dependent alterations, which were correlated with protein corona profiles. This study underscores the potential of TFF, combined with microfluidics, as an efficient and high-yield purification method for NPs, and reveals the need for extensive confirmation of NP biological activity alongside physicochemical properties when developing NP therapeutics at-scale.","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 1","pages":" 135-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11615567/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heparin sodium enriched gelatin/polycaprolactone based multi-layer nanofibrous scaffold for accelerated wound healing in diabetes 富肝素钠明胶/聚己内酯多层纳米纤维支架加速糖尿病伤口愈合

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00130C

Madhukiran R. Dhondale, Manjit Manjit, Abhishek Jha, Manish Kumar, Kanchan Bharti, Dinesh Kumar and Brahmeshwar Mishra

{"title":"Heparin sodium enriched gelatin/polycaprolactone based multi-layer nanofibrous scaffold for accelerated wound healing in diabetes","authors":"Madhukiran R. Dhondale, Manjit Manjit, Abhishek Jha, Manish Kumar, Kanchan Bharti, Dinesh Kumar and Brahmeshwar Mishra","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00130C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00130C","url":null,"abstract":"Multilayered nanofibrous scaffolds (MNSs) obtained by electrospinning have gained widespread attention owing to their control over the delivery of drugs. However, polymer and drug solubility issues in common solvent systems still limit their applications. The present work employed acetic acid : water : ethyl acetate (4 : 4 : 2 v/v/v) as a common solvent system for dissolving gelatin and heparin sodium (HS). A GL 20% w/v solution showing optimum viscosity and conductivity, and high encapsulation (89.2 ± 2.13%) was selected. Additionally, TPGS-1000 incorporated in GL reduced the surface tension for better electrospinning and additional free-radical scavenging activity (∼6 fold of blank nanofibers). The central layer was surrounded by upper and lower PCL–GL layers to control the release of the hydrophilic drug (HS). The electrospun PCL : GL layer sustained the release for ∼24 hours. The developed multilayered nanofibrous scaffolds showed accelerated wound healing in a diabetic rat model. Histological analysis of the wound confirmed the accelerated re-epithelialization and reduced inflammatory response. Laser Doppler flowmetry further showed a significant improvement in the blood flow at the wound site at day 14 and day 21, revealing neovascularization. Therefore, the developed multilayered nanofibrous scaffolds provided a plausible method for fabricating regenerative scaffolds for drug delivery and diabetic wound healing.","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 5","pages":" 1021-1032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/pm/d4pm00130c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Systematic antimicrobial, biofilm, free radical inhibition and tyrosinase inhibition assessments of efficient green silver nanoparticles from the aqueous root extract of Cyphostemma adenocaule (CA) 绿银纳米粒子的抗菌、生物膜抑制、自由基抑制和酪氨酸酶抑制研究

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00173G

Kamalakkannan Kaliappan, Pradeep Nagarajan, Jayaprakash Jayabalan, Hemalatha Pushparaj, Selvaraja Elumalai, Baranidharan Paramanathan, Vijayabaskaran Manickam, Huyn Tae Jang and Ganesh Mani

{"title":"Systematic antimicrobial, biofilm, free radical inhibition and tyrosinase inhibition assessments of efficient green silver nanoparticles from the aqueous root extract of Cyphostemma adenocaule (CA)","authors":"Kamalakkannan Kaliappan, Pradeep Nagarajan, Jayaprakash Jayabalan, Hemalatha Pushparaj, Selvaraja Elumalai, Baranidharan Paramanathan, Vijayabaskaran Manickam, Huyn Tae Jang and Ganesh Mani","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00173G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00173G","url":null,"abstract":"A novel, fast and optimized etiquette for the production of silver nanoparticles using the root extract of Cyphostemma adenocaule (CA) is reported in our study. This plant is known to possess many natural terpenes, glycosides and sterols, which can reduce AgNO3 solution. Typical physiochemical analyses like UV-spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize and confirm the synthesis of the produced nanoparticles. The XRD and TEM analyses validated that the obtained particles were spherical shaped with the average size of 18 nm. The CA–AgNPs depicted excellent anti-bacterial activity against the studied gram (+ve) and (−ve) microorganisms and showed a very good S. aureus biofilm in a dose-dependent response (a maximum inhibition of 88% at a 125 μg mL−1 dose). Further results proved its ability to neutralize ABTS free radicals (96.5% neutralization was noted at a 200 μg mL−1 dose with the IC50 value of 48.62 μg mL−1) and mushroom tyrosinase enzyme (tyrosinase is the enzyme responsible for hyperpigmentation) inhibition from 34.25% ± 3.68% to 90.90% ± 3.45%, with the highest activity at 100 μg mL−1. The above results indicate the potential of silver nanoparticles as antibacterial and antioxidant agents and tyrosinase inhibitors in the food, cosmetics and medicinal industries.","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 1","pages":" 147-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00173g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Herceptin-conjugated plasmonic gold nanocapsules for targeted NIR-II photothermal therapy† 靶向NIR-II光热治疗的赫赛汀偶联等离子体金纳米胶囊

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00244J

Prem Singh, Ankita Sarkar, Nivedita Mukherjee and Amit Jaiswal

{"title":"Herceptin-conjugated plasmonic gold nanocapsules for targeted NIR-II photothermal therapy†","authors":"Prem Singh, Ankita Sarkar, Nivedita Mukherjee and Amit Jaiswal","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00244J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00244J","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, researchers have extensively studied nanomaterials for plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT), with most of the research focused on those active in the near-infrared I (NIR I) window (λ = 650–950 nm). However, there is growing interest in developing nanomaterials that are active in the near-infrared II (NIR II) region (λ = 950–1300 nm) due to the better penetrability and higher tolerance limit of NIR II light by human skin. In this study, the potential of gold nanocapsules (Au Ncap) with a rattle-like structure, consisting of a solid gold bead core and a porous, thin, rod-shaped gold shell was investigated for PPTT. Specifically, the targeted in vitro photothermal activity of Herceptin-conjugated gold nanocapsules that are active in both the NIR I and II regions are explored towards the Her2 positive SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell line. The conjugation of SH-PEG and Herceptin molecules on the surface of gold nanocapsules was validated through a detailed X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The Au Ncap exhibited high photothermal conversion efficiency of 38.6% and in vitro PPTT results showed its excellent cytotoxicity against the SK-BR-3 cell line leading to apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that this nanostructure can serve as an efficient photothermal agent in the NIR II region showing excellent PPTT activity at a low laser power density of 0.5 W cm−2.","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 1","pages":" 124-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00244j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Controlling the solid-state and particle properties of a fixed-dose combination co-amorphous system by spray drying† 用喷雾干燥法控制固定剂量组合共晶体系的固态和颗粒特性

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00257A

Alice Parkes, Ahmad Ziaee and Emmet O'Reilly

{"title":"Controlling the solid-state and particle properties of a fixed-dose combination co-amorphous system by spray drying†","authors":"Alice Parkes, Ahmad Ziaee and Emmet O'Reilly","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00257A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00257A","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling the solid-state stability of co-amorphous drug delivery systems has been an ongoing challenge in the pharmaceutical field to date. The main route to stabilise co-amorphous systems is to increase excipient load either in the co-amorphous formulation or via an additional excipient, creating a ternary amorphous system. Increasing excipient load in a formulation can have disadvantages such as producing large oral dosage forms. In this work, the impact of spray drying process parameters on the formation and short-term stability of a drug–drug co-amorphous mixture in the absence of any excipients is investigated. A 9-point design of experiments (DoE) was conducted to assess the impact of atomising gas flowrate and feed flowrate on the co-amorphous formation and stability. It was found that when the outlet temperature was fixed at 50 °C, the atomising gas flowrate had a more significant effect on the physical stability of the co-amorphous mixture than the feed flowrate. Monitoring the stability of formulations at accelerated stability conditions (40 °C per 75% relative humidity) showed that the co-amorphous systems produced at higher atomising gas flowrates, with smaller droplet sizes and subsequent particle sizes, exhibited a higher stability than those produced at lower atomising gas flowrates. Co-amorphous systems produced at the higher atomising gas flowrates remained stable for the 3-month stability testing period demonstrating that the co-amorphous physical stability can be controlled by optimising the spray drying process. The results presented in this study have significant implications for producing co-amorphous drug delivery systems with a high physical stability without the addition of excipients by spray drying.","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 1","pages":" 102-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00257a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Increased thermal stability and retained antibacterial properties in a sulbactam and amantadine salt: towards effective antibacterial–antiviral combination therapies† 舒巴坦和金刚烷胺盐中增加的热稳定性和保留的抗菌特性：朝向有效的抗菌抗病毒联合疗法†

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00247D

Josephine Bicknell, Ivan Bondarenko, Alice Colatrella, Elani J. Cabrera-Vega, Jesus Daniel Loya, Delbert S. Botes, Jay L. Mellies and Gonzalo Campillo-Alvarado

引用次数: 0

Nano–bio interactions and drug delivery using soft nanoparticles: a new paradigm in pharmaceutical cargo release 纳米生物相互作用和使用软纳米颗粒的药物递送：药物货物释放的新范例

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00170B

Rohini Singh, Fei Rui Long, Anjali Saini, Natali Joma, Abhirup Basu, Morteza Mahmoudi, Hojatollah Vali and Ashok Kakkar

{"title":"Nano–bio interactions and drug delivery using soft nanoparticles: a new paradigm in pharmaceutical cargo release","authors":"Rohini Singh, Fei Rui Long, Anjali Saini, Natali Joma, Abhirup Basu, Morteza Mahmoudi, Hojatollah Vali and Ashok Kakkar","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00170B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00170B","url":null,"abstract":"The bilateral relationship between nanomaterials and biological systems can play a significant role in therapeutic interventions and diagnostics. The nanomaterials may lose their synthetic identity after encountering biological fluids (e.g., serum or plasma), and it might lead to unintended outcomes in real-time applications. Despite advances in nanomedicine, clinical translation and overall patient survival using nanoformulations have largely remained elusive. The layer of biomolecules formed around nanoparticles (NPs), often referred to as protein-corona (PC), can impact their physicochemical properties, including size, surface charge/chemistry, chemical composition, solubility, etc. Recently, a few mechanistic evaluations have demonstrated that the formation of a corona layer on nanoparticles can also have a consequential effect on the release profiles of polymeric soft NPs. To evaluate their therapeutic efficacy and resolve discrepancies that exist between in vitro and in vivo results, transition of NPs from their native to the corona-coupled state and its impact on unloading of their cargo need to be understood. Here, we highlight (i) how inherent properties of polymer precursors can affect PC build-up on soft NPs and its impact on cargo-release kinetics and (ii) limitations of existing methods in analyzing PC in complex systems, with emphasis on the impact nano–bio interactions have on the soft nanoparticle-based drug delivery domain.","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 1","pages":" 44-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00170b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A novel solid formulation of a rivaroxaban eutectic using a hot melt extruder with improved thermal stability and dissolution profile† 一种新型的利伐沙班共晶固体配方，采用热熔挤出机，具有更好的热稳定性和溶解谱†

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00253A

Parth S. Shaligram, Ranjitsinh Pawar, Nagabhushan Shet and Rajesh G. Gonnade

{"title":"A novel solid formulation of a rivaroxaban eutectic using a hot melt extruder with improved thermal stability and dissolution profile†","authors":"Parth S. Shaligram, Ranjitsinh Pawar, Nagabhushan Shet and Rajesh G. Gonnade","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00253A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00253A","url":null,"abstract":"The current work aims to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and stability of the poorly water-soluble drug rivaroxaban (RXB) by preparing an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of its eutectic with mandelic acid (MA) as an acidic coformer. Eutectics generally have lower melting points compared to their constituents. Hence, they can be used to lower the processing temperature of the drug to prevent its thermal degradation under a hot melt extruder (HME). Six eutectics of RXB were prepared with various carboxylic acid coformers. The eutectic of RXB and MA (1 : 4, mol/mol), which had the lowest melting point, was selected for the HME process. A hydrophilic polymeric matrix was used to prepare the ASD of the selected eutectic. The resultant extruded filament was further subjected to solubility and dissolution studies. We could load up to 25% RXB–MA eutectic in the polymer matrix to yield a complete ASD of RXB–MA at a lower processing temperature of 110 °C. The ASD of the RXB–MA eutectic showed three times the drug release compared to pure RXB. The RXB–MA (1 : 4) eutectic lowered the HME process temperature, further enhancing the thermal stability, solubility and dissolution rate of RXB. The solubility and dissolution rate enhancement might favourably impact the drug's bioavailability.","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 1","pages":" 114-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00253a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Navigating rheumatoid arthritis: insights into ligand-anchored nanoparticle strategies for anti-inflammatory therapy and relief 导航类风湿性关节炎：洞察配体锚定纳米颗粒策略抗炎治疗和缓解

RSC Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1039/D4PM00133H

Shriya Karmarkar, Trinette Fernandes, Zainab Choonia, Sankalp Gharat and Sujata Sawarkar

{"title":"Navigating rheumatoid arthritis: insights into ligand-anchored nanoparticle strategies for anti-inflammatory therapy and relief","authors":"Shriya Karmarkar, Trinette Fernandes, Zainab Choonia, Sankalp Gharat and Sujata Sawarkar","doi":"10.1039/D4PM00133H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00133H","url":null,"abstract":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that primarily affects the synovial joints, causing substantial physical impairment, socioeconomic challenges and, in severe cases, death. Symptoms often appear between the ages of 35 and 60, with varying severity caused by periods of remission and exacerbation. In addition, children under the age of 16 might develop juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). According to a 2021 CDC poll, the World Health Organization estimates that 14 million people worldwide suffer with RA, with 0.92% of India's adult population afflicted. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (sDMARDs), and biological DMARDs are among the current therapeutic interventions. However, these therapies frequently exhibit limitations such as systemic side effects, short biological half-lives, erratic absorption, and frequent dosing regimens. Recent advances in ligand-based nanotechnology have introduced ligands such as folic acid and sialic acid that improve the targeted delivery when conjugated with nanoparticles. This approach has demonstrated efficacy in improving therapeutic outcomes while alleviating the side effects associated with conventional drug delivery systems. This review highlights the key molecular targets in RA, including T cells, B cells, and TNF-α, while exploring novel ligand-based active targeting strategies as innovative therapeutic avenues. Furthermore, it gives in-depth insights into critical molecular targets and their corresponding ligands, emphasizing the rising importance of ligand-based nanotechnology in the development of targeted drug therapy for autoimmune illnesses such as RA. The findings show the potential for these technologies to revolutionize RA therapy by improving medication specificity and reducing side effects via precise novel targeting mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":101141,"journal":{"name":"RSC Pharmaceutics","volume":" 1","pages":" 19-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/pm/d4pm00133h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0