Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America最新文献

{"title":"Decades of coffee plantation alters soil methane uptake and soil organic carbon pools in China","authors":"Fulan Zhang,&nbsp;Hao Sun,&nbsp;Syed Turab Raza,&nbsp;Yingmo Zhu,&nbsp;Wen Yin,&nbsp;Danhua Fan,&nbsp;Rongjun Ma,&nbsp;Li Rong,&nbsp;Tao Ye,&nbsp;Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The conversion of forest into coffee plantation through deforestation has become one of the main land use changes in tropical region, yet its impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) and methane (CH₄) uptake remains unclear, leading to uncertainties in estimating carbon fluxes in tropical area. The main coffee planting areas in China and the adjacent forests were selected to explore the effects of forest-to-coffee conversion and coffee stand ages on SOC and CH₄ uptake. We conducted our study by comparing coffee plantations of varying ages to the nearby forests within the same area. We treated the different-aged coffee plantations as our experimental groups and used the forests as our control groups. This paired comparison allowed us to exclude external factors such as climate, soil type, and vegetation differences, ensuring that our analysis focused on the effects of stand age alone. The 25-year, 43-year, and 55-year coffee plantations reduced SOC by 51%, 66%, and 65% compared to nearby forests, while soil microbial biomass carbon decreased by approximately 60%. Coffee stand age influenced ambient CH₄ uptake significantly: soils in 43- and 55-year-old coffee plantations and natural forests acted as CH₄ sinks, while the 25-year-old stand showed weak CH₄ emission. In 25-year, 43-year, and 55-year coffee plantations, the CH₄ uptake rates were 87%, 54%, and 65% lower, respectively, compared to the CH₄ uptake rates in the natural forests nearby. Soil moisture, inorganic nitrogen content, and CH₄ monooxygenase (MMO) activity were the main factors affecting CH₄ uptake rates across land uses in the ambient CH₄ background. Further CH₄ metabolism indicated a close relationship between ambient CH₄ uptake, CH₄ oxidation, and methanogenesis pathways. Our study highlights the reduction of SOC pools in coffee plantations in China is accompanied with the reduction of CH₄ uptake and changed metabolism of CH₄-oxidizing microorganisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143116392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of soil Mehlich-3 phosphorus quantified by colorimetry and inductively coupled plasma: A case study for temperate agroecosystems","authors":"Noura Ziadi,&nbsp;Bernard Gagnon,&nbsp;Jean Lafond,&nbsp;Sylvie Coté,&nbsp;Marie Bipfubusa","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phosphorus (P) is one of the most limiting essential nutrients for agricultural production and its availability to crops is assessed by various methods. Mehlich-3, however, remains the most used method worldwide. For decades, the colorimetric method by blue ascorbic acid-molybdate reaction has been used to determine soil P concentration following Mehlich-3 extraction. Since early 1990s, the use of automated methods to quantify soil nutrients including P has expanded rapidly, and the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy is becoming one of the most popular instruments in routine soil testing. The main objective of this study was to compare ICP (where M3P is Mehlich-3 P, M3P-ICP) with colorimetric (M3P-Col) methods to estimate soil P using data from soil samples (3020) collected between 2005 and 2021 from 16 experiments conducted under different agroecosystems in Canada and Europe. Five case studies were assessed: (1) laboratory incubation, (2) native lowbush blueberry, (3) soil depth, (4) soil tillage, and (5) annual field crops versus perennial forage. In each study, a regression equation was established between soil M3P-ICP and M3P-Col. Results indicated that the two methods were strongly related in all studies (0.82 &lt; <i>r²</i> &lt; 0.99; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), where soil P measured by ICP (2.1–352 mg kg⁻¹) was higher than that measured by colorimetry (0.6–339 mg kg⁻¹) except for the incubation study. Most important P differences were observed with forage and blueberry. Further analysis revealed that large differences between M3P-ICP and M3P-Col occurred primarily due to soil total C content. Soil pH, clay and Fe content, and previous crops also affected the relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143116403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrieval of soil moisture using a decomposition-based model and optical-thermal model with Sentinel-1 and Landsat-8 images","authors":"Mohammad Moghaddas","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water content of the soil has a significant role to play in the hydrological cycle and environmental processes. This study includes two phases: (1) approximation of soil moisture at the farm level based on optical-thermal images of Landsat-8 satellite and (2) retrieval of soil moisture by the dual-polarized basis decomposition model with the help of approximate soil moisture that is obtained by the optical-thermal model. In this research, two mechanisms, volume scattering and surface scattering, are considered. Furthermore, in order to model surface scattering, Bragg matrix has been used. The proposed radar model estimates soil moisture without using ground data, although few ground measurements have been used in the optical-thermal model. The Carlson triangular model has been used to approximate soil moisture using optical-thermal images. Three indices, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), and moisture stress index (MSI), have been used in the optical-thermal model. Two ground soil moisture datasets are used in this study: (1) Cook Agronomy Farm (CAF) soil moisture data located in the United States and (2) real-time in situ soil monitoring for agriculture (RISMA) soil moisture data located in Canada. The radar model (base decomposition model) achieved a lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.33% and a highest of 11.21%, showing strong accuracy in soil moisture retrieval. The optical-thermal model had a slightly higher minimum RMSE of 4.04% and a maximum of 9.68%. These results suggest that the radar model generally outperforms the optical-thermal model, making it more reliable for accurate soil moisture estimation in agricultural applications, which is crucial for optimizing irrigation and managing resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of soil compost load on water-extractable organic matter content and its UV- and fluorescence-based compositional characteristics","authors":"Nativ Rotbart,&nbsp;Adi Oren,&nbsp;Yotam Guetta,&nbsp;Shlomit Medina,&nbsp;Yael Laor,&nbsp;Michael Raviv,&nbsp;Uri Yermiyahu,&nbsp;Mikhail Borisover,&nbsp;Oshri Rinot,&nbsp;Elan Braude,&nbsp;Asher Bar-Tal","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The application of compost increases soil organic matter (SOM) content; however, there is a lack of information on the short- and long-term effects of compost application on the dynamics of labile SOM pools in compost-amended soils in semiarid region. The goal of this study is to distinguish between parameters that can be used for investigating the accumulative effects of compost application and parameters that are sensitive for short-term changes but diminish with time. To address this goal, we focused on (1) the effects of compost application rates on short-term dynamics of soil contents of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), cold water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and hot water-extractable organic carbon (HWEOC), respectively, and (2) composition of WEOC and HWEOC characterized using (i) absorbance at 254 nm (Abs₂₅₄) representing the presence of aromatic components and (ii) fluorescence spectroscopy of excitation–emission matrices coupled with parallel factor analysis. Soil samples were taken from a long-term field experiment in semiarid region, which investigated the effects of the annual load of a cattle manure-based compost (at rates of 0, 20, 40, or 60 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on soil properties and crop performance. C concentrations in soil water extracts were found to be sensitive indicators of compost-load effect on soil organic carbon content. Compost dose had a strong short-term (2 weeks) impact on MBC, but no long-term (over months and years) effect was observed. Of the variables examined in the short term, the MBC, WEOC, and Abs₂₅₄ values of the extracts were found to be the most responsive to compost load. The proportion of the fluorescent constituents out of the WEOC and HWEOC decreased with compost dose. UV- and fluorescence-spectroscopy were found to be useful means to characterize the influence of compost load on the composition of water-extractable organic matter and hot water-extractable organic matter in semiarid region.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships among soil test potassium forms influenced by clay mineralogy","authors":"Andrew Ahlersmeyer,&nbsp;David Clay,&nbsp;Péter Kovács,&nbsp;Kristopher Osterloh,&nbsp;Hossein Moradi Rekabdarkolaee,&nbsp;Jason Clark","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Potassium fertilizer recommendations for optimal crop production may be improved by considering the ratio between expanding 2:1 layer silicates (smectite) with non-expanding 2:1 layer silicates (illite). However, the interactive effects between clay mineralogy and various soil tests are not well understood. This study evaluated the relationships among soil test K (STK), water-soluble K, HNO₃-extractable K, pH, apparent cation exchange capacity (CEC_a), soil organic matter, clay content, and smectite:illite ratios. Soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected from 41 locations in central and eastern South Dakota, with textures ranging from sandy loam to clay. Data were partitioned into soils with smectite:illite ratios &lt; 1 (illitic), ≥1 but ≤4.5 (smectitic), and &gt; 4.5 (highly smectitic). Mean pH and CEC_a were lowest in illitic soils, higher in smectitic soils, and highest in highly smectitic soils, whereas STK and water-soluble K were lowest in highly smectitic soils relative to illitic and smectitic. Correlation analysis also showed that STK decreased with increasing smectite:illite ratio. These results suggest that exchangeable and water-soluble K forms are reduced when the proportion of smectite increases. There was a strong, positive relationship between STK and HNO₃-extractable K across all three smectite:illite ratio groups. For soil pH, however, the relationship with STK was positive for illitic and smectitic soil groups, but negative for highly smectitic soils. Overall, these results suggest that the smectite:illite ratio influences the relationship among soil parameters and STK. This improves our understanding of the influence of clay mineralogy on plant-available K and the implications for K fertilizer recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen after 34 years under conventional and organic management practices at the Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial","authors":"Klaus Lorenz,&nbsp;Emmanuel Omondi,&nbsp;Rattan Lal,&nbsp;Saurav Das,&nbsp;Andrew Smith","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Long-term agricultural experiments are uniquely positioned to capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of farming system effects on soil profile properties, which typically require decades for measurable changes to become apparent. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations and stocks were determined at a depth of 0–30 cm in the 34th year of the Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial (FST), Kutztown, Pennsylvania, USA. Only the organic agriculture (OA) with manure (OA-MNR) system plots had higher SOC concentrations and stocks than the plots of the other systems but only at depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm, and not on equivalent soil mass (ESM) basis to 30-cm depth. The ESM SOC stocks to 30-cm depth at the tilled plots were 53.3, 56.2, and 61.9 Mg C ha⁻¹ for conventional (CONV), OA-legume (OA-LEG), and OA-MNR systems, respectively. The concentrations and stocks of TN, as well as ESM TN stocks to 30-cm depth at the tilled plots, were higher for both OA systems compared to CONV. However, observations at the recently established reduced tillage (RT) subplots were inconsistent, as at least 10 years may be needed to ensure that differences in tillage treatment effects on SOC can be detected. The results are consistent with many other long-term field experiments that have reported differences in SOC and TN concentrations and stocks only in the topsoil. Overall, the OA-MNR system was advantageous in 2015 in increasing SOC and TN compared to the CONV and OA-LEG systems. Thus, OA practices when combined with composted manure addition can result in increases in the SOC stock in the long term. However, subsequent studies should assess the implications for input of manure sourced from outside the OA-MNR system. Further, soil samples should be taken several times over multiple years to more comprehensively assess management-induced changes in soil properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring soil carbon stocks with greater simplicity, accuracy, and repeatability","authors":"Stewart Wuest","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>If soil samples are collected using the traditional linear depth methods, comparisons of soil constituents are most often confounded with differences in soil bulk density. Recent interest in quantifying soil C stocks will therefore require improved soil sampling protocols. The dry mass per unit area method eliminates soil bulk density as a measurement factor and therefore allows unbiased comparisons between sampling dates, soil conditions, soil types, sampling techniques, and treatments that affect soil bulk density. This note explains how this simple change in quantifying soil depth eliminates soil bulk density as a factor and improves the quantification of soil C stocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon in boreal peatland forest is affected by water table, labile carbon, and nitrogen availability but not forest harvesting alone","authors":"Niko Kinnunen,&nbsp;Annamari Laurén,&nbsp;Marjo Palviainen,&nbsp;Frank Berninger,&nbsp;Xudan Zhu,&nbsp;Rikta Khatun,&nbsp;Jukka Pumpanen","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Around 30% of peatland in Nordic and Baltic countries has been drained for forestry. Drained peatlands are major sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrients to surface waters, contributing to global warming, eutrophication, and brownification. However, the effects of forest clearcutting and changes in the water table on the biodegradation of DOC to CO₂ are poorly known. We collected peat columns from drained, uncut, and clearcut forests for a common garden experiment and exposed them to high and low water tables to study the effects of clearcutting and water table levels on DOC production and biodegradation. ¹³C-labeled glucose was added to half of the columns to study the effects of labile carbon (C) addition on DOC dynamics. We measured the concentration, quality, and biodegradation rate of DOC monthly by incubating the column porewater at 15°C. Nitrogen (N) limitation of DOC biodegradation was studied by adding ¹⁵N-labeled glycine to half of the incubated water samples. DOC concentrations decreased in the columns with both low water table and glucose addition, while clearcutting had no clear effects. The biodegradation rate of recalcitrant DOC in the later stages of the incubation increased with glycine addition but was not affected by glucose or water table. The results suggest that the biodegradation of recalcitrant DOC in these drained peatland forests is N-limited and dependent on the quality of DOC, which can be seasonally variable.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding evaporation from salinized soils in Xinjiang: Impact of sodium adsorption ratio, salt type, and concentrations","authors":"Zunqiu Xu,&nbsp;Rony Wallach,&nbsp;Xiaomin Mao","doi":"10.1002/saj2.20796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20796","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Arid regions in Northwest China were characterized by water scarcity and soil salinization problems. Understanding water evaporation behavior in salinized soils is crucial to quantify land water loss and control soil secondary salinization. This study aims to explore how specific components in irrigation water influence soil evaporation, focusing on soil pore-water composition, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in particular, and their concentrations. Soil columns saturated with different levels of salt concentration (C1, C2, and C3), SAR (S1, S2, and S3), and salt type (NaCl and CaCl₂) were placed in a Climate-Controlled Chamber and underwent evaporation for 20 days. The salt areal ratio, salt crust thickness, crust composition, and their mutual interactions with soil evaporation were investigated. Results show that CaCl₂ tends to precipitate as subflorescence, while NaCl as efflorescence. Subflorescence for the CaCl₂ treatment (1.192 mmol L⁻¹) inhibits evaporation, but takes no effect on evaporation for a C3 treatment (0.392 mmol L⁻¹), indicating that the evaporation rate will not be reduced if a lower salt concentration prevents internal precipitation from reaching the threshold for soil pore clogging. Under varying salt concentrations, SAR affects salt areal ratio (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mi>salt</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{r}_{{mathrm{salt}}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) differently, while increased salt concentration consistently accelerates <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mi>salt</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{r}_{{mathrm{salt}}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> regardless of SAR levels. Initially, the salt crust enhances evaporation (days 1–3), then suppresses it (days 3–10), and finally evaporation is primarily influenced by soil moisture content (after day 10).</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beneficial effects persist 5 years after liming acid forest soils in West Virginia","authors":"Jeff Skousen,&nbsp;Jarrett Fowler,&nbsp;Loren Gormley,&nbsp;Ida Holaskova,&nbsp;Adrienne Nottingham,&nbsp;Stephanie Connolly","doi":"10.1002/saj2.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Acid forest soils in the Monongahela National Forest (MNF), West Virginia, were limed at 10 Mg ha⁻¹ by helicopter. Effects of liming were evaluated 1 and 5 years after liming by measuring pH, acidity, and aluminum (Al) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in limed and unlimed soils. First-year results were reported by Fowler et al. Unlimed soils had soil pH of 4.2, while limed soils had pH of 5.6 in O horizons 5 years after liming. Ca concentrations averaged 6.4 cmol_c kg⁻¹ without liming compared to 31 cmol_c kg⁻¹ 5 years after liming. Soil acidity and Al concentrations in O horizons were five times lower in limed soils compared to unlimed soils after 5 years. The beneficial effects of liming these acid forest soils have persisted through 5 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":101043,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}