Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America最新文献

{"title":"Applications of biochar in the remediation of soil microplastic pollution: A review","authors":"Hengying Ji,&nbsp;Canrong Zhou,&nbsp;Pan Li","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microplastics (MPs), recognized as an emerging pollutant, represent a significant threat to terrestrial ecosystems worldwide by compromising soil structure, inhibiting plant growth and the reproduction of soil fauna, and disrupting biogeochemical cycles. The remediation of MP-contaminated soils is essential for sustaining healthy soil, ensuring global food security, and mitigating climate change. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current research advancements regarding biochar (BC) as a sustainable approach for the remediation of MP-contaminated soils. BC, an environmentally benign material with multifunctional properties, has been shown to enhance soil characteristics in MP-affected environments by stabilizing soil aggregates, improving porosity and moisture retention, and regulating pH and nutrient levels. The review illustrates that BC promote microbial diversity, increases populations of beneficial bacteria, and creates a favorable environment for the growth and reproduction of plants and soil animals in MP-contaminated soils. The efficacy of BC remediation is influenced by its physicochemical properties (such as surface area, porosity, and functional groups) as well as the specific conditions of the soil (including texture, organic matter content, and pH). This comprehensive evaluation underscores BC as a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable strategy for the remediation of MP-contaminated soils, bearing significant implications for agricultural sustainability and ecosystem health. However, knowledge gaps persist in the understanding of microscopic interactions between BC and MPs, as well as in the application of BC at the field scale. These gaps should inform and direct future research endeavors.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water quality and soil nutrient availability trade-offs associated with timing and duration of managed flooding for migratory waterbird habitat","authors":"A. Chatterjee,&nbsp;J. M. Taylor,&nbsp;Q. D. Read,&nbsp;M. T. Moore,&nbsp;M. A. Locke,&nbsp;J. D. Hoeksema","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Controlled fall and winter flooding of cropland for migratory shorebird and waterfowl habitat may reduce nutrients in runoff, but the impact of anoxic conditions under corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)–soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) rotation due to flooding is not well studied. Influences of fall and/or winter flooding on total soil carbon (C), total and inorganic soil nitrogen (N), Mehlich 3-extractable soil nutrients, including phosphorus (P), and soil exoenzyme activities, including aryl sulfatase and β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), were compared before (September) and after (February) flooding. Five flood treatments were distributed across three farms under corn–soybean rotation. Treatments included control or no flooding, passive rainfall capture, fall flood, winter flood, and fall through winter (FW) flooding. Flooding decreased suspended solids (SS), total and dissolved P, and inorganic N concentrations in runoff water during storm events. Soil pH, total soil C and N, and inorganic N increased between pre- and post-flooding time in all treatments. Soil available-P decreased in FW treatments, but remaining P availability was still not limiting for crop production. The magnitude of increased NAG activity was lower in fields experiencing winter flooding. While fall-winter flooding decreased available P, fall or winter only flooding did not induce significant changes in soil nutrient availability, and all three management options provided significant reductions in runoff nutrient concentrations across three different farms in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term cropping system and manure effects on soil health parameters and associated soil-borne pathogens","authors":"Joyce Mutai,&nbsp;Beth Medvecky,&nbsp;Steven J. Vanek,&nbsp;John Ojiem,&nbsp;Peter Bolo,&nbsp;Job Kihara,&nbsp;Steven J. Fonte","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil-borne pathogens reduce the performance of key food crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Diversified cropping and nutrient management can enhance soil and plant health, limiting pathogen damage. To examine how management and soil health changes influence soil-borne pathogens, we leveraged an 18-year field trial in western Kenya, evaluating cropping systems typical of smallholder farms. We considered three cropping systems and two organic matter management strategies: continuous maize monocrop (M–M), <i>Tephrosia</i> in rotation with maize (T–M), maize intercropped with soybean (M–S), application or not of farmyard manure, and retention or removal of crop residues. We assessed soil physical and chemical properties and major soil-borne pathogens—<i>Fusarium</i>, <i>Pythium</i>, root knot nematodes (RKN), and lesion nematodes. T–M rotation significantly improved permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), particulate organic matter (POM), aggregation, and available P, while reducing pH and bulk density, compared to other systems. M–S did not significantly improve soil health relative to M–M. Manure reduced RKN by 92% but increased <i>Fusarium</i> by 54%. Soil pH and POXC were negatively correlated with <i>Pythium</i> and RKN, while <i>Fusarium</i> correlated positively with POXC, total C, and aggregation. Overall, continuous nutrient mining and minimal organic inputs led to declines in key soil properties (pH, POXC, POM, aggregation, and total C), with implications for pathogen dynamics. Our findings highlight the importance of organic inputs in enhancing soil health and managing pathogens but caution against using <i>Tephrosia</i> in nematode-infested soils, as it appears to be a suitable host and may not suppress their populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating routine agronomic soil tests for coastal soil salinity detection in the mid-Atlantic","authors":"Sapana Pokhrel,&nbsp;Willow Blew,&nbsp;Jarrod O. Miller,&nbsp;Amy L. Shober","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coastal salinity is a growing concern for managing agricultural soils in the eastern United States, including the Delmarva Peninsula. The saturated paste (SP) extraction, which is the standard method for measuring soil salinity in arid climates, is not widely available in the eastern United States and its effectiveness in humid coastal soils is unknown. We evaluated the Mehlich-3 (M3) routine agronomic soil test as an alternative to SP and ammonium acetate (AA) extractions on samples from 13 Delmarva agricultural fields with known salinity issues. Soils were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC) by SP extract (EC_e) or deionized water (1:2 and 1:5 soil-to-water ratios; EC_1:2 and EC_1:5). Extractable cations (Na, Ca, Mg, and K by SP, M3, and AA) were used to calculate exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium cation ratio (SCR), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). We noted significant positive relationships between SP-extractable Na and both M3-extractable and AA-extractable Na (<i>r</i>² = 0.81 and 0.77, respectively). Soil SCR values calculated from M3 and AA exhibited significant linear relationships (<i>r</i>² = 0.82–0.88) with ESP_SAR and SAR. Strong positive linear relationships were also noted between M3-extractable Na and EC_e (<i>r</i>² = 0.81). Reclassification of salinity using predicted EC_e from M3-Na and SCR_M3 were similar to standard classification methods. We suggest M3 as a cost-effective and accessible option for salinity assessment in coastal soils of the Eastern United States. Further field studies linking soil salinity to crop health and yields are needed to validate soil salinity interpretations prior to widespread adoption of M3-based salinity assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid–base properties of humic acid from soils amended with different organic amendments over 17 years in a long-term soil experiment","authors":"Ibrahim Mohammed,&nbsp;Busayo Kodaolu,&nbsp;Yuki Audette,&nbsp;D. Scott Smith,&nbsp;James Longstaffe","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The acid–base properties of soil organic matter are crucial in regulating plant nutrient availability in agricultural soils. This study examined the effect of long-term application of different forms of manure: liquid swine manure (LSM), solid swine manure (SSM), and swine manure compost (SMC), applied biennially over 17 years, on the intrinsic charge characteristics of humic acid (HA) extracted from soils. Potentiometric titration and a continuous distribution p<i>Ka</i> model assessed buffer intensity, surface charge excess, p<i>Ka</i> distribution, and proton binding site capacities. The HA formed in soils amended with SMC (SMC-HA) showed higher proton neutralization, particularly in the pH range critical for plant nutrient availability, correlating with phenol content. Variations in p<i>Ka</i> distribution highlighted stronger acidic sites in SMC-HA, attributed to phenols and sulfur content, while LSM-HA (HA formed in soils amended with LSM) and SSM-HA (HA formed in soils amended with SSM) displayed weaker acid strength due to lower phenol content and molecular configurations. Acidic/basic site ratios revealed dominance of acidic functional groups in LSM-HA and SSM-HA, whereas SMC-HA exhibited relatively higher basic site content and a lower acid/basic ratio. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of binding sites and differences in binding strengths among HA samples from various manure forms. The enhanced buffering capacity and distinct charge characteristics of SMC-HA suggest a greater potential to improve nutrient availability and overall soil health. SMC amendment produces HAs with properties conducive to improved nutrient management in agricultural soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring soil particle density using water pycnometer: Influencing factors, errors, and correction","authors":"Zhipeng Zhu,&nbsp;Yangyuhang Zhou,&nbsp;Xinyu Li,&nbsp;Lin Liu,&nbsp;Yili Lu,&nbsp;Tusheng Ren","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The water pycnometer method, which has been widely used for measuring soil particle density (<i>ρ</i>_s), is subject to errors due to interactions between water molecules and clay minerals. In this study, we evaluated the influences of soil mineralogy and organic matter content on <i>ρ</i>_s and quantified the measurement errors of the water pycnometer by comparing with gas (He) pycnometer data obtained in 35 soils from Northeast China. The <i>ρ</i>_s results showed a significant positive correlation with the content of secondary minerals (including illite-smectite mixture, illite, kaolinite, and chlorite), displayed a negative correlation only with the primary mineral of plagioclase, and exhibited statistically insignificant correlations with soil organic matter content and other primary minerals (quartz and potassium feldspar). A mean <i>ρ</i>_s value of 2.644 g cm⁻³ was obtained from the He pycnometry measurements. The <i>ρ</i>_s data from the water pycnometry were generally higher than those from the He pycnometry, which was mainly attributed to the increased density of adsorbed water on clay minerals. A linear relationship between <i>ρ</i>_s and clay content was developed and verified, which could be applied to correct errors in water pycnometer data.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing measurement of soil potential high-affinity H2 uptake activity across pH","authors":"Lijun Hou,&nbsp;Philippe Constant,&nbsp;Joann K. Whalen","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil high-affinity H₂ uptake activity can be affected by many factors, including the soil pH. However, the method to determine how pH affects high-affinity H₂ uptake activity should be updated. The effect of pH on the biological high-affinity H₂ uptake in agricultural soils was compared using three pH buffer systems in the pH 4–8 range. Soil pH was adjusted to the target pH using a buffer system (1 g soil/5 mL pH buffer). Soil slurries were treated with heat (autoclaving) or a chemical (25% v/w of toluene addition, microbial inhibitor) to inhibit biological activity. Sterile pH buffer was used as a negative control. The sterile soil slurry (heat sterilization) was the optimal reference control for measuring biological high-affinity H₂ uptake activity. Biological H₂ uptake activity was resistant to toluene, particularly at extreme pH levels. Overall, soil pH (<i>p</i> = 0.95) and pH buffer systems (<i>p</i> = 0.46) did not affect the high-affinity H₂ uptake activity in the tested agricultural soils. We provide an updated method to accurately measure the potential high-affinity H₂ uptake activity in soil, with an emphasis on the importance of controlling the soil pH.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of ammonium thiosulfate and potassium thiosulfate to inhibit nitrification in soils","authors":"Lane A. Galloway,&nbsp;Audrey V. Gamble,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Guertal,&nbsp;Yucheng Feng,&nbsp;C. Z. Ogles","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nitrogen use efficiency by crops can vary according to soil properties and environmental conditions. Nitrification inhibitors show potential to improve efficiency of fertilizer N use by keeping N in the ammonium form, decreasing leaching, and denitrification. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) and potassium thiosulfate (KTS) products to inhibit nitrification in three soils: Marvyn loamy sand, Tujunga loamy sand, and Sable silt loam. Two runs of a 10-week incubation experiment were performed, and soil ammonium-N (NH₄⁺-N), nitrite-N (NO₂⁻-N), and nitrate-N (NO₃⁻-N) concentrations were measured to determine the effectiveness of two rates of ATS and KTS (3.54:1 and 7.68:1 N:S ratio) to inhibit nitrification of urea-based fertilizers compared to an untreated control, urea, urea + ammonium sulfate, and urea + dicyandiamide (DCD) treatments. The higher rate of ATS and KTS reduced nitrification by 75% compared to untreated urea from day 14 to 63 in the Tujunga loamy sand in the first run and by 80% from day 21 to 56 in run two. Similarly, the higher rate of ATS and KTS reduced nitrification by 40% compared to urea for the Sable silt loam in run one from day 42 to 70. No treatments reduced nitrification compared to untreated urea in the Marvyn loamy sand. Nitrite-N concentrations followed similar trends when compared to NO₃⁻-N in the Tujunga soil, suggesting that the treatments inhibiting nitrification are inhibiting the first step in the nitrification process. Both ATS and KTS were shown to inhibit nitrification comparable to DCD, but effectiveness of these inhibitors need to be evaluated further in different soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover crops can mitigate no-tillage-induced labile phosphorus stratification","authors":"Reid W. Barker,&nbsp;Matthew J. Helmers,&nbsp;Marshall D. McDaniel","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Minimal- and no-tillage systems are effective at reducing soil erosion, increasing soil organic matter, and reducing nutrient losses. However, extended periods of reduced tillage can stratify phosphorus (P) in surface soil layers, which can have negative implications for both water quality and crop nutrition. We measured soil P stratification in a long-term (12-year) experiment under maize (<i>Zea mays</i>)–soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) rotations that combine two tillage practices (chisel-plow, no-tillage) with/without a winter cover crop (<i>Secale cereale</i> or cereal rye). Our objectives were twofold: (1) to quantify soil P stratification in this 2 × 2 factorial experiment using a common P stratification index (P_strat) on six soil P measurements—water-extractable (H₂O-P), microbial biomass (MBP), anion exchange resin extractable phosphorus (AER-P), soil test Mehlich-3 P (STP), bicarbonate extractable phosphorus, and total P. We calculated P_strat as mean P concentrations at 0–5 cm divided by 5–25 cm depths and (2) to correlate P_strat to crop P uptake and yield to answer the question—Does P stratification limit crop growth? The P_strat ranged from 1.3 to 87.5 across all soil P measurements, but H₂O-P was most stratified (mean H₂O-P_strat = 22.8). No-tillage increased P_strat by 8%–584% compared to chisel plowing, and cover crops (with tillage) increased P_strat by 8%–269% compared to winter fallow with tillage. In an unexpected antagonistic interaction, however, adding a cover crop to no-tilled soils reduced P_strat by 23%–72% compared to no-till. Interestingly, soybean P uptake and yield were positively related to a few P_strat measures (<i>r</i> &gt; 0.48); but maize P uptake was negatively related to stratification of STP (<i>r</i> &lt; −0.46). We confirmed that long-term no-tillage, and even cover crops alone, can stratify soil P. When combined, however, cereal rye as a winter cover crop can alleviate no-till-caused soil P stratification, adding yet another benefit to using this winter-hardy cover crop in US Midwest cropping systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatially explicit heteroskedastic modeling for the Soil Health Assessment Protocol and Evaluation version 1.0S","authors":"Kristen S. Veum,&nbsp;Paul A. Parker,&nbsp;Scott H. Holan,&nbsp;Namitha V. Pais,&nbsp;Skye A. Wills,&nbsp;Joseph P. Amsili,&nbsp;Márcio R. Nunes,&nbsp;Harold M. van Es,&nbsp;Cathy A. Seybold,&nbsp;Douglas L. Karlen","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Greater awareness of the role of soil management in achieving global production goals and mitigating emerging environmental challenges has focused the spotlight on soil health assessment and interpretation. The role of site-specific characteristics in soil health assessment has long been recognized through small-scale experimental studies, and the soil health assessment protocol and evaluation (SHAPE) tool was developed to facilitate cross-site comparisons and provide regionally relevant interpretation by accounting for site-specific factors. Specifically, SHAPE version 1.0 was developed to account for primary climate-edaphic factors including long-term climate means (temperature and precipitation) and edaphic characteristics (soil texture and soil suborder). Version 1.0S of SHAPE further incorporates a spatially explicit, heteroskedastic approach into the Bayesian linear regression model to refine peer-group scoring curves and benchmark values based on proximity. This approach captures regional variability in soil characteristics and improves the relevance and interpretability of the SHAPE scores and benchmark values.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}