RSC Applied Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Composites of azo-linked pyrene-tetraone porous organic polymers as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries†","authors":"Heba H. Farrag, Eloi Grignon, Alicia M. Battaglia, Jiang Tian Liu and Dwight S. Seferos","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00320A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00320A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Organic redox-active polymers offer a potentially sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional inorganic electrode materials in rechargeable batteries, yet they struggle with low conductivity and stability. Here, we present a novel porous polymer with dual functionality to overcome these challenges. This polymer incorporates carbonyl (C<img>O) groups as redox-active units and azo (N<img>N) groups as linkers, enhancing ion/electron transport and electrode stability by extending conjugation and reducing unused mass. Additionally, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are integrated into these composites to further increase conductivity, leveraging their exceptional electrical properties. We synthesized azo-linked pyrene-tetraone porous polymers with varying CNT loadings (0%, 30%, and 50%), termed Azo-PTP, Azo-PTP30, and Azo-PTP50, respectively, as cathode materials for organic lithium-ion batteries. Our study demonstrates that Azo-PTP50, with 50% CNTs, achieves a two-fold increase in specific capacity compared to its CNT-free counterpart and maintains superior capacity retention over 200 cycles and 93% retention over 1000 cycles, displaying its enhanced performance and stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 2","pages":" 370-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00320a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immobilization and electroactive switching of bovine serum albumin on polypyrrole functionalized bioelectroactive surfaces†","authors":"Danfeng Cao, Mohammad Javad Jafari, Erik Hultin, Anton Nordin, Jacob Rönnqvist, Yusheng Yuan, Emma Rörby, Jan-Ingvar Jönsson, Thomas Ederth, Jose G. Martinez and Edwin W. H. Jager","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00207E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00207E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare cells residing in the bone marrow and give rise to millions of new blood cells daily throughout life. Because of their multipotent, self-renewing nature, they have also been used for several decades to treat hematological disorders. However, HSCs are scarce and difficult to maintain <em>ex vivo</em>, demonstrating the need for developing novel <em>in vitro</em> methods to expand HSCs that mimic the complex <em>in vivo</em> microenvironment in suitable culture tissue plates, in extracellular matrix scaffolds, or on a biochip. One component to include in such an artificial microenvironment is HSC-related growth factors (GFs) immobilized on surfaces that mimic membrane-bound GFs <em>in vivo</em>. In this paper, we have initiated the development of an <em>ex vivo</em> system to study the immobilization of growth factors that sustain HSC maintenance and possibly expansion. However, since HSC-related GFs are expensive we have developed a proof-of-concept model using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an alternative. Polypyrrole (PPy) was electrochemically synthesized in the presence of dicarboxylic acids with different hydrocarbon chain lengths and polycarboxylic acids with different molecular weights as dopants. BSA was immobilized on the PPy surface using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and <em>N</em>-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to couple BSA to the carboxylic acid dopant of PPy. These PPy films with different dopants showed different abilities to immobilize BSA using EDC/NHS coupling and also different surface properties. In addition, owing to the interesting switchable properties of PPy upon alteration of the oxidation/reduction potential, the immobilized BSA could change its presentation on the PPy surface depending on the redox state. To characterize the PPy surfaces and to study the different immobilization results of BSA on these PPy variants with different dopants and different presentation behavior upon redox switching, the electrochemical properties, hydrophobicity, thickness, roughness, surface COOH density and fluorescence labeling were investigated. The results indicate that the polycarboxylic acid dopants could immobilize more BSA on the PPy surface. Moreover, the BSA in the as-fabricated state shows a “collapsed” presentation on the PPy surface, a “less collapsed” presentation in the oxidized state and an “erected” presentation in the reduced state. Cell viability studies using hematopoietic cells showed that the developed PPy-BSA surfaces did not negatively alter cell viability or cell proliferation compared to the control.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 2","pages":" 391-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00207e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triazolinedione-functionalized isoprene rubber composites with self-adhesion via cross-linking with zinc dimethacrylate†","authors":"Kyohei Kotani, Yuji Kitamura, Katsuhiko Tsunoda, Akira Takahashi and Hideyuki Otsuka","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00331D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00331D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We report a novel system for the direct adhesion of cross-linked rubbers based on the introduction of triazolinedione (TAD)-derived urazole moieties into <em>cis</em>-1,4-polyisoprene (PI) followed by the addition of zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) with the aim of forming dissociative ionic cross-links. The modification of PI is achieved by a TAD-based click reaction using 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PhTAD). The formation of cross-linking <em>via</em> the TAD units and ZDMA is demonstrated by the increase in the elastic-torque curves of the resulting rubber composites at elevated temperature. The addition of the radical-trapping agent <em>N</em>-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-<em>N</em>′-phenyl-<em>p</em>-phenylenediamine to the cross-linking system suppresses the increase in its elastic torque, indicating that cross-linking between the TAD units and ZDMA proceeds by a radical mechanism. This mechanism is supported by the fact that the use of either zinc chloride or zinc acetate instead of ZDMA did not show an increase in the elastic torque, excluding the possibility of coordination cross-linking between TAD units and zinc centres. The obtained TAD–ZDMA cross-linked rubbers show unique temperature dependence in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), reflecting the dissociation of the ionic cross-linking at elevated temperatures. Strain–sweep DMA tests showed a typical Payne effect with an increasing amount of TAD units in the PI, supporting the formation of ZDMA–ZDMA filler interactions. Tensile tests revealed that the fracture energies of the TAD-PI/ZDMA composites are comparable to those of samples prepared using a peroxide-based curing system, and a tensile strength of up to 18.2 MPa at 525% elongation was achieved when 3.1 mol% of TAD was incorporated into the PI with 40 phr of ZDMA. A direct adhesion is demonstrated using T-peel tests, in which the adhesion-peeling force reached up to 6.55 N mm<small>⁻¹</small> when 4.3 mol% of TAD was incorporated into the PI with 40 phr of ZDMA. The maximum peeling force shows a good correlation with the difference between the <em>E</em>′ values at 25 °C and 145 °C in the DMA tests, except in the case of the sample with a too-high degree of cross-linking, indicating that the degree of dissociative cross-linking is the main factor determining the adhesion strength in the TAD–ZDMA cross-linking system.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 2","pages":" 347-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00331d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modifying bacterial cellulose dispersions with deep eutectic solvent and pectin to tune the properties of open-celled foams†","authors":"Hareesh Iyer, Aban Mandal, Michael Holden and Eleftheria Roumeli","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00348A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00348A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The overconsumption of plastics has led to a significant micro/nanoplastics pollution problem, driving an urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Synthetic polymer foams such as expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyethylene (PE), and polyurethane (PU), contribute significantly to plastic waste, often ending up in landfills after short service lives. In this article, we present a comprehensive investigation of bacterial cellulose (BC)/pectin composite foams, focusing on how modifications to the biopolymer network and macromolecular interactions influence colloidal and solid-state properties. By treating BC with a citric acid-based deep eutectic solvent (DES), we enhance its colloidal stability, achieving a zeta potential 81.2% more negative, and improve the compressive strength of the resulting foams by 23.8%. Introducing pectin further transforms the structure of the BC network, and significantly alters its electrostatic and rheological properties. The zeta potential reaches absolute values as high as 30.3 mV at 80% pectin, while the recoverability increases and the storage and loss moduli decrease with increasing pectin concentration. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveals modifications in the network structure that provide insight into the substantial changes in the morphological and mechanical properties of the foams. The resulting binary biopolymer foams demonstrate strength and stiffness rivaling those of synthetic polymer foams of similar density. Overall, we demonstrate the critical role of colloidal interactions in tuning the mechanical properties of binary biopolymer solid foams, and highlight the potential of this sustainable and biodegradable system to address pressing environmental issues caused by plastic waste.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 2","pages":" 407-419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00348a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance multi-functional solar panel coatings: recent advances, challenges, strategies and industrial aspects","authors":"Anil Kumar Padhan, Vaishakhi Singh, Saptarshi Ray and Ravi Kumar Voolapalli","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00295D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00295D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Solar energy conversion is one of the most sustainable and cleanest methods of generating electricity to address the world's expanding energy needs. Solar cell panels, utilized in this conversion process, have exhibited significant advancements in efficiency over the years, primarily attributed to material design. Despite these improvements, the accumulation of dust on the solar panel surfaces compromises a significant portion of the power conversion efficiency of solar cell modules. Additional factors that reduce the efficiency of solar panels are fog and damage or cracks induced by adverse weather conditions. Therefore, there has been a recent surge in the development of multi-functional surface coatings for solar panels, aiming to impart properties like self-cleaning, anti-reflection, anti-fogging, anti-icing, self-stratifying, and self-healing. This review provides an overview of the current state of solar panel coatings with various functionalities such as self-cleaning, anti-reflection, anti-fogging, and self-healing. At the outset of the review, the fundamental concept of antireflective and self-cleaning properties is covered, which is followed by a discussion of various materials used in solar panel coatings. This review provided an in-depth mechanistic analysis of different micro/nanostructures or roughness in wettability and how surface functionalization with different functional groups changes the wettability. Also, the various factors affecting self-cleaning performance, such as the pinning effect, are presented. Furthermore, new developments in advanced coatings with hybrid functionalities, such as self-healing performance and self-stratifying coatings, are presented. This review also analyzes the several commercial grades of materials used in solar panel coatings. Additionally, this review highlights emerging trends in multi-functional coating materials and their corresponding advantages for enhancing solar panel performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 2","pages":" 317-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00295d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear-stiffening supramolecular polymers: fabrication, modification and application","authors":"Nan Li, Shiyu Gu, Qi Wu and Jinrong Wu","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00316K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00316K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Next-generation flexible protective devices with softer, thinner, and better impact-resistance properties that can meet the extensive and rigorous impact-protection requirements in emerging fields such as aerospace, transportation, and electronics have attracted much attention. Shear-stiffening supramolecular polymers (SSSPs) represent an emerging class of impact-protection materials whose modulus significantly increases with the external strain rate, providing an excellent impact-resistance ability. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive summary of SSSPs in terms of their aspects ranging from syntheses and structures to modifications and applications. This review outlines the progress in various fabrication approaches, unique properties and mechanisms of SSSPs since the advent of polyborosiloxane. To address their intrinsic cold-flow drawbacks, we provide an overview of the structural stabilization modifications of SSSPs and their subsequent applications in protection, flame retardancy, and sensors. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects for the further investigation of SSSPs in impact protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 2","pages":" 299-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00316k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of aromatic to quinoidal transformation on the degradation kinetics of imine-based semiconducting polymers†","authors":"Naoya Nozaki, Azalea Uva, Takashi Iwahashi, Hidetoshi Matsumoto, Helen Tran and Minoru Ashizawa","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00310A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00310A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Degradable semiconducting polymers featuring acid-labile imine bonds are often investigated for use in transient electronics. However, the structure–property relationship of these polymers, particularly regarding degradation kinetics, remains underexplored. Herein, we designed and synthesized two imine-based semiconducting polymers which undergo an aromatic to quinoidal transformation upon acidification, leading to slower degradation rates compared to previously reported imine-based polymers. By utilizing a thieno[3,2-<em>b</em>]thiophene (TT)-inserted thienoisoindigo (TII)-dimer unit (TT-(TII-CHO)<small>₂</small>) and two diamines, <em>p</em>-phenylenediamine (PD) and 2,6-naphthalenediamine (2,6ND), we generated polymers p(TT-TII-PD) and p(TT-TII-2,6ND). The insertion of the TT unit between TII units results in high lying HOMO and low lying LUMO levels, facilitating a shift from an aromatic to quinoidal structure in the polymer backbone. Using ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-vis-NIR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we investigated the influence of the quinoidal form on the degradation properties of these polymers. Notably, complete degradation of p(TT-TII-2,6ND) required over 30 days, indicating enhanced stability towards acid compared to previously reported TII-based polymers without the TT unit. Additionally, the protonated polymers demonstrated improved electrical properties compared to the pristine polymers, with field-effect transistor mobilities in the order of 10<small>⁻²</small> cm<small>²</small> V<small>⁻¹</small> s<small>⁻¹</small>. These findings highlight the importance of quinoidal stability in modulating lifetimes and improving charge carrier transport in imine-based semiconducting polymers.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 1","pages":" 257-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00310a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adhesive-less bonding of incompatible thermosetting materials†","authors":"Shhyam Khairkkar, Amol V. Pansare, Shubham V. Pansare, Shraddha Y. Chhatre, Junji Sakamoto, Michel Barbezat, Giovanni P. Terrasi, Vishwanath R. Patil, Amit A. Nagarkar and Masanobu Naito","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00288A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00288A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We show that dynamic covalent exchange at the interface of two thermosetting polymers results in strong bonding between the materials <em>via</em> creation of a new material at the interface. Thus, polymers of significantly different polarities can be bonded without the use of adhesives. We also show that such dynamic covalent exchange is not only limited to the interface but also penetrates into the bulk material (<em>ca.</em> 20 microns), thereby creating a strong bond. The creation of a new material at the interface was confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping as well as a new glass transition temperature at the interface. Using this phenomenon, we show that hydrophobic, compliant polymers can also be used as adhesives for polar, stiff materials. We also show that such dynamic exchange also takes place in the presence of fillers like nano-silica. Lastly, using this technique, we demonstrate the adhesive-less fabrication of layered materials where each layer has vastly different polarities and mechanical properties, thereby tuning the failures modes of the resulting composite material.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 1","pages":" 247-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00288a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymer-based solid electrolyte interphase for stable lithium metal anodes†","authors":"Martino Airoldi, José Augusto Berrocal, Ilja Gunkel and Ullrich Steiner","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00293H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00293H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The uncontrolled formation of a heterogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the growth of dendrites prevent the use of lithium metal anodes in Li-ion batteries. Possible strategies addressing these problems involve the formation of passivation surface coatings on the electrode. This study introduces a surface passivation strategy based on a covalently attached polymer coating to a hydroxide-modified lithium metal surface. The designed layer establishes a homogeneous and ion-permeable artificial SEI layer that is more stable than the untreated lithium metal anode, effectively preventing dead lithium aggregates and dendritic growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 1","pages":" 278-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00293h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An injectable, self-healing, polysaccharide-based antioxidative hydrogel for wound healing†","authors":"Melissa Johnson, Rijian Song, Yinghao Li, Cameron Milne, Zishan Li, Jing Lyu, Sigen A and Wenxin Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4LP00337C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LP00337C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Advanced treatment of chronic wounds is critical to maintaining the physical and mental health of patients and improving their quality of life. Consequently, wound dressings with multifunctional properties are highly desired to achieve high wound closure effectiveness in chronic wound healing clinical applications. Therefore, an antioxidative dynamic hydrogel composed of aldehyde functionalised hyaluronic acid (HA-CHO) and disulfide functionalised chondroitin sulfate (CS-DTP) was designed. A disulfide moiety was utilised to functionalise chondroitin sulfate to introduce antioxidative functionality to the hydrogel scaffold. The dynamic covalent chemistry of the hydrazone network, which forms between the aldehyde and hydrazide functional groups, provides the hydrogel system with the desired properties of <em>in situ</em> rapid gelation and self-healing. The functional group content, rheology, self-healing, responsive degradation rate, ROS scavenging activity and cell biocompatibility of the hydrogels were characterised. Overall, this work demonstrates the facile preparation of a new dynamic hydrogel system, presenting a promising solution for wound care therapy as an antioxidative wound dressing.</p>","PeriodicalId":101139,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Polymers","volume":" 1","pages":" 238-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lp/d4lp00337c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}