Bolivar Reyes-Jaquez, Yusuke Moriguchi, Francesco Margoni
{"title":"The development of gendered leadership cognitions in four societies.","authors":"Bolivar Reyes-Jaquez, Yusuke Moriguchi, Francesco Margoni","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacag074","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chidev/aacag074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most societies perpetuate social disparities based on categories like gender and age. One of the earliest known forms is the control by male individuals of a disproportionately large share of leadership positions. The present study finds striking similarities in the development of leadership predictions (leader = male), personal aspirations, and essentialist thinking of 3- to 12-year-old boys and girls (N = 699; majority White, Asian) across Japan, Italy, USA, and Norway-four societies with contrasting percentages of women in leadership roles. These findings of unity across contexts fail to support prevailing assumptions about the role that cultural features play in differentially forming group-based beliefs and aspirations. Instead, they suggest that gendered leadership cognitions likely follow generalized developmental patterns during childhood.</p>","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":" ","pages":"1028-1037"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147834368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Timing and type of domestic violence exposure and adolescents' experiences of peer violence.","authors":"Unkyung No,Eui Kyung Kim,Sukkyung You","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacag123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag123","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigated whether the timing and type of domestic violence exposure were associated with adolescents' peer violence involvement. Data were drawn from the sixth wave (2023) of the 2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, a nationally representative cohort (Mage = 18.4 years; 53.4% male; N = 2,224). Race/ethnicity was not collected as part of this nationwide panel survey, likely reflecting the high ethnic homogeneity of the South Korean population. Retrospective items captured the first developmental period in which youth experienced caregiver-to-child corporal punishment, verbal abuse, and physical abuse, and witnessed interparental verbal and physical violence. A multiple event process survival mixture model identified three exposure-timing classes: late childhood risk spike (1.1%), multi-period multi-type violence risk (3.6%), and low risk (95.3%). Youth in the multi-period multi-type violence risk class reported higher levels of traditional bullying and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization during the past year of high school compared with the other classes. Findings suggest that onset exposure to multiple forms of domestic violence across developmental periods may serve as an important marker of heightened risk for later peer violence involvement, and support developmentally timed, family- and school-based prevention efforts.","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148379622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Hentschel, Sascha Hein, Nan Li, Clay Westrope, Julia Taladay, Gillian Valentine, James Leckman, Amira Abdurahman, Fatime Bachir, Farah Darwazeh, Xerxes de Castro, Doa Hamdan, Sithon Khun, Sakem Kong, Harouna Mounkaila, Janet Mugo, Mohamed Sagayar, Ali Nashat Shaar, Borin Srey, Adriano S Uaciquete, Nelson Zavale, Liliana Angelica Ponguta
{"title":"Remotely assessing foundational skills of 5-14-year-old children: A six-country psychometric evaluation of the remote assessment of learning (ReAL).","authors":"Elizabeth Hentschel, Sascha Hein, Nan Li, Clay Westrope, Julia Taladay, Gillian Valentine, James Leckman, Amira Abdurahman, Fatime Bachir, Farah Darwazeh, Xerxes de Castro, Doa Hamdan, Sithon Khun, Sakem Kong, Harouna Mounkaila, Janet Mugo, Mohamed Sagayar, Ali Nashat Shaar, Borin Srey, Adriano S Uaciquete, Nelson Zavale, Liliana Angelica Ponguta","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacag044","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chidev/aacag044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximately 250 million children worldwide are out of school. There is growing consensus for investing in feasible, contextually appropriate, psychometrically tested, remote tools to support quality education in low-resource contexts, including low- and middle-income countries and crisis-affected contexts. Save the Children developed the Remote Assessment of Learning (ReAL) to assess 5-14-year-old children's foundational learning. Children (N = 4,840) were sampled from Cambodia, Mozambique, Niger, the occupied Palestinian territories, the Philippines, and Sudan, with an approximately equal proportion of male and female children within each country. The study assessed inter-rater reliability, factor structure, item slope and difficulty, criterion validity, and test-retest reliability. Results show moderate evidence that ReAL is valid and reliable for literacy and numeracy; evidence for social-emotional skills is weaker. This is the first cross-country evaluation of a remote assessment of learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":" ","pages":"1255-1272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Yang, Victoria Zhu, Yufei Gu, Niobe Way, Xuan Li, Lixian Cui, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Xinyin Chen, Sumie Okazaki, Guangzhen Zhang, Zongbao Liang, Theodore E A Waters
{"title":"Sensitive mothers, divergent paths: Differential outcomes for early sensitive caregiving amongst Chinese adolescent boys and girls.","authors":"Rui Yang, Victoria Zhu, Yufei Gu, Niobe Way, Xuan Li, Lixian Cui, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Xinyin Chen, Sumie Okazaki, Guangzhen Zhang, Zongbao Liang, Theodore E A Waters","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacag053","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chidev/aacag053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence of the long-term benefits of early sensitive caregiving is scarce in non-Western samples. This 14-year longitudinal study from urban China (N = 344; 47.97% females) investigated the association between maternal sensitivity observed at age 14 and 24 months and adolescents' internalizing problems at age 15 years. Findings revealed gender-specific patterns: among adolescent girls, early maternal sensitivity was associated with fewer internalizing problems (βs = -0.36 to -0.40) after accounting for their concurrent perceived support. However, for boys, early maternal sensitivity was indirectly associated with higher depression and social anxiety through lower perceived support from teachers and parents. These gender--divergent trajectories highlight that early caregiving experiences may have distinct mental health implications across developmental stages and cultural contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":" ","pages":"1415-1428"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147927094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neighborhood variations in Latin American-origin adolescents' language brokering trajectories.","authors":"Chang Zhao, Rebecca M B White, Kathleen M Roche","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacag038","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chidev/aacag038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Addressing developmental-contextual understandings of Latino/a adolescents' language brokering, we estimated language brokering changes from early to middle adolescence and their variation by neighborhood ethnic-racial compositional characteristics (e.g., % Latino/a residents). Data were collected among 485 Latino/a adolescents (Wave 1: Mage = 13.33 years; 57% girls; 88.7% U.S.-born) from immigrant families in suburban Atlanta, Georgia. Two-level growth models across 10 timepoints (6-month intervals) showed that, on average, language brokering remained stable for everyday and school situations but increased for official situations. Adolescents living in neighborhoods with stronger Latino/a presence and lower out-group exposure, however, showed higher language brokering during early adolescence and increases in everyday and official brokering over time. Findings underscore the context-dependent nature of language brokering development, suggesting gaps in dual-language infrastructure for some families in emerging immigrant areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":" ","pages":"1145-1158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147509907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison helps children form broad explanations.","authors":"Yinyuan Sean Zheng, Dedre Gentner","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacag040","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chidev/aacag040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children gain insight from trying to explain events, in part because self-explaining leads children to focus on broad general patterns. This study examines how children come to discover these broad patterns. We propose that generating explanations invokes comparison, which reveals commonalities that feed into a broad explanation. In three experiments, 4- to 6-year-olds (N = 138; 61 girls; Mage = 5;30; predominantly White; data collected 2023-2024) explained a pattern of outcomes that could result either from a single broad cause or from several specific causes. Children were more likely to arrive at the broad explanation when comparison was available than when it was not (E1: d = 1.67; E2: d = 1.08). The degree of required comparison support lessoned with age. Comparison and self-explanation combined to generate satisfactory explanations (E3: d = -0.91).</p>","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":" ","pages":"1217-1232"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julie M Schneider, Giovanna Morini, Veronica De Jesus, Aquiles Iglesias
{"title":"Development of intrasentential code-switching patterns in Spanish-speaking English learners.","authors":"Julie M Schneider, Giovanna Morini, Veronica De Jesus, Aquiles Iglesias","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacaf059","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chidev/aacaf059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bilingual children often engage in code-switching (CS) or switching between languages. Research indicates CS shifts as a child's L1 and L2 proficiency change, yet little is known about how these patterns unfold in structured academic tasks. This study examined CS in 195 Spanish-speaking English learners on narrative recall tasks in Spanish and English from kindergarten through second grade (4;9-9;1; 57.9% female). In kindergarten, children switched into Spanish on the English task, but by second grade, they switched into English on the Spanish task. The patterns of CS paralleled shifts in relative proficiency: weaker skills in English predicted switching into Spanish, whereas weaker skills in Spanish predicted switching into English. These findings highlight CS as a dynamic reflection of developing bilingual proficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":" ","pages":"1013-1027"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13330871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147834409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comprehension of \"can\" predicts performance on a nonverbal measure of modal concepts at 48 but not 36 months.","authors":"Brian Leahy","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacag108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag108","url":null,"abstract":"Most children use modal words before they turn 3. Do they have the modal concepts that adults express with those words? Existing evidence is conflicted. The current study improves on existing language comprehension tasks and improves on existing nonverbal measures of modal concepts. It applies both tests to the same children for a richer picture of modal cognition. 54 36- and 48-month-olds (29 female, 25 male, 89% White) participated between October 2018 and April 2019. A third of participants fail both tasks, showing no sign of modal concepts. Among 48-month-olds, performance on the tasks is related (log(OR) 1.73); some variable relates these tasks. Possible explanations for the full pattern of data are discussed.","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":"200 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148365612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An associative learning account of how saliva becomes a cue for comfort.","authors":"Deon T Benton,Justine E Hoch","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacag119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag119","url":null,"abstract":"A recent study by Thomas et al. (2022) showed that 8.5- to 10-month-olds use saliva sharing as an indicator of relationship closeness: infants expect that someone who previously shared saliva with a partner will also comfort that partner during times of distress. The current paper offers a mechanistic explanation for this finding. We propose that through everyday experiences, saliva sharing and comforting become integrated into an enriched representation that contains information about both events. Across five simulations, we show that when this proposal is implemented in a connectionist computational model, the model reproduces infants' looking behaviors in the study by Thomas et al. (2022) (Simulation 1), captures the finding that infants' responses were specific to comfort (Simulation 2), predicts bidirectional expectations about saliva sharing and comforting (Simulation 3), and shows that these expectations strengthen with experience and can shift in response to changes in environmental statistics (Simulations 4 and 5). Taken together, our findings suggest that domain-general associative learning can explain how infants come to understand the social meaning of saliva sharing.","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148349355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"If moms do it, it can't be that important: Children's reasoning about gender disparities in domestic work.","authors":"Rebecca Peretz-Lange,Jane Singman","doi":"10.1093/chidev/aacag118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag118","url":null,"abstract":"Gender disparities in domestic work (unpaid household labor, \"DW\") are severe yet understudied developmentally. This study investigated children's awareness of, and attributions for, DW disparities, and whether these processes predict children's attitudes toward DW. Child participants (n = 130, United States 4- to 12-year-olds, 53%F/46%M/1%NB, 56% White, data collected 2022-2025) were aware moms did more DW than dads (d = .79), attributed this to intrinsic gender differences (d = .19), and devalued DW (rating it less important, difficult, and impressive than paid market work, d = -1.59). Awareness and attributions jointly predicted devaluing: The more children attributed DW disparities to intrinsic (rather than extrinsic) causes, the more awareness of DW disparities predicted devaluing DW. Implications for early causal reasoning and disparity reduction are discussed.","PeriodicalId":10109,"journal":{"name":"Child development","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148313824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}