RSC Applied Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Will it blend? Exploring the viscoelastic characteristics of P3HT-polyborosiloxane blends towards flexible electronic materials†","authors":"Peter A. Gilhooly-Finn, Megan M. Westwood and Bob C. Schroeder","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00163J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4LP00163J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Blending organic semiconducting polymers with elastomeric materials has been shown to be a successful method for improving the flexibility of wearable electronics. One such elastomer that has not been readily explored in combination with an organic semiconducting polymer is polyborosiloxane (PBS). PBS shows remarkable viscoelastomeric properties, due to the borate ester groups that crosslink the siloxane backbones, demonstrating a dynamic covalent crosslinking mechanism. The detailed study presented here showcases the properties of two different PBS elastomers and the effect of blending a well-known organic semiconducting polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Compatibility studies showed that one elastomer blends more favourably than the other due to differences in the crosslinking density leading to the formation of P3HT crystallites within the blend. The viscoelastic properties of the PBS : P3HT blends are studied through detailed rheological experiments and the relaxation processes are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 1182-1192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11498086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of shoe sole waste into high-performance cationic dye sorbents via sulfonation†","authors":"Mark Robertson, Andrew Barbour and Zhe Qiang","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00281D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00281D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)-based copolymers are widely employed in various applications such as packaging, adhesives, and shoe soles due to their relatively low cost and versatile properties, which are controlled by their chemical composition. Noteworthily, EVA in shoe soles is commonly crosslinked, which is necessary to increase their melt strength and other material properties for durable use. However, this crosslinked nature precludes traditional melt reprocessing to address the end-of-life of crosslinked EVA materials, posing a critical sustainability challenge for waste management which necessitates new recycling methods. This work develops a simple sulfonation-based method to valorize virgin EVA and shoe soles from real-world waste, imparting sulfonic acid groups on to the polymer backbones, while partially retaining the macroscopic foam structures. The reaction kinetics of sulfonation-based functionalization and their impact on the development of pore structures of EVA and their derived shoe wastes are systematically investigated. Importantly, the presence of acid groups from the upcycled shoe wastes leads to strong interactions with cationic micropollutants, enabling their high performance as sorbent materials for water remediation. The resulting materials can efficiently remove methylene blue and crystal violet from aqueous solution, exhibiting high sorption capacity and fast kinetics. Collectively, this work demonstrates a simple method to convert real-world shoe sole waste into value-enhanced sorbent products with high potential to address emerging micropollutant threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 1157-1169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00281d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlating processing induced orientation with tensile properties for mass polymerized acrylonitrile butadiene styrene test specimens†","authors":"E. Fernandez, M. Edeleva, L. Cardon and D. R. D'hooge","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00238E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00238E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this research, we deal with the link between tensile properties and processing-related morphology variations for mass polymerized acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (mABS). The orientation of multi-core polybutadiene (PB) particles, which are intrinsic to mABS, is investigated regarding flow, shear and cooling changes during sample production. The effect of a different sample size and annealing on the tensile responses has been verified by considering ISO 527 1A and 1BA dog bone samples. For the thin 1BA bars, multiple injection velocities and cooling rates during injection molding have been tested to obtain a more pure correlation between morphology and tensile properties. To perform comparable tensile measurements using both types of dog bone samples, a testing method has been designed for which a relation is included between the sample gauge length and cross head velocity, enabling the comparison of elastic deformation for ISO 527 1A and 1BA mABS samples. Regarding the mABS part morphology, injection molded parts display a skin-shear-core gradient morphology with respect to the PB-particle size and orientation. Annealing of both types of injection molded samples successfully removes most flow-induced orientation of the rubber particles but also results in a change in PB morphology by dissolving a small fraction of the rubber into the SAN matrix, forming PB-nanoparticles. These small particles promote shear bands upon craze-based deformation and therefore positively contribute to the sample toughness. High flow-induced orientation within mABS parts causes a significantly increased tensile stiffness, strength and toughness along the flow direction. Irrespective of the PB orientation, tensile bars with a large surface roughness experience early failure, due to premature craze and crack initiation at the sample surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 1032-1042"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00238e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new way to improve the fire safety of polyurethane composites with the assistance of metal–organic frameworks","authors":"Jinhu Hu, Ye-Tang Pan, Keqing Zhou, Pingan Song and Rongjie Yang","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00257A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00257A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Polyurethane (PU) is extensively utilized for its outstanding properties. However, its flammability and the substantial release of toxic smoke and harmful gases during combustion pose significant safety concerns in practical applications. Consequently, the development of efficient flame-retardant PU materials has become a critical priority. In recent years, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable interest as innovative flame retardants. Thanks to their structural diversity, large specific surface area, tunable porosity, and multifunctional properties, MOF materials show significant promise in improving the flame retardancy of PU. MOFs not only catalyze the formation of stable char layers during PU combustion but also adsorb and trap smoke and toxic gases, all while avoiding the release of corrosive or toxic gases at high temperatures, unlike conventional flame retardants. This review systematically compiles the latest progress in using MOFs to enhance PU flame retardancy, with an emphasis on their applications in polyurethane elastomers (PUE), thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU), and polyurethane foams (PUF). This paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the flame-retardant effects of various MOF structures and investigates the synergistic interactions between MOFs and other flame retardants. Additionally, this work identifies current challenges and future development paths, offering theoretical guidance and research avenues for advancing efficient and safe flame-retardant PU materials. This is crucial for enhancing the safety of PU materials and broadening their application areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 996-1012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00257a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sonication labile PEG-based hydrogel system for biological component suspension and subsequent degradation†","authors":"Meagan N. Arguien, Joshua T. Kamps, Sarah A. Muth, Marianela Trujillo-Lemon and Christopher N. Bowman","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00161C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00161C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This work synthesizes poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers that incorporate a phthalaldehyde moiety located at crosslink junctions. This location facilitates the severing of the polymer network when bond scission of the phthalaldehyde unit occurs with mechanical stimulation. As these networks degrade, the mechanical properties are analyzed to better understand how sonication driven degradation affects a polymer network – specifically looking at the degradation profile in hydrogel systems through the mass loss and storage modulus profiles. Comparison of hydrogels containing phthalaldehyde units with hydrogels that do not have the mechanophore pre- and post-mechanical stimulation provides evidence that the incorporation of the mechanophore at these crosslink junctions reduces the storage modulus by a factor of ten and results in greater than 90% decrease of the gel mass after 15 minutes of probe sonication, leading to breaking the network into soluble daughter fragments. The network degradation conditions of these hydrogels are shown to be compatible with biological component suspension and release for applications such as localized payload release.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 1147-1156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00161c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the cross-linked structures of polymer gels containing iron porphyrins on photoreduction of carbon dioxide†","authors":"Shota Furusawa, Masanori Nagao, Hikaru Matsumoto and Yoshiko Miura","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00135D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00135D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We prepared polystyrene-based polymer gels containing iron porphyrin and evaluated the effects of the cross-linked structures on the photoreduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide. The amount of generated carbon monoxide was influenced by the diffusion of the substrates into the gel structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 1026-1031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00135d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cathodic electrodeposition of polymer networks as ultrathin films on 3-D micro-architected electrodes†","authors":"Zhaoyi Zheng, Anton B. Resing, Wenlu Wang and Jörg G. Werner","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00180J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00180J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Advances in precision coatings are critical in enhancing the functionality of porous materials and the performance of three-dimensionally (3-D) micro-architected devices in applications ranging from molecular sorption and separation to energy storage and conversion. To address this need, we report the cathodic electrodeposition of polymer networks (EPoN) that utilizes the coupling between pre-synthesized polymers with electrochemically active end groups and a complementary crosslinker to form a step-growth polymer network. The electrochemically mediated crosslinking reaction confines the network formation to the electrode surface in a passivating and self-limiting film growth, preventing uncontrolled precipitation and deposition away from the surface. The cathodic electrodeposition is compatible with a variety of conductive substrates, which is demonstrated for 3-D carbons and metals with micron-scale pores of high aspect ratio. The entire pore surface of the 3-D electrodes is enveloped by a conformal polymer thin film that is free of detectable defects and highly electronically insulating for its potential use as an ultrathin artificial electrolyte interphase or solid polymer electrolyte. Since our EPoN concept decouples the polymer functionality from its electrodeposition chemistry, we envision it to be a widely applicable method to coat various conductive non-planar and micro-architected 3-D substrates with polymers of broad functionalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 1139-1146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00180j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescent histidine-derived biodynamers as biocompatible and highly water-soluble copper(ii)-sensors†","authors":"Lena Zeroug-Metz, Mohamed A. M. Kamal, Justine Bassil, Kalanika Elamaldeniya, Bo Hyun Ryu, Eric Buhler and Sangeun Lee","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00126E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00126E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Amino-acid derived biodynamers, characterized as dynamic biopolymers, are synthesized under acidic pH conditions through dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) between amino acid hydrazides and carbazole hexaethylene glycols (CA-HG). In the field of biomedical research, especially for the designs of smart drug delivery systems, DCC has increasingly gained popularity within the last years. Biodynamers possess a range of advantageous properties, such as fluorescence, tunability through amino acid monomer exchange, water solubility, and biocompatibility. These characteristics make them promising materials for a variety of biomedical applications. By leveraging these beneficial traits, biodynamers can be applied as detectors for physiologically important metal ions, utilizing changes in their fluorescence emission upon binding to the DCC framework and polymer's side chains. In this study, we investigated the potential of histidine-based biodynamers (HisBD) for detecting a key biomarker, Cu(<small>II</small>), using <em>in silico</em> simulations and cuvette assays. Our results revealed that HisBD exhibited selective fluorescence in the presence of Cu(<small>II</small>), with approximately 90% quenching of fluorescence due to binding site interactions and side chain effects under physiological conditions. This study broadens the applications of DCC and underscores the potential of HisBD as a candidate for Cu(<small>II</small>) chemosensors, overcoming the limitations of current systems such as limited solubility, sensitivity, and biocompatibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 1124-1138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00126e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organo-disulfide-based particles enable controlled stimulus-triggered cleaning of electrode surfaces†","authors":"Hongyi Zhang, Garrett L. Grocke, Samuel S. Kopfinger, Yilin Wang, Arnav Brahmasandra, Randy H. Ewoldt, Stuart J. Rowan and Shrayesh N. Patel","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00250D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00250D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrode fouling resulting in reduced performance is an ongoing challenge in electrochemical flow cells based on redox active polymers (RAPs). An avenue that holds substantial promise yet remains relatively unexplored involves the strategic design of RAPs capable of undergoing electrochemical stimulation to facilitate <em>in situ</em> electrode cleaning within a flow cell. Herein, a new electrode cleaning strategy is demonstrated through the application of redox-active poly(glycidyl methacrylate) particles crosslinked with 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole disulfide (PGMA–ATDDS). The resulting particles can de-crosslink through cleavage of the disulfide bond using stimuli, such as electrochemical reduction or UV photoexcitation. Using a custom flow cell, applying such a stimulus to an ITO electrode artificially fouled with PGMA–ATDDS in the presence of a fluid flow leads to a significant particle removal (80%) that is over six times more efficient relative to the case when no stimulus is applied. Confocal fluorescence imaging of the electrochemically stimulated electrode highlighted localized disulfide reduction of particles near the electrode surface. It is posited that this selective de-crosslinking and concomitant electrolyte swelling at the particle/electrode interface facilitate particle removal in the presence of a fluid flow. In addition, the regeneration of electrode performance upon cleaning was demonstrated through charging of a redox-active particle suspension of poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) functionalized with dimethylaminoferrocene (PVBC–Fc). Upon electrochemical cleaning of the fouled ITO electrode, the accessible charge of PVBC–Fc was statistically equivalent to the accessible charge measured using a pristine ITO electrode. Overall, this study introduces a new approach for leveraging stimulus-responsive chemistries for RAPs to impart inherent functionality to facilitate in-line electrode cleaning in electrochemical flow cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 1113-1123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00250d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"d-Xylose oxetane copolymers as bioderived and tuneable polyesters for amorphous solid dispersions†","authors":"Ella F. Clark, Alexandra Howard, Sebastian D. Morales Feliu, James F. McCabe, Jonathan C. Burley, Vincenzo Taresco and Antoine Buchard","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00203B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00203B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The ring-opening copolymerisation of cyclic anhydrides with an oxetane derived from natural monosaccharide <small>D</small>-xylose has been used to synthesise fully biobased water soluble polyesters, which are able to stabilise the amorphous phases of nifedipine and mefenamic acid, enhancing their apparent solubility in water up to 918 and 142% respectively. 2D picolitre-scale inkjet-printing, coupled with polarised optical microscopy (POM) analysis, enabled an initial, high-throughput miniaturised (ng–μg scale) screening of drug formulations. The best formulations were scaled up and analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC, revealing interactions between the drugs and polymers. Finally, drug dissolution studies demonstrated the effectiveness of the polymers in improving the drugs’ apparent solubility in water. These results showcase the potential of synthetic carbohydrate polymers as excipient for tailored drug formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 6","pages":" 1104-1112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/lp/d4lp00203b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}