Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America最新文献

{"title":"Correction to “Evaluating routine agronomic soil tests for coastal soil salinity detection in the Mid-Atlantic”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70097","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pokhrel, S., Blew, W., Miller, J. O., &amp; Shober, A. L. (2025). Evaluating routine agronomic soil tests for coastal soil salinity detection in the mid-Atlantic. <i>Soil Science Society of America Journal</i>, <i>89</i>(3), e70075. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70075</p><p>We apologize for the error and any confusion it may have caused.</p><p>In the third paragraph of Section 3.4, “Relationships between Mehlich-3 and ammonium acetate SCR vs SAR” in the Results and Discussion section, “The relationship between ESP_SAR and SCR_M3 was strong (<i>r</i>² = .84; p &lt; .001; Figure 5a). Relationships between SAR and SCR_AA(acid) for acidic soil (<i>r</i>² = .89; p &lt; .001; SAR = 0.26 +0.53 SCR_AA(acid) for acidic soil), SCR_AA(alkaline) for alkaline soil (<i>r</i>² = .87; <i>p</i> &lt; .001; SAR = -0.91+ 0.47 SCR_AA(alkaline) for alkaline soil), and SCR_M3 (<i>r</i>² = .83, <i>p</i> &lt; .001; Figure 5b) were also strong” was incorrect, and this should have read “The relationship between ESP_SAR and SCR_M3 was strong (<i>r</i>² = .87; p &lt; .001; Figure 5a). Relationships between SAR and SCR_AA(acid) for acidic soil (<i>r</i>² = .89; p &lt; .001; SAR = 0.26 +0.53 SCR_AA(acid) for acidic soil), SCR_AA(alkaline) for alkaline soil (<i>r</i>² = .87; <i>p</i> &lt; .001; SAR = -0.91+ 0.47 SCR_AA(alkaline) for alkaline soil), and SCR_M3 (<i>r</i>² = .87, <i>p</i> &lt; .001; Figure 5b) were also strong.”</p><p>We apologize for these errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface soil physical properties and stability: Determined by biological soil crust type and driven by aridity in the desert regions of Northwest China","authors":"Yong-Gang Li,&nbsp;Yun-Jie Huang,&nbsp;Qing Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoying Rong,&nbsp;Ye Tao,&nbsp;Yong-Xing Lu,&nbsp;Ben-Feng Yin,&nbsp;Xiao-Bing Zhou,&nbsp;Yuan-Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70092","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) development is a fundamental factor affecting stability by wind prevention, sand fixation, and desert surface soil stability enhancement, and aridity is an important driver for altering soil stability in drylands. The physical properties of biocrusts and binding sand quantity (BSQ) are important indicators for characterizing the stability of desert soil. The relationships between biocrust physical properties and BSQ are not clear, which is not conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the ecological functions of biocrusts. The different successional stages of biocrusts in the arid region of Northwest China were selected to study their physical properties and BSQ. The physical properties and BSQ of the different types of biocrusts were measured. The responses of the physical properties and BSQ of different types of biocrusts to aridity were analyzed. The results showed that the physical properties and BSQ increased significantly with biocrust development. The thickness, roughness, compressive strength, shear strength, and BSQ of the biocrusts show a significant increasing trend with the development and increase of biocrusts and coverage. BSQ and compressive strength increased with increasing thickness and roughness. Physical properties, physical multifunctionality (P-SMF), and BSQ of different biocrust types showed significantly different trends with increasing aridity. The results of structural equation modeling also revealed that the P-SMF and BSQ had different responses with increasing aridity. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of biocrust structure and function, particularly for wind prevention and sand fixation, as well as surface stability. This study provides a new methodology and new ideas for determining the distribution and surface stability of biocrusts and is highly important for land management and conservation in drylands.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoclaved lightweight aerated concrete suppressed N2O and CO2 emissions from paddy soil","authors":"Nagoda R. R. W. S. Rathnayake,&nbsp;Morihiro Maeda,&nbsp;Dewpura A. L. Leelamanie,&nbsp;Atsushi Yatagai","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70091","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autoclaved lightweight aerated concrete (AAC), a construction waste that is utilized as a soil amendment, can influence terrestrial carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Still, no evidence exists regarding its impact on the emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O), which has a higher global warming potential. This study examined effects of AAC on CO₂ and N₂O emissions from paddy soil under compacted and non-compacted conditions, under 60% and 100% water-holding capacity (WHC). Samples were incubated in glass vials (25°C) for 21 days. Emissions of CO₂ and N₂O were measured on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 using gas chromatography. The results revealed that AAC significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) lowered N₂O emission rate during the whole period of incubation, while it suppressed CO₂ emission rate only at the early stages (∼7 days) of incubation. In compacted soil, the emissions of CO₂ were significantly lower, while N₂O was significantly higher than that in non-compacted soil, showing the influence of soil physical conditions. The emissions of CO₂ and N₂O were significantly lower at 100% WHC than those at 60% WHC. AAC suppressed both CO₂ and N₂O emissions under both compaction and WHC levels. The results confirm that AAC supports suppressing terrestrial emission of both CO₂ and N₂O, indicating that AAC has a potential as a sustainable soil amendment that enhances the climate change resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil carbon sequestration and biological health under pecan orchards of varying ages","authors":"Atinderpal Singh,&nbsp;Rajan Ghimire,&nbsp;Deb Raj Aryal,&nbsp;Mohammed Omer,&nbsp;Amrit Dhoj Adhikari,&nbsp;Omololu John Idowu,&nbsp;Richard Heerema","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70089","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change and variability have affected crop production and soil health, specifically in arid and semiarid regions. Farmers have been planting crops with high market value and carbon (C) sequestration potential in orchards and plantations like pecan [<i>Carya illinoinensis</i> (Wangenh.) K. Koch] in the southwestern United States, compared to row crops, to cope with climate change. However, their soil health and profile C sequestration potential have not been evaluated yet. We quantified responses of selected soil health indicators and profile C storage in pecan orchards of different ages (20, 40, and 80 years) and a nearby cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) field as a control. Soil samples were collected from 0- to 90-cm depth and analyzed for potentially mineralizable carbon (PMC), soil organic carbon (SOC), total labile N (TLN), soil organic nitrogen (SON), and soil microbial community structure. Results showed that soil PMC content in 15- to 90-cm depth was 83%–103% greater in the 20-year-old pecan orchard than in the cotton field. The 20-year-old orchard had 99%–190% greater SOC than cotton fields at 15- to 90-cm depth. However, soil TLN and SON storage were significantly higher under the cotton field at 0- to 90-cm depth. At 0- to 90-cm depth, SOC stock was 83% higher in the 20-year-old orchard, with 91% more mineral-associated and 78% more particulate C than in the cotton field. Soil bacteria and fungi in 0- to 15-cm depth were enhanced by 30%–68% and 72%–102%, respectively. Pecan orchards can improve soil health and soil profile C sequestration, particularly in the first 20 years of establishment.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon in boreal peatland forest is affected by water table, labile carbon, and nitrogen availability but not forest harvesting alone”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70093","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Kinnunen, N., Laurén, A., Palviainen, M., Berninger, F., Zhu, X., Khatun, R., &amp; Pumpanen, J. (2025). Biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon in boreal peatland forest is affected by water table, labile carbon, and nitrogen availability but not forest harvesting alone. <i>Soil Science Society of America Journal</i>, <i>89</i>, e70010. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70010</p><p>The funding statement below has been added to the article:</p><p>Open access publishing facilitated by Ita-Suomen yliopisto, as part of the Wiley—FinELib agreement.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144292842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover cropping with reduced nitrogen fertilization rate enhances soil carbon but not nitrogen in the malt barley–pea rotation","authors":"Upendra M. Sainju","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70086","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reduction in N fertilization rate due to N supplied by pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) may enhance soil C and N in the malt barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.)–pea rotation. The effect of winter cover cropping (oat [<i>Avena sativa</i> L.] vs. none) and N fertilization rate (0, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 kg N ha⁻¹) for malt barley (NR) was evaluated on soil C and N stocks at the 0- to 120-cm depth from 2013 to 2019 in the dryland malt barley–pea rotation in the US northern Great Plains. Carbon and N stocks were soil total C (STC), soil organic C (SOC), soil inorganic C (SIC), and soil total N (STN). Cover crop C and N were greater for 40 kg N ha⁻¹ than other NRs and crop residue C and N were greater in 2016 than other years. The STC and SOC at 0–15 and 15–30 cm increased by 0.02 and 0.06 Mg C ha⁻¹ kg⁻¹ N in 2016 and 2019, respectively (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.10). The STC at 0–15 and 15–30 cm was greater at 40 than 50 and 70 kg N ha ⁻¹ in 2019. The STN at 15–30 cm increased by 0.004 Mg N ha⁻¹ kg⁻¹ N with than without cover cropping. The STC, SOC, and STN at 0–15 and 15–30 cm also increased at greater rates from 2013 to 2019 with than without cover cropping (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.10). Cover cropping with reduced N fertilization rate for malt barley (NR) can enhance soil C but not soil N stock at surface layers in the malt barley–pea rotation.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil development along an elevational transect in the arid White Mountains, California","authors":"Simmi Tomar,&nbsp;Daniel R. Hirmas,&nbsp;Robert C. Graham,&nbsp;Matthew Cole,&nbsp;Hoori Ajami,&nbsp;Aapris Frisbie,&nbsp;Andrew B. Gray,&nbsp;Ed Blake","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70083","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Arid mountain ecosystems are unique environments characterized by low precipitation, extreme diurnal temperature, sparse vegetation, abundant coarse fragments, and dust. To understand the complex processes driving soil genesis in these regions, 11 sites along an elevational transect, ranging from 2200 to 4300 m above sea level in the White Mountains of California were examined on primarily granodiorite and quartzite lithologies. Soils were described and sampled, and physical and chemical properties including particle size distribution, bulk density, pH, and organic and inorganic carbon were determined. At low elevations, rainfall facilitates rapid water infiltration and flux through soil macropores, causing deep translocation of fine-earth material. Conversely, higher elevations receive more snowfall, which directs infiltration toward pores in the soil matrix resulting in shallower soil development but relatively greater chemical weathering. Dominant lithologies in the range appear to influence soil development through the potential for rocks to be embedded at the land surface. Surface rock embedding further modifies the potential for macropore versus matrix flow influencing the depth of soil development and degree of weathering. These findings reveal the combined effects of climate and lithology on soil formation and may guide future studies of arid mountains.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil degradation mobilizes soil nutrients placing Canadian Prairie wetlands at risk","authors":"Ehsan Zarrinabadi,&nbsp;David A. Lobb,&nbsp;Masoud Goharrokhi,&nbsp;Eric Enanga,&nbsp;Purbasha Mistry,&nbsp;Pascal Badiou,&nbsp;Irena F. Creed","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70088","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Depressional wetlands in the Canadian Prairies are experiencing degradation due to intensive agricultural practices in adjacent upland areas. Depressional wetlands within cropland are particularly affected, as increased sedimentation and runoff elevate nutrient levels within these ecosystems. This study assessed soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil particulate phosphorus (SPP) stocks, fluxes, and balances within the contributing catchment area to depressional wetlands. Catchment-scale sediment tracing using ¹³⁷Cs and budgeting methods was employed to examine the interactions between soil degradation, sediment movement, and nutrient redistribution. Analysis of 165 soil/sediment cores from eight wetland catchments revealed spatial heterogeneity in SOC and SPP stocks across upper-, middle-, and lower-slope and depression topographical sequences. SOC levels ranged from 6.9 to 104.1 kg m⁻², while SPP varied from 0.06 to 1.9 kg m⁻² within soil depth profile. Riparian areas at slope bottoms emerged as key accumulation sites for sediment, SOC, and SPP, underscoring their role as natural filters that intercept sediment and nutrients before they reach wetlands. These findings highlight the vulnerability of Canadian Prairie depressional wetlands to sediment and nutrient loading, emphasizing the need for soil erosion control strategies—such as the conservation of riparian buffers—to mitigate the adverse effects of agricultural activities on these vital ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trees for soil organic carbon storage in a temperate organic agroforestry system","authors":"Cecilia Albert-Black,&nbsp;Debasish Saha,&nbsp;Jennifer Franklin,&nbsp;Asher Wright,&nbsp;Shaylan Kolodney,&nbsp;Sindhu Jagadamma","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70080","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agroforestry systems (AFS) are an effective land management strategy for restoring soil organic carbon (SOC) in organic systems by contributing significant amounts of biomass inputs and minimizing the need for tillage. This study examined the influence of tree age (4 and 7 years) and distance from tree base (0.5, 2, and 15 m) in a silvopasture AFS at three soil depths (0–10, 10–30, and 30–60 cm) on soil organic carbon stock (SOC_stock), key functional SOC fractions including microbial biomass C, water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC), permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), particulate organic matter carbon (POM-C), and mineral-associated organic matter C (MAOM-C), as well as living root biomass C. Results showed that SOC_stock down to 60 cm was 18% greater at 0.5 m from 7-year-old trees (74.95 ± 2.0 Mg C ha⁻¹) compared to the grass-dominated alleyways at 15 m, whereas 4-year-old trees showed no variation in SOC_stock across distance. SOC_stock down to 60 cm was also 26% greater at 0.5 m from 7-year-old trees than from 4-year-old trees, driven by 33.2% greater WEOC, 38.1% greater POXC, 149% greater POM-C, and 50.5% greater stable MAOM-C in the top 0–10 cm. At 10–30 cm, only the WEOC fraction was greater at 0.5 m from 7-year-old trees than 4-year-old trees. Root biomass C in the 60 cm profile was also greater at 0.5 m from 7-year-old trees (234%) than from 4-year-old trees, contributed almost entirely by tree root biomass C than pasture root biomass C. These findings demonstrate the potential of trees in a temperate region silvopasture AFS at enhancing SOC storage and stabilization over time, even within the first few years after establishment.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of irrigation with Lake Kinneret water on the chemistry of soils in the headwater basin","authors":"M. Iggy Litaor,&nbsp;Naama Badihi,&nbsp;Avishag Amouyal,&nbsp;Oren Reichman","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/saj2.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The farming areas in the catchment of Lake Kinneret basin are irrigated with Dan Spring waters, characterized by a concentration of 10 mg/L of Cl. Climate change simulation predicts that by the year 2050, the flow of the headwater springs will drop by 20%, a finding that poses a significant threat to the future of farming in the basin. The Israel Water Authority proposed irrigating Kinneret water after dilution with the Dan Spring water. To test the possible ramifications on soil health, three irrigation treatments were used, including Kinneret water (300 mg/L Cl⁻), mix-diluted water (150 mg/L Cl⁻), and control irrigation with Dan water (10 mg/L Cl⁻). The experiment was conducted in a factorial structure (5 common soils × 3 treatments × 6 repetitions) in 25-L pots. A total of 945 weekly leachates were sampled, and Cl, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were determined. To determine the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), soil samples were collected from two depths (0–10 cm and 30–40 cm). Significant differences were found between the three treatments in all salinity and sodicity parameters (<i>p </i>&lt; 0.001) measured in leachates and soils. The difference between the treatments was most pronounced in the summer when the Kinneret-irrigated soils exhibited means of EC, 3584 µS/cm; Cl, 1694 mg/L; SAR, 10.07 meq/L^0.5; and ESP, 8.2%. Changes in salinity and sodicity in leachates and soils corresponded well to changes in evaporation. This test study strongly suggests that changing water sources for irrigation because of climate change may increase soil salinity across the entire Mediterranean region.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}