Nature-Based Solutions最新文献

{"title":"Micro-climate of nature-based solutions in stockholm royal seaport","authors":"Artur Branny ,&nbsp;Erik Andersson ,&nbsp;Timon McPhearson","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme weather events are on the rise, increasingly impacting cities and their urban populations. In response, urban greening and nature-based solutions (NbS) have emerged as key approaches for reducing risks from multiple types of extreme climate and weather events while making a positive impact on urban social and environmental inequities. NbS interventions are high on urban agendas worldwide, but in practice, they often are hyper-local and contain novel ecological entities, with unknown capacity to deal with different pressures and disturbances. Thus, there is an urgent need to build knowledge around how, when, and under what circumstances different NbS can be expected to perform their functions as intended. One step towards building, and then constantly updating, such knowledge is to establish practices for monitoring and evaluating NbS.</div><div>In this study, we showcase a novel approach based on wireless sensor technology that harnesses hyperlocal data in real time to understand the direct impact of NbS on the local climate across seasonal variation and under extreme weather conditions. We aimed to quantify to what extent NbS are contributing to ecosystem services such as cooling.</div><div>To answer this, we installed eighteen microsensor weather stations across the biggest and most recent sustainable urban development in Sweden - Stockholm Royal Seaport. We investigated five distinct types of NbS - forest parks, green courtyards, rain gardens, green roofs, and lawns, during the summer of 2021 to examine whether real-time temperature changes varied between NbS site types. Despite large differences in vegetation and urban landscape, we did not observe a clear trend in air temperature differences between sites, even for experimental reference sites. Our analysis reveals that forest parks are the coolest and the green roofs are the warmest green places overall. The largest differences in daytime temperatures reached up to 2 °C difference between sites in summer, which gradually disappeared during cooler months. Our results suggest that regional weather dynamics dominate over the Stockholm Royal Seaport's micro-climate, leading to a relative similarity in NbS cooling performances. Though the district overall may be too homogeneous to affect air temperature variation and local NbS too small to alter the regional weather patterns, we nonetheless conclude that ecosystem services of NbS should not be taken for granted. Results suggest that NbS interventions, almost regardless of type, need to be considered and implemented at larger district scales to add up to the substantial total green cover needed to impact local and regional temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manoeuvring barriers: Assessing adaptive strategies for and persistent barriers to urban Nature-based Solutions in Lilongwe, Malawi","authors":"Willi Bauer,&nbsp;Alexandra Titz","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are increasingly promoted globally as a multifunctional and cost-effective way to address social and environmental challenges in cities. Based on these premises, there is a growing municipal interest in promoting NbS in cities of the so-called 'Global South'. However, current research is still clearly biased towards the 'Global North', with particularly few studies focusing on cities in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result of these research gaps, there is a high risk that maladapted NbS – modelled on examples from other regions that do not meet local requirements and needs – will be adopted.</div><div>Against this background, this article examines barriers to the adoption of urban Nature-based Solutions and the opportunities for successful implementation of NbS in cities in Malawi. Drawing on qualitative data (workshops, narrative expert interviews, group discussions) collected during five research stays in Lilongwe (2022–2024), the article outlines and analyses in detail the strategies employed to overcome these barriers by those actors in charge for implementing the Lilongwe Ecological Corridor Initiative (LECI), a large-scale NbS in the country's capital city. By empirically exploring the particularities of the implementation of the LECI, the article characterises features of NbS in SSA rarely explored in other contexts, such as the reframing of existing greenspaces, the pragmatic adaptation of NbS-plans and the formulation of by-laws as part of their planning. These insights can serve as a basis for further conceptual developments and critical engagement and to promote a deeper understanding of the potentials and pitfalls of implementation strategies seeking to manoeuvre persistent barriers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aligning the management of nature-based solutions to locally led adaptation principles: A case study of sand dams in Makueni County, Kenya","authors":"Judith Mulwa ,&nbsp;Eric Kioko ,&nbsp;Marie Ladekjaer Gravesen","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100226","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Advocates of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have argued that the approaches are important for addressing the various social and environmental challenges, including adaptation to climate change and biodiversity conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has developed eight criteria for identification of Nature-based Solutions: (1) address societal challenges (2) entail landscape scale of intervention (3) biodiversity gain (4) economic viability (5) governance capability (6) equitably balance trade-offs (7) adaptive management, and (8) mainstreamed within an appropriate jurisdictional context. Nevertheless, studies have shown that interventions that seek to help people in the frontlines of climate change often fail to provide predictable financing, enable local ownership, and align to the actual conditions of the local communities. To address these challenges, in 2018 more than 20 countries formed a global commission on adaptation, which in 2021 adopted eight guidelines known as Locally Led Adaptation (LLA) principles to guide climate change adaptation efforts by ensuring that local communities are empowered to lead the design, implementation, and decision-making processes for adaptation projects. While NbS offer substantial co-benefits—enhancing biodiversity, supporting livelihoods, and improving water security—their success hinges on effective financing, governance, and local engagement. Sand dams, in particular, have been implemented for decades across arid and semi-arid regions, offering a reliable method of water harvesting and climate adaptation. However, their integration into NbS frameworks and LLA principles remains underexplored. As such, this study sets out to assess how one of the sub-national governments of Kenya (Makueni County) has aligned its implementation of Nature-based Solutions to the principles of LLA. The NbS under consideration is the county's sand dam project, which was instituted to address water scarcity in the face of climate change and inadvertently disaster risk management. To gauge the NbS project's alignment to LLA principles, 43 indicators and measurement metrics were developed based on the eight principles of LLA. Each principle has between 4 and 7 qualitative indicators. Data was collected through focus group discussions with sand dams’ projects’ committee members, key informant interviews with county and national government officials responsible for water and climate change, and analysis of the sand dams’ projects documents. Each indicator was assigned a score of 1 if present and 0 if absent, giving a potential of 43 positive scores or 100 % if the county government scored 1 for all the 43 indicators. From indicators assessed, the County Government had a positive score in about 53 %, slightly above average (50 %). It is the view of the authors’ that if better governance structures are pegged to the remaining LLA principles, then financing can flow more naturally to the water s","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations for a successful assessment of Nature-based Solutions in an urban context. URBAN GreenUP project lessons learnt","authors":"Esther San Jose ,&nbsp;Bárbara Díez ,&nbsp;Silvia Gómez ,&nbsp;Raquel Marijuán ,&nbsp;Jorge Calvo ,&nbsp;Thami Croeser ,&nbsp;Trinh Tran Duc ,&nbsp;Raúl Sánchez","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The whole process of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) implementation is a complex procedure that requires the achievement of many aspects to finish as a successful hit. One of these aspects is the assessment of the value and functionality of the NbS. In this paper, we present a description of the main aspects related to the assessment that are necessary for a successful NbS implementation process. First, we provide an evaluation of the monitoring processes, the performance on the NbS and the assessment of the NbS impact. The European projects framework provides a wide number of examples of NbS implementation and in the case of this paper, as is the case for the project on which this report is based. By considering KPI (Key Performance Indicators) and the NbS efficiency this document delivers an assessment of the impact of NbS and an overview of the final status of the interventions in each of city as demo site in the project. The assessment has been conducted considering two main sources of information: 1) Evaluations developed during the initial phases of the project and the weights assigned to each variable under study, including the prioritization of the KPIs for each NbS implemented in each demo city and the evaluation of the potential impact that those NbS produced on several city challenges. 2) The monitoring of the NbS implemented and data collected, which has provided the assessment of combined impact of each NbS regarding city challenges. Likewise, the paper describes the methodology applied to make the overall assessment of the NbS through the performance of the KPIs. Additionally, we show the data an analysis of the technical, economic, social and environmental barriers, boundaries appeared in the course of KPI monitoring, and NbS implementation phases in demo sites. As conclusion, our work provides a user-friendly assessment methodology that takes into account economic, technical, social and ecological aspects related to NbS implementation processes and that has been validated in real case studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformative nature-based urban and architectural design values for socio-ecological wellbeing and adaptation in New Caledonia","authors":"Amanda Yates ,&nbsp;Maibritt Pedersen Zari ,&nbsp;Qatrenë Juni","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Working with nature in urban settings as a strategy for improving wellbeing offers significant potential for effective climate change adaptation. It is increasingly being explored and utilized in the region of <em>Moananui</em> Oceania. In New Caledonia, ongoing social issues pervade many aspects of life, particularly for Indigenous Kanak peoples, including the appropriateness and effectiveness of housing and the urban built environment in general. This paper examines and suggests eco-relational practices for urban and architectural design in a New Caledonian context. To explore transformative nature-based built environment design agendas that link closely to Indigenous ecological knowledge and understandings of wellbeing, research was carried out through a series of interviews and workshops with local people. We examine the usefulness of starting from understanding worldview, local notions of wellbeing, and relationships to nature in urban climate change adaptation work, and suggest a conceptual framework for transformative built environment design practice. We discuss using the Mauri Ora compass research co-design methodologies to bridge cultural differences, political agendas, and varying worldviews and encourage meaningful engagement with eco-centric local and/or Indigenous communities. Key findings include that the communities engaged with, who are largely Kanak, see that fundamental changes must occur in the design and construction of built environments, and that the nature of the changes is not just technical, but fundamentally requires a cultural shift in how people understand themselves to be in and of the living world. The necessary shift, particularly for non-indigenous, was identified as a collective rather than individual reorientation towards a more care-full, respectful, and ecologically regenerative relationship with living socio-ecological systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary study on algae composition of a river entering Taihu Lake and effect of constructed wetland on algae removal","authors":"Yingming Du,&nbsp;Ying Zhang,&nbsp;Xiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to study the effect of vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) on algae removal in the period of algae bloom in Taihu Lake, VFCW was constructed at the riparian area of Xiaoxia River, a river entering Taihu Lake. The algae compositions of water from Xiaoxia River, influent and effluent of VFCW were analyzed and the effect of VFCW on algae removal was studied on different days. The results show that the density and biomass of algae at different sampling sites on different days were quite different, and there was no obvious proportional relationship between the cell density and biomass of algae at the same sampling site at the same sampling time. There are 6 phyla of algae in all the samples, involving 92 species, among which the dominant species are <em>Chlorophyta</em> (35 species), while the least species are <em>Pyrrophyta</em> (2 species). The cell density was dominated by <em>Cyanophyta</em>, and the species were mainly <em>Planktolyngbya subtilis, Microcystis sp., Merismopedia minima</em>. Three sampling tests were conducted on different days in one month, and the results showed that the overall algae removal rates of VFCW on these three days were 70.1 %, 90.2 % and 99.9 % respectively. The average removal rates of different phyla were all above 82.0 %. The algal density and biomass of VFCW effluent were far lower than those of other sampling sites, indicating that VFCW had a good efficiency of algae removal when treating algae-laden water from Xiaoxia River of west island (also called Taihu Ecological Island).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of blue-green infrastructures on combined sewer overflows","authors":"Sahar Jazayeri Moghanlo,&nbsp;Anita Raimondi","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, there has been a growing focus on combined sewer overflows (CSOs), due to the attention posed by laws and regulations on environmental protection. Urbanization and climate change increase the activation of CSO both in terms of frequency and volume of uncontrolled polluted discharge into receiving water bodies. Blue-Green Infrastructures (BGI) are more and more encouraged as strategies and solutions for runoff control and stormwater management, providing several benefits to the environment and communities. This manuscript aims to serve as a review paper of the impacts of BGI on CSOs from a quantitative and qualitative point of view, with a focus on the challenges posed by climate change and innovative modelling based on real-time control (RTC) and artificial intelligence (AI). The research highlighted the advantages of each BGI and emphasized that their combination can improve the benefits of runoff control and environmental protection. This study can be useful to planners and engineers to guide the selection and implementation of BGI to safeguard water bodies from CSO-related pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modelling of the hydrodynamics driven by tidal flooding of the land surface after dyke breaching","authors":"Rachel A. Burns ,&nbsp;Ryan P. Mulligan ,&nbsp;Megan Elliott ,&nbsp;Danika van Proosdij ,&nbsp;Enda Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Managed dyke realignment is a method of creating more coastal wetland environments, by breaching constructed dykes (levees) to allow seawater driven by tides to flood the land surface and enable re-establishment of salt marshes over time. However, coastal land regions that are protected by dykes experience major hydrodynamic changes after breaching. To investigate these dynamics, a dyke in Atlantic Canada was purposefully breached and the adjacent land surface allowed to flood with the tides. Field measurements pre- and post-breach provide a rare opportunity to model the hydrodynamics of early dyke realignment in a hypertidal estuary in the Bay of Fundy. These include measurements of water levels and current velocities at spring tide collected across of field site. A numerical model with an unstructured flexible mesh (Delft3D-FM) was applied to examine the impacts of tidal flooding from a river channel, through the dyke breach and across the previously agricultural landscape that was historically a salt marsh. The model was used to simulate the hydrodynamics inside and around the breach before and after seawater flooding during spring tides, to evaluate the initial impacts of this nature-based method of managed dyke realignment. The results indicate that the breach was not wide enough to influence water levels within the Missaguash River. The depth-averaged current speeds can exceed 1 m <em>s</em>⁻¹ within the breach and are typically &lt;0.3 m <em>s</em>⁻¹ across the flooded area with an average depth of 0.66 m over the simulation period with six tidal cycles. The model results also highlight the importance of high-resolution computational grids and variable bottom roughness for simulating the hydrodynamics of small-scale salt marsh restoration projects. Overall, the results may provide insight to researchers and practitioners in applying nature-based solutions to improve coastal resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Special issue: Nature-based solutions for reducing disaster risk. What is the evidence?","authors":"Karen Sudmeier-Rieux ,&nbsp;Stephen Galvin ,&nbsp;Udo Michael Nehren ,&nbsp;Christine Moos ,&nbsp;Marta Vicarelli ,&nbsp;Yvonne Walz ,&nbsp;Lucy Emerton ,&nbsp;Annisa Triyanti ,&nbsp;Nathalie Doswald","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nearly two decades ago, the Indian Ocean tsunami created a devastating human tragedy, leaving many questions in its wake as to the role that mangroves may have played in saving lives and livelihoods. Over the following decade, these questions led to the creation of a new field of study: the role of ecosystems in disaster risk reduction, or Eco-DRR. After 2020, Eco-DRR became quasi-synonymous with ‘Nature-based Solutions for disaster risk reduction’, with a few notable differences. What changed as a result of the Indian Ocean tsunami was an increased awareness that ecosystems could - and should - be part of discourse and portfolios of investments in disaster risk reduction (DRR). Over the next two decades, this awareness grew in three phases: 1) 2005–2014: the ‘convincing stage’; 2) 2015–2020: the ‘mainstreaming stage’ 3) 2020: ‘the blue-printing stage’. This collection of articles highlights research on the evidence of the effectiveness of ecosystem approaches for DRR, while addressing the above question: “how to implement”?</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forested bioshields and tsunami impact mitigation in a Polynesian setting","authors":"Scott Fisher ,&nbsp;James Goff ,&nbsp;Andrew B. Cundy ,&nbsp;David Sear ,&nbsp;Christina McWhorter","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the 21st century tsunamis have claimed the lives of over 250,000 individuals, and have caused extensive damage to vulnerable coastal ecosystems. This vulnerability continues to increase in many areas as human activity further degrades the coastal forests that once provided a degree of protection against storms and tsunamis, collectively known as high energy marine inundation events. This work presents a case study of the design and implementation of a forested bioshield established to protect a vulnerable wetland on Maui's south east coast. Although subject to coastal inundation, this ecosystem provides high quality habitat for numerous endangered species. Anthropogenic modifications around the wetlands, particularly the loss of the protective forest, have made this ecosystem vulnerable to future inundation events. Establishing an effective bioshield requires in-depth knowledge of both the frequency and intensity of inundation events, as well as effective tree species selection and their proper configuration within the bioshield. Here, we present palynological and archaeobotanical data from the studied wetlands, and combine this with local paleotsunami data, previously published data on forested bioshields, and traditional ecological knowledge to design, optimize and install an 8,000 m² forested bioshield, and review the wider benefits and limitations of this bioshield approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}