Nature-Based Solutions最新文献

{"title":"A basic study on tree growth and landscape greening in Coastal Urban areas: The case of Hakata port in Fukuoka City, Japan","authors":"Maoko Yoshino ,&nbsp;Kazuo Asahiro","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fukuoka City is one of Japan's most advanced cities in incorporating climate change and greening into its policies. This study focuses on seven port green areas adjacent to Hakata Port in Fukuoka City. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between the tree growth vitality and the outline of the plan in port green areas within 100m of the coastline and to provide guidelines for sustainable green space management. During the field survey, tree species in the port green space were identified, and the growth activity of representative tree species was evaluated. A literature review and interviews with stakeholders provided insight into the historical and technical aspects of green space development from the 1970s to the 2000s. The study identified <em>Machilus thunbergii, Morella rubra</em>, and <em>Pasania edulis</em> as representative tree species forming the port green space in Fukuoka City. These trees showed a trend of fewer trees with poor growth vigor in green spaces opened between 1995 and 2007, suggesting that differences in growth vigor reflect greening maintenance policies, soil research results, and other factors. However, growth differences may also be influenced by soil conditions, wind speeds, and human activities. Therefore, further analysis using more detailed physical and chemical surveys, wind conditions, and human use data is needed. By reviewing 35 years of port green space development, this study confirms that iterative maintenance improvements and policy establishment have contributed to better tree growth vitality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amenity valuation of urban and peri‑urban nature in high resolution on continental scale","authors":"Roland Löwe ,&nbsp;Martina Viti ,&nbsp;Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen ,&nbsp;Jacob Ladenburg","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space is a highly valued asset in cities. This is a key reason why nature-based solutions (NBS) for water management are often perceived to be more expensive than traditional grey solutions. However, the allocation of space also provides benefits relative to grey solutions. In a planning paradigm driven by cost-effectiveness, NBS implementation requires methods for quantifying these benefits in a standardized and easily applicable manner. Based on 114 stated-preference valuation studies of nature in urban areas and openly available geographic data from the developed world, we develop a predictive metamodel for the aggregate benefit value of urban nature, covering the entire range of NBS types with sizes from 0.5 to 900,000 ha. Using a cross-validation procedure, we compare the predictive performance of 8.4 million model permutations that consider different combinations of site properties and topographic and socio-economic characteristics of the surroundings as input. We find that the aggregate benefit value is determined by the size of the nature areas and population densities in their surroundings. There is clear evidence for substitution effects where available nature areas reduce the willingness to pay for new nature. Beyond the dependency on area, there is little evidence for making distinctions between nature types. Economic values do depend on the average income at a site, but these variations are entirely captured by purchase power corrections. Our value estimates are aligned with related literature and range between 150 and 400,000 USD/ha/year. A Python implementation of our metamodel is provided alongside this paper, which generates maps of the predicted values for any place in Europe in a spatial resolution of 100m.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous knowledge, architecture, and nature in the context of Oceania","authors":"Derek Kawiti ,&nbsp;Albert Refiti ,&nbsp;Amanda Yates ,&nbsp;Elisapeta Heta ,&nbsp;Sibyl Bloomfield ,&nbsp;Victoria Chanse ,&nbsp;Maibritt Pedersen Zari","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This perspective article is derived from conversations between leading Indigenous academics and practitioners in the fields of architecture and urban design recorded at a keynote panel at the 2023 NUWAO International Symposium on Nature-based Urban Climate Adaptation for Wellbeing, held at Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand. The focus of the discussion was Indigenous design for adaptation to climate change in <em>Moananui</em> Oceania with an emphasis on relationships to nature. Given the diversity of Moananui Oceania in terms of languages, cultures, histories, and worldviews, this discussion represented a unique convergence of Indigenous leadership and thought in the field. It highlighted key themes related to Indigenous design for climate change adaptation and offered a novel, distinctive perspective aimed at advancing thinking around nature-based solutions (NbS). It is important to recognise and integrate Indigenous values and approaches to knowledge generation, particularly within academic settings. In the context of <em>Moananui</em> Oceania this can require adapting oral traditions and formats, such as <em>talanoa</em>, and <em>hui</em> or <em>kōrero</em>, into conventional Western-based research formats such as the journal article. This paper is an attempt to capture important Indigenous knowledge and discussion in a western format to enable further dissemination and sharing. This means the format and methodologies described in the paper do not align exactly with traditional scientific journal article formats, however the discussions and findings help to meet the motivation of the authors, which is to transform traditional Indigenous ways of sharing information into a perspective article format and share insights with a wider audience. This methodology aligns well with the special issue call that this paper resides in (Just, Socio-ecological Urban Transformation: Nature-based Solutions and Traditional Ecological Knowledge), underpinning the relevance and potential contribution to the field. Two key themes were explored within the context of the importance of working with nature; relationships between ecologies and <em>tikanga</em> (customary practices), and looking backwards to generate innovation and resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewing designed plant communities’ potential for optimizing the performance of urban nature-based solutions","authors":"Ella Uppala ,&nbsp;Johanna Deak Sjöman ,&nbsp;Tobias Emilsson ,&nbsp;Marcus Hedblom","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban nature-based solutions (NbS) can help to address larger societal challenges, such as climate adaptation and mitigation, by delivering multiple ecosystem services simultaneously. As multifunctional vegetation is a prerequisite for many types of NbS, finding methods for cost-effective planting design and vegetation management is vital for optimizing urban NbS performance. Designed Plant Communities (DPC) is a framework for planting design and vegetation management that endeavors to combine high aesthetic and biodiversity values with low management costs through species-rich vegetation. In this literature review, we elaborate on the design and management objectives and performance goals for vegetation in the DPC-framework and assess how scientific evidence provided by global DPC-research contributes to fulfilling four NbS criteria. This scoping review of 51 research papers shows that the DPC framework and its related evidence base align with the NbS criteria. Despite covering a large variety of vegetation types, geographical locations and NbS unit types, current DPC research gives concrete and reliable evidence on only a few research topics. The knowledge gaps on urban vegetation design and management identified in this review indicate that improving vegetated NbS performance will require further research into plant ecology and the specific ecosystem services provided by plants. Enhancing vegetated NbS performance will additionally require translating research into evidence-based planting design and vegetation management guidelines to facilitate the long-term development of reliable high-performing multifunctional urban vegetation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue infrastructure as nature-based solutions for urban sustainability: Evaluating local perceptions from four Indian megacities","authors":"Koushik Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Sukanya Basu ,&nbsp;Malay Pramanik ,&nbsp;Tobias Plieninger","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban blue infrastructure provides multiple economic, social, and ecological benefits to local residents, and can enhance urban sustainability. However, few studies have examined the potential of traditional forms of blue infrastructure as nature-based solutions for mitigating common challenges of urban sustainability. The perceptions of 616 urban dwellers from four Indian megacities were analyzed through surveys to understand and demonstrate how blue infrastructure can be seen as a nature-based solution to urban sustainability challenges. A quantitative methodology involving descriptive statistics, Spearman correlations, and binary logistic regression was used to analyze survey data. Results showed that blue infrastructure provides multiple ecosystem services to the urban residents, with regulating and cultural services being most prominently valued. Both neglected and well-maintained blue infrastructure demonstrated significant potential as nature-based solutions for improving urban sustainability, but they contribute differently. The socio-cultural characteristics of the respondents significantly influenced their perceptions of the significance of blue infrastructure in addressing urban sustainability challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological-hydraulic modelling to assess Nature-Based Solutions for flood risk mitigation in an urban area of Catania (Sicily, Italy)","authors":"L. Sciuto ,&nbsp;F. Licciardello ,&nbsp;E.R. Giuffrida ,&nbsp;S. Barresi ,&nbsp;V. Scavera ,&nbsp;D. Verde ,&nbsp;S. Barbagallo ,&nbsp;G.L. Cirelli","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional interventions, based on grey infrastructure approaches, have demonstrated ineffectiveness in managing stormwater in urban environments under the pressures of climate change and urbanization. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) and related measures such as Green Urban Infrastructures (GUIs) have emerged as advantageous solutions for climate resilience that contribute to climate adaptation and mitigation by minimizing water quantity and improving water quality. An appropriate combination of NBS with traditional grey infrastructures should be implemented to retain, decelerate, infiltrate, and gradually release rainwater. This study aims to identify flood risk areas, locate NBS (i.e., green roofs, rain gardens, porous pavements, rain barrels, and infiltration basins), and evaluate the effectiveness of various small-scale NBS types and combinations in terms of flood peak reduction and delay, as well as runoff volume reduction. To achieve the objective, a novel approach incorporating the integrated utilization of both hydraulic (HEC-RAS) and hydrological models (EPA SWMM), as well as images from traffic and mobile phone cameras, is implemented and validated. This approach is applied to a Sicilian hydrological urban catchment where health facilities providing essential services are situated. Specifically, five distinct scenarios are formulated by varying the type of NBS and their implementation percentages, considering both public areas and fiscal measures. Model simulations are conducted with return periods (T) of 10, 50, and 200 years. Real-time and freely available Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) images have demonstrated to be a viable alternative to traditional monitoring equipment for validating hydraulic models in data-scarce areas. Furthermore, the findings accentuate the suitability of the proposed methodological approach, enabling effective NBS placement that yields significant reductions in peak flow, runoff volume, and flood area extent. Additionally, the model applications facilitate (i) the evaluation of the performance of different NBS types used in combination for the three considered T values and (ii) the identification of the runoff depth at which NBS are most effective in urban Mediterranean areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-climate of nature-based solutions in stockholm royal seaport","authors":"Artur Branny ,&nbsp;Erik Andersson ,&nbsp;Timon McPhearson","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme weather events are on the rise, increasingly impacting cities and their urban populations. In response, urban greening and nature-based solutions (NbS) have emerged as key approaches for reducing risks from multiple types of extreme climate and weather events while making a positive impact on urban social and environmental inequities. NbS interventions are high on urban agendas worldwide, but in practice, they often are hyper-local and contain novel ecological entities, with unknown capacity to deal with different pressures and disturbances. Thus, there is an urgent need to build knowledge around how, when, and under what circumstances different NbS can be expected to perform their functions as intended. One step towards building, and then constantly updating, such knowledge is to establish practices for monitoring and evaluating NbS.</div><div>In this study, we showcase a novel approach based on wireless sensor technology that harnesses hyperlocal data in real time to understand the direct impact of NbS on the local climate across seasonal variation and under extreme weather conditions. We aimed to quantify to what extent NbS are contributing to ecosystem services such as cooling.</div><div>To answer this, we installed eighteen microsensor weather stations across the biggest and most recent sustainable urban development in Sweden - Stockholm Royal Seaport. We investigated five distinct types of NbS - forest parks, green courtyards, rain gardens, green roofs, and lawns, during the summer of 2021 to examine whether real-time temperature changes varied between NbS site types. Despite large differences in vegetation and urban landscape, we did not observe a clear trend in air temperature differences between sites, even for experimental reference sites. Our analysis reveals that forest parks are the coolest and the green roofs are the warmest green places overall. The largest differences in daytime temperatures reached up to 2 °C difference between sites in summer, which gradually disappeared during cooler months. Our results suggest that regional weather dynamics dominate over the Stockholm Royal Seaport's micro-climate, leading to a relative similarity in NbS cooling performances. Though the district overall may be too homogeneous to affect air temperature variation and local NbS too small to alter the regional weather patterns, we nonetheless conclude that ecosystem services of NbS should not be taken for granted. Results suggest that NbS interventions, almost regardless of type, need to be considered and implemented at larger district scales to add up to the substantial total green cover needed to impact local and regional temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of blue-green infrastructures on combined sewer overflows","authors":"Sahar Jazayeri Moghanlo,&nbsp;Anita Raimondi","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, there has been a growing focus on combined sewer overflows (CSOs), due to the attention posed by laws and regulations on environmental protection. Urbanization and climate change increase the activation of CSO both in terms of frequency and volume of uncontrolled polluted discharge into receiving water bodies. Blue-Green Infrastructures (BGI) are more and more encouraged as strategies and solutions for runoff control and stormwater management, providing several benefits to the environment and communities. This manuscript aims to serve as a review paper of the impacts of BGI on CSOs from a quantitative and qualitative point of view, with a focus on the challenges posed by climate change and innovative modelling based on real-time control (RTC) and artificial intelligence (AI). The research highlighted the advantages of each BGI and emphasized that their combination can improve the benefits of runoff control and environmental protection. This study can be useful to planners and engineers to guide the selection and implementation of BGI to safeguard water bodies from CSO-related pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Special issue: Nature-based solutions for reducing disaster risk. What is the evidence?","authors":"Karen Sudmeier-Rieux ,&nbsp;Stephen Galvin ,&nbsp;Udo Michael Nehren ,&nbsp;Christine Moos ,&nbsp;Marta Vicarelli ,&nbsp;Yvonne Walz ,&nbsp;Lucy Emerton ,&nbsp;Annisa Triyanti ,&nbsp;Nathalie Doswald","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nearly two decades ago, the Indian Ocean tsunami created a devastating human tragedy, leaving many questions in its wake as to the role that mangroves may have played in saving lives and livelihoods. Over the following decade, these questions led to the creation of a new field of study: the role of ecosystems in disaster risk reduction, or Eco-DRR. After 2020, Eco-DRR became quasi-synonymous with ‘Nature-based Solutions for disaster risk reduction’, with a few notable differences. What changed as a result of the Indian Ocean tsunami was an increased awareness that ecosystems could - and should - be part of discourse and portfolios of investments in disaster risk reduction (DRR). Over the next two decades, this awareness grew in three phases: 1) 2005–2014: the ‘convincing stage’; 2) 2015–2020: the ‘mainstreaming stage’ 3) 2020: ‘the blue-printing stage’. This collection of articles highlights research on the evidence of the effectiveness of ecosystem approaches for DRR, while addressing the above question: “how to implement”?</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of healthy wetlands in mitigating volcanic tephra impacts in Northern Patagonia","authors":"Andrea Soledad Enriquez ,&nbsp;Manuela Fernández ,&nbsp;Fernando Umaña ,&nbsp;María Victoria Cremona","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In natural grasslands under extensive grazing, volcanic events pose risks to livestock health and production. Volcanic tephra tends to persist and remain remobilized for years in arid and semi-arid environments, which can be problematic. Healthy wet meadow-wetlands developed in the bottom valleys of Northern Patagonia, Argentina, offer a natural solution for mitigating volcanic tephra impacts. By combining existing geographic information (North Patagonia wetland distribution map and tephra fallout deposit map), the extent of wet meadows affected by the 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex (PCCVC) volcano was calculated. The regional amount of available forage in the aftermath of the eruption was estimated through field assessments of aerial net primary production (ANPP); this was conducted during the first peak of plant growth after the PCCVC volcanic event in 5 m x 5 m paired plots, both with and without manually removed tephra a month after the event. To compare the tephra effect on vegetation type throughout time, normalized vegetation index (NDVI) was used to monitor plant activity two years before, the following year, and five years after the PCCVC event in wet meadows and surrounding steppes. In addition, the regional amount of tephra removed from the environment and stabilized in the soil was assessed using prior research findings of ash immobilization and stabilization within meadow soil profiles five years after the PCCVC event. Around 106,000 ha (52%) of North Patagonian meadows were identified to be exposed to volcanic hazard. The plant growing season following the eruption generated, on average, 3929±2146 kg DM ha⁻¹, indicating an active functional wet meadow recovery despite a 25-20% reduction in ANPP due to the tephra effect. NDVI data supported these findings, with the historical maximum level (0.46±0.02) being restored the year following the event, while surrounding steppes recovered at least three years after. Healthy wet meadows mitigated the adverse effects of around 2279 tons of regional tephra, while simultaneously providing nearly half a billion tons of fodder production the year following the eruption- a critical period of cattle food scarcity. These findings highlight the reduction of negative impacts following recurrent volcanic eruptions and underscore the positive effects of conserving, restoring, and sustainably managing wetlands as a Nature-Based Solution for Disaster Risk Reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}