Plant Nano Biology最新文献

{"title":"Utilizing Arthrospira platensis for the fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Analysis and assessment for enhancing drought tolerance in Sub1A QTL bearing rice seedlings","authors":"Abir Das ,&nbsp;Sayanti Bagchi ,&nbsp;Sayan Pal ,&nbsp;Anway Ganguly ,&nbsp;Sudipta Kumar Sil ,&nbsp;Malay Kumar Adak","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the underlying pathways for zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) mediated modulation of oxidative stress under drought were evaluated in rice seedlings. Principally, rice cultivar (cv. Swarna Sub1) was used to assess the potential of the <em>Sub1A</em> QTL for its drought sensitivity in response to bio-fabricated ZnO-NPs. ZnO-NPs were synthesized from algal (<em>Arthrospira platensis</em>) extract and characterized for their opto-physical properties, confirming size (54 nm), hydrodynamicity (-18.54), amorphous-cubic shape and others features. Fifteen-day-old rice seedlings were primed with 25 ppm ZnO-NPs and exposed to 12 % polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated drought stress (DS) for 7-days under laboratory conditions. Primarily, <em>Sub1A</em> QTL responded to drought-induced anoxic stress with a significant increase in the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (447.41 %) and pyruvate decarboxylase (96.51 %) through ZnO-NPs sensitization. Plants recorded a significant reduction in root growth, which regained 89.25 % with ZnO-NPs treatments. ZnO-NPs also recovered relative water content (49 %), proline (99.2 %), and improved chlorophyll fluorescence (90.9 %) under stress. Furthermore, drought-induced membrane leakage was stabilized by reducing ionic conductivity through the distribution of wall-bound polyamines. A characteristic feature of fluorescence also reinforced the sustenance of photosynthetic activities by ZnO-NPs under drought. Alternatively, rice seedlings showed regulation of oxidative stress, where lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation were reduced by 270 % and 178.2 %, respectively. This was observed with the minimization of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations by regulating apoplastic oxidase activity (117.64 %) with distinct polymorphisms in proteins. These observations suggest that ZnO-NPs can ameliorate drought-induced oxidative stress in rice, providing insights for improved nano-fertigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomaterials as tools in plant transformation: A protoplast-centric perspective","authors":"Zhila Osmani ,&nbsp;Lipu Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Xiao ,&nbsp;Marianna Kulka","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Genetic engineering of plants can boost disease resistance, enhance crop traits, and ultimately improve agricultural productivity. Several approaches to plant bioengineering have been successful in recent decades. Nanomaterials (NMs) can be customized and fabricated with targeting capabilities, making them well-suited for bioengineering applications. These NMs include organic, inorganic, and composite materials with many different structures, including nanofibers, nanoparticles (NPs), and nanomembranes. Protoplasts are often used as target cells because they lack a cell wall and are more likely to endocytose NM. In this review, the efficacy of NMs in delivering genetic material to protoplasts is examined. The challenges associated with protoplast generation and optimization of protocols for transformation are explored and the possible advantages of NMs in this process are identified. The chemical properties of these NMs in relation to their potency is briefly discussed. Ultimately, this technology is evolving and our understanding of NMs and the requirement for migration through the cellular membrane is still missing several key pieces of information. The next decades will likely produce important new insights that will have important impacts in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the individual and combined effects of nano zinc and conventional zinc fertilization on growth, yield, phytochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside content in linseed","authors":"Ragini Singh ,&nbsp;Peer Saffeullah ,&nbsp;Shahid Umar ,&nbsp;Sageer Abass ,&nbsp;Sayeed Ahmad ,&nbsp;Noushina Iqbal","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄), a conventional Zn fertilizer, is widely used due to its high solubility and ease of application. In contrast, nano Zn represents an innovative approach, utilizing nanoscale particles to enhance Zn bioavailability and uptake efficiency. This study compares these two Zn fertilizers regarding their impact on plant growth, yield, Zn uptake, and overall crop quality. In our study, we explored the potential of nano Zn and ZnSO₄ by applying two different doses of each (100, 1000 ppm ZnO NP and 30, 50 kg ha⁻¹ ZnSO₄) both individually and in combination, to linseed accession. The results obtained showed the potential of nano Zn over conventional Zn fertilizer in terms of enhanced linseed growth and yield together with greater antioxidants enzyme, oil content, protein content, Zn accumulation, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) content, and the accumulation of bioactive metabolites. Nanoscale ZnO (with particle size less than 100 nm) at a 1000 ppm concentration sped up growth, yield, increased SDG content, and antioxidant activity. However, when nano Zn (1000 ppm) was applied in combination with ZnSO₄ (30 kg ha⁻¹), it maximally enhanced plant fresh and dry weight, photosynthesis, and yield compared to their individual treatment. The combined application increased seed yield by 4.55 folds compared to the control. The treated plants were assessed for SDG content using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS), which showed maximum increase with 1000 ppm ZnO NP. SDG is a type of lignan known for their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits paving way for its pharmaceutical importance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opinion: Smart nanofertilizers for growth enhancement and stress resilience in agriculture","authors":"Ritu Gill ,&nbsp;Faheem Ahmed ,&nbsp;Gopal Kalwan ,&nbsp;Narendra Tuteja ,&nbsp;Sarvajeet Singh Gill","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart nanofertilizers (NFs) represent a promising frontier in agricultural technology, offering precise nutrient delivery and stress resilience to enhance crop growth and productivity while minimizing the environmental impact. This opinion article explores the potential of smart NFs in revolutionizing traditional fertilization practices and addressing the challenges facing modern agriculture. By harnessing the unique properties of nanomaterials, smart NFs including noble metal nanoparticles, green NFs, and novel NFs from industrial waste enable targeted nutrient delivery, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, and stress tolerance in plants. However, their widespread adoption faces regulatory, safety, and scalability challenges that require interdisciplinary collaboration and concerted efforts from stakeholders. Despite these hurdles, smart NFs hold immense promise for promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security in frequently changing global climatic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive effect of biogenic nanoparticles and UV-B exposure on physio-biochemical behavior and secondary metabolism of Artemisia annua L","authors":"Deepika Tripathi ,&nbsp;Apoorva ,&nbsp;Niraj Kumar Goswami ,&nbsp;Shashi Pandey-Rai","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are key nanomaterials with unique physio-chemical characteristics and diverse applications. Their strong absorption potential and antibacterial activity make them useful for agriculture, medicine and other industries. AgNPs boost plant growth and metabolism, especially under stress. However, the combined effects of AgNPs and UV-B exposure on plants are unknown. To elucidate the interactive effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and exposure of ultraviolet B (UV-B) on plant growth and metabolic processes, this study assessed the response of <em>Artemisia annua</em> under controlled <em>in vitro</em> conditions. In total, eight sets of plants were used with the alone/combined treatment of AgNPs and UV-B. For this purpose, spherical and averaged ∼ 31.8 nm in size AaAgNPs were synthesized. The photosynthetic pigments were calculated maximum with the alone treatment of 0.5 mg L⁻¹ AaAgNPs and combined treatment of 0.5 mg L⁻¹ AaAgNPs with 3 h UV-B, respectively. The results evidenced that the co-exposure of AaAgNPs and UV-B led to a significant balance in ROS production of <em>A. annua</em>; as well as improved antioxidative enzyme activity. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis indicated the enhancement of glandular trichomes (GT) area and density with the combined treatment of AaAgNPs and 3 h UV-B. In accordance with correlation between microscopic GT results, high concentration of artemisinin and up-regulation of related transcripts were found in <em>A. annua</em> plants treated with low concentrations of AaAgNPs and UV-B. Thus, it may be inferred that two distinct plant growth modulators, namely low-concentration biosynthesized AgNPs and short-term UV-B exposure, can enhance the physio-biochemical characteristics and production of secondary metabolites (specially artemisinin) in A. annua synergistically.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-priming: Improving plant nutrition to support the establishment of sustainable agriculture under heavy metal stress","authors":"Mohammad Faizan ,&nbsp;Pooja Sharma ,&nbsp;Haider Sultan ,&nbsp;Pravej Alam ,&nbsp;Shafaque Sehar ,&nbsp;Vishnu D. Rajput ,&nbsp;Shamsul Hayat","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy metals (HMs) have become a severe problem for all living organisms, including plants, because of their unprecedented bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment. When exposed to hazardous quantities of HMs, various essential cellular macromolecules, including DNA and nuclear proteins, can interact with HMs, causing an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, several techniques have been used to ameliorate HM toxicity, including nano-priming, which effectively modulates plant physiological and biochemical responses under HM stress. This review summarizes the literature on the effectiveness of nano-priming for boosting germination, growth, photosynthetic efficiency, biomass accumulation, and crop yield. Additionally, information regarding the application of nano-priming to reduce HM toxicity in plants is reviewed. Future research prospects are indicated by highlighting the knowledge gaps in the current literature and underlining the need optimize and validate nano-priming techniques and their physiological effects on plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of cobalt oxide nanosheets using Withania somnifera root extract for degradation of organic pollutants","authors":"Chinky Gangwar ,&nbsp;Saloni Sahu ,&nbsp;Ritik Jaiswal ,&nbsp;Nisha Gangwar ,&nbsp;Ashish Soni","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In today’s scenario, material science emerges as pivotal players, as it is an emerging and fast-growing interdisciplinary field. Nanomaterials are increasingly popular among researchers due to their unique physicochemical properties and multifaceted applications. Recently, researchers are exploring more sustainable approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterials due to its numerous advantages. In this context, present investigation reports an approach for the synthesis of cobalt oxide nanosheets (Co₃O₄ NSs). This approach leverages environmentally friendly and sustainable methods, minimizing the use of hazardous chemicals and reducing energy consumption. Hence it involved <em>Withania somnifera</em> (ashwagandha) root extract as a greener reductant as well as stabilizing agent. The synthesized Co₃O₄ NSs were thoroughly analyzed using various techniques, including ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). A sharp absorption peak at 252 nm with a tail towards higher wavelength reveal the formation of Co₃O₄ NSs. The diffraction pattern reveals a face centered cubic structure of Co₃O₄ NSs. Morphological studies confirmed the substantial surface area of Co₃O₄ NSs which enable us to perform the catalytic degradation of azo dye, i.e., methyl orange. It provides that 10 mg of Co₃O₄ NSs is sufficient to degrade a 10 ppm aqueous methyl orange solution by 75.82 % in the dark and by 96.12 % under sunlight exposure. Thus, this study offers an excellent pathway for the synthesis of Co₃O₄ NSs and demonstrates their potential as a promising material for future catalytic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100099"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional and transcriptomic insights into plant response to arginine-functionalized nanohydroxyapatite treatment","authors":"Chinenye L. Izuegbunam,&nbsp;Beate Wone,&nbsp;Bernard W.M. Wone","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The manipulation of the plant genome is essential for elucidating gene functions in plants and advancing the development of climate-resistant crops. We have demonstrated that a nanohydroxyapatite (nHA)-mediated gene delivery system is effective in the transformation of reporter genes into six plant species. Despite the potential advantages of nHA-mediated biomolecule delivery and its application as fertilizers, phytotoxicity concerns necessitate additional studies. While initial findings suggest the beneficial effects of nHA as a nanofertilizer at specific concentrations, a thorough investigation into its bioactivity is warranted. This study reports the bioactivity of nHA on two model plants, including a crop species, and examines the global gene expression alterations in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>. Treatment of seeds and seedlings with arginine-functionalized nHA (R-nHA) at concentrations at 50, 200 and 500 µg/ml led to accelerated germination in <em>Arabidopsis</em>, an effect not observed in <em>Nicotiana benthamiana</em>. Additionally, R-nHA did not affect root growth in either model species but significantly promoted root and leaf growth in <em>Triticum aestivum</em>. Transcriptomic analysis revealed minimal transcriptional changes in <em>Arabidopsis</em> treated with R-nHA compared to a water control, including activated phytohormone signaling pathways and stress-responsive genes. Salicylic acid (SA) has been identified as a pivotal phytohormone in initiating stress resistance in response to R-nHA exposure in <em>Arabidopsis</em>, highlighting its essential role in plant defense mechanisms against both biotic and abiotic stresses. In summary, this study showed that R-nHA accelerates germination and promotes plant growth with minimal transcriptional changes, thereby laying the groundwork for the use of nHA in plant genome manipulations. This research indicates that nHAs are highly biocompatible for plant bionanotechnology applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidation of biochemical and physiological modulations in Triticum aestivum induced by green synthesized nitrogen-enriched zinc nano-complexes","authors":"Zari Shiran ,&nbsp;Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi ,&nbsp;Zohreh Razmara ,&nbsp;Kavitha Beluri ,&nbsp;Nusrat Easmin ,&nbsp;Amirhossein Mahdaviarab ,&nbsp;Hamidreza Sharifan","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the efficacy of a green synthesized nitrogen-rich zinc complex (Zn-NC) using quinoline (C₉H₇N) as the nitrogen-rich substrate to enhance growth and biochemical properties in wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em>). The performance of Zn-NC was compared to standard zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Both Zn-NC and ZnO-NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Three concentrations (100, 200, and 500 ppm) of each compound, along with a control, were applied to local soil samples (n=3). The physiological (biomass, elongation) and biochemical effects (chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenols) on wheat were investigated. Potential phytotoxic effects were evaluated to establish the biostimulants' safety thresholds. Plants treated with green Zn-NC showed an average increase in shoot length of 25 % compared to the control group. The chlorophyll content in plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 18 %, while those treated with green Zn-NC increased by 12 % compared to control. Application of ZnO-NPs resulted in a 30 % increase in total yield, whereas green Zn-NC treatment led to a 22 % yield increase. The root biomass of plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 28 %, and those treated with green Zn-NC saw a 20 % increase compared to controls. Based on the optimization of overall results, the ZnO NPs showed phytotoxic effects at concentrations above 200 ppm, while green Zn-NC exhibited no significant phytotoxicity even at concentrations up to 300 ppm. This study delineates the optimal concentrations of Zn-NC and ZnO-NPs that can enhance nutrient delivery and yield in cereal crops while mitigating phytotoxic risks. The findings provide valuable insights into applying nano-biostimulants in agroecosystems, highlighting their potential to improve productivity and sustainability in agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial Nanotechnology for Plant Science and Agriculture","authors":"Hena Dhar,&nbsp;Javaid Akhter Bhat,&nbsp;Ulhas Kadam,&nbsp;Rupesh Deshmukh","doi":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plana.2024.100088","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101029,"journal":{"name":"Plant Nano Biology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773111124000317/pdfft?md5=afdd7501ebb78c3573724a9713854edd&pid=1-s2.0-S2773111124000317-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141979018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}