Nature-Based Solutions最新文献

{"title":"Coastal resilience could be enhanced by co-interventions and synergistic Nature-based Solutions","authors":"Paulina Filz ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Beas-Luna ,&nbsp;Luca Rindi ,&nbsp;Julio Lorda ,&nbsp;Jan Freiwald ,&nbsp;Luis Malpica-Cruz","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human activities and climate change drive the degradation of marine ecosystems, which provide essential services such as carbon sequestration, coastal protection, and fisheries. This loss amplifies societal challenges, including climate change mitigation, disaster risk reduction, and socio-economic vulnerability. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) offer a strategic approach to address these challenges by protecting, managing, and restoring coastal ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity and human well-being. Despite growing recognition of NbS, large-scale implementation remains hindered by funding constraints, policy integration barriers, and difficulty scaling effective strategies. Here, we present a systematic literature review investigating these factors in marine ecosystems to improve our understanding of investment motivations and co-interventions. We analyzed 39 case studies of NbS interventions and 32 studies on implementation opportunities and barriers. Our findings indicate that ecosystem restoration is the most prevalent NbS intervention in marine systems, often initiated in response to extreme climate events and disaster risk reduction. However, successful implementation frequently requires complementary strategies, such as income diversification, to reduce anthropogenic pressures and enhance livelihood resilience. Moreover, we identify synergies between addressing societal challenges and promoting ecosystem recovery, offering valuable insights for managers and researchers. To scale NbS effectively, barriers related to financing, policy integration, and technical expertise must be addressed. Our findings highlight the need for integrated, adaptive solutions linking ecological restoration with community-based management and sustainable economic development, ensuring resilience and social justice. Future research should explore innovative marine NbS approaches that support human well-being and acknowledge nature’s intrinsic value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Spongetown” Christiania as an urban living lab: Nature-based solutions for resilient, circular, symbiotic, and regenerative transitions in urban waters","authors":"Manuel Higgs Morgado ,&nbsp;Despoina Vasiliki Vastardi ,&nbsp;Flore-Eva Baudot Almeida ,&nbsp;Hanaa Dahy","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rising sea levels and stormwater flooding threaten coastal ecosystems like wetlands, exacerbating urban sustainability challenges. Urban Living Labs and NBS propose decentralised, community-driven approaches emphasising <em>resilience, circularity, symbiosis</em>, and <em>regeneration</em>. This study examines Freetown Christiania, a pioneering community-led urban laboratory and countercultural enclave within Copenhagen’s socio-technical-ecological systems, as they pursue SDGs within planetary boundaries. We analyse Christiania’s urban <em>niche</em> using participatory observation and <em>sociotechnical</em> frameworks—including <em>Actor-network Theory</em>, the <em>Multi-Level Perspective</em>, and <em>Sociotechnical Imaginaries</em>. We investigate NBS innovations, such as reed bed systems, constructed wetlands, green roofs, and green-blue infrastructure, which exemplify Christiania’s integrated urban water management—innovations reshaping Copenhagen’s grey infrastructure path dependency, driven by Danish agendas and Sino-European sponge city partnerships.</div><div>Identifying key actors, drivers, barriers, and scenarios, our thematic analysis codes problems, interests, and strategies to articulate a proposal for expanding Christiania’s NBS niches through urban planning and governance. Findings highlight Christiania’s contributions to NBS in wastewater treatment, habitat preservation, biodiversity monitoring, and sustainability ideology. The <em>Freetown</em> bridges community-led innovations with municipal and international strategies, positioning itself as a potential pilot for further integrating socio-technical<em>,</em> techno-economic, socio-ecological, and institutional design approaches to urban and coastal sustainability.</div><div>We propose a replicable multi-criteria methodology for territorial transitions in Copenhagen, the Baltic, and globally. Based upon IUCN and DGNB standards, we outline criteria for urban NBS proposals developed with Christiania’s Building Office and local stakeholders. These criteria inform scenario planning in our project, “Spongetown Christiania,” forecasting trajectories and pathways for local governance of infrastructure, urban renewal and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change dynamics and their effects on Bangladeshi Agriculture: A systematic review","authors":"Md. Ahsan Habib ,&nbsp;K. M. Atiqur Rahman Babur ,&nbsp;Md. Mobinul Islam ,&nbsp;Nazmin Akter ,&nbsp;Md Shafiqul Bari ,&nbsp;Mahmuod Abubakar Bashir ,&nbsp;Md. Manik Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change poses substantial challenges to global agricultural systems and farmers, with a key vulnerability observed in developing nations. The rapid surge in global carbon emissions resulting from energy-driven fossil fuel utilization and anthropogenic activities has disrupted the carbon cycle, leading to alarming increases in air and ocean temperatures over the past century. The complex and multifaceted impacts of climate change significantly affect agriculture and livestock production, with direct as well as indirect consequences on the intricate human-environment relationship. The geographical factors and a lack of social concern make Bangladesh highly susceptible to the impacts of global climate change. Inadequate awareness regarding greenhouse gas reduction and continued reliance on fossil fuels contribute to shifting temperature and precipitation patterns within the country. The country faces escalating temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, and an amplified occurrence of extreme events due to climate change. This review paper examines the specific impacts of climate change on agriculture and livestock in Bangladesh, emphasizing the decrease in crop production and the risk to livestock. Additionally, it explores various adaptation and mitigation measures that address climate change within the country. The substantial threat that climate change poses to food security is crucial for Bangladesh to implement robust rules and regulations. By consolidating existing literature, empirical evidence, and key findings, this review paper provides valuable insights into the challenges confronted by Bangladesh's agriculture sector. It also presents recommendations for adopting sustainable agricultural practices and implementing policy interventions to enhance resilience and ensure food security within the context of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the suitability of corals of opportunity for direct transplantation onto Mauritian sediment-impacted reefs","authors":"Nadeem Nazurally ,&nbsp;Bipasha Sookun ,&nbsp;Tashika Kalloo ,&nbsp;Baruch Rinkevich","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coral reefs decline in Mauritius, driven by rising temperatures, sedimentation, and physical disturbance, has rendered passive conservation insufficient. This 27-month study assessed the survival and growth of naturally dislodged but viable coral fragments (corals of opportunity; COOs) left at a sediment-impacted site in Pointe aux Feuilles, as compared to COOs collected and immediately attached in situ to elevated metal frames. COOs of five species were used namely: <em>Acropora selago, Acropora muricata, Acropora Cytherea, Pocillopora damicornis</em> and <em>Millepora alicornis</em>. A controlled field experiment was conducted in which growth was quantified from standardized photographs using ImageJ, while survival and bleaching patterns were statistically analyzed to determine species-specific responses under natural and nursery conditions. Substrate-elevated modules significantly enhanced coral performance: <em>Pocillopora damicornis</em> and <em>Millepora alicornis</em> showed the highest growth (55.8 cm² and 36.2 cm²), while three branching <em>Acropora</em> species exhibited lower survival and greater bleaching. Final bleaching rates were lowest in <em>P. damicornis</em> (0 %) and highest in <em>A. muricata</em> (46.7 %) on nursery modules, while in situ COOs suffered bleaching rates up to 66.7 % and over 25 % dislodgement. Sediment accumulation was consistently higher on natural reefs (Welch’s <em>t</em> = 18.9, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), highlighting site exposure as a key stressor. These results show that COOs, when stabilized in elevated, higher-flow environments, support reef recovery without harming donor colonies or donor reefs. Often overlooked, COOs offer a sustainable restoration option when identified early and maintained under favorable conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145121248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing and engineering nature-based solutions - An evaluation of sustainable drainage systems for improving stormwater quality in Johannesburg, South Africa","authors":"Sansha van der Merwe ,&nbsp;Neil Armitage ,&nbsp;Kirsty Carden ,&nbsp;Patience Mguni ,&nbsp;Craig Sheridan","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change and rapid urbanisation exacerbate water management challenges leading to increased risks such as floods, droughts, and deteriorating water quality. As urban areas expand, particularly in regions like Southern Africa, the demand for effective stormwater management grows. Conventional stormwater infrastructure, while addressing runoff, is often associated with increased impermeability and exacerbated environmental issues. Consequently, there is a pressing need for alternative approaches that consider ecological balance and resilience. Nature-based Solutions (NBS), such as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), offer a pathway towards more water-sensitive futures. This study evaluates the effectiveness of SuDS by comparing two sites in Johannesburg, South Africa with distinctly different design approaches: The Reid, a private brownfield residential development, and Observatory, which is a city-owned golf course. The findings reveal that thoughtful planning and design of SuDS can significantly enhance stormwater quality, as demonstrated by The Reid's superior performance. In contrast, Observatory's less effective design highlights missed opportunities and underscores the importance of informed design choices as well as the need to strengthen local governments’ technical and governance capacity in the realisation of urban NBS such as SuDS. A key difference is The Reid’s larger water retention volume and longer hydraulic retention time (HRT), which enable crucial biogeochemical processes essential for water quality improvement. In conclusion, while SuDS offer significant environmental benefits, including improved water quality, flood attenuation, and increased biodiversity, their effectiveness hinges on careful design and maintenance. The study underscores the necessity of adopting well-planned SuDS solutions to maximise their impact and address the complex challenges of modern urban water management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological performance and design of bioretention systems for heavy rainfall management: A laboratory study","authors":"Muhammad Baitullah Al Amin ,&nbsp;Joko Sujono ,&nbsp;Radianta Triatmadja","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioretention systems are widely used for urban stormwater management, yet their performance under intense rainfall—especially in tropical regions—remains underexplored. This study evaluated the hydrological performance of three full-scale bioretention cells (100 × 50 × 70 cm) with varying soil–sand compositions, tested using a custom rainfall simulator. Saturated hydraulic conductivities ranged from 63.3 to 325.6 mm/hr. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to simulate the bioretention cells and was calibrated and validated against experimental data, showing strong agreement (<em>r</em> &gt; 0.9; <em>NSE</em> &gt; 0.8). Results indicated that standard designs (100–300 mm/hr conductivity; 5% area coverage) were insufficient for mitigating peak flows under heavy rainfall events (<em>P</em> &gt; 100 mm; <em>i_ave</em> &gt; 10 mm/hr). Increasing area coverage from 5% to 30% reduced peak discharge by up to 50%, delayed peak runoff by 82 min, and extended detention time. Runoff volume reductions ranged from 2.1–11.2% for 2-year design storms and 1.4–6.8% for 50-year events. An area coverage of 10–20% is recommended for effective mitigation. Dimensionless empirical equations were developed for design applications, and refinements to SWMM’s percolation modeling are suggested to improve model accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scenario-based analysis of wetlands as nature-based solutions for flood risk mitigation using the TELEMAC-2D model","authors":"Kirk B. Enu ,&nbsp;Fabian Merk ,&nbsp;Hao Su ,&nbsp;Manuel Rauch ,&nbsp;Aude Zingraff-Hamed ,&nbsp;Karl Broich ,&nbsp;Kristian Förster ,&nbsp;Stephan Pauleit ,&nbsp;Markus Disse","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban flooding is an escalating threat in rapidly urbanising regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where unregulated expansion and climate change intensify risks. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are increasingly recognised as sustainable and cost-effective, yet empirical evidence to support their strategic planning, especially through high-resolution modelling in data-scarce settings, remains limited. This study presents one of the first integrated applications of spectral indices and TELEMAC-2D hydrodynamic modelling to assess NbS effectiveness in a rapidly urbanising SSA city, the Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Area (GKMA) in Ghana. Focusing on the Aboabo catchment, we analysed wetland ecosystem loss (1986–2023) and evaluated the impact of NbS interventions (floodplain restoration and wetland creation) on flood dynamics. Specifically, we assessed the flood reduction potential of different implementation scenarios and how these scenarios affect the timing and intensity of peak flows under varying storm conditions. Results show that wetland cover declined (59 %) while built-up areas expanded (134 %), leading to reduced cumulative discharge and more intense, shorter-duration floods. The <em>combined</em> scenario (floodplain restoration and wetland creation) achieved consistent peak flow reductions (16–19 %) in prolonged storms, while the <em>ambitious_restoration</em> scenario (restoring the full floodplain network) performed best (24 %) in short-duration events. In contrast, the <em>landscape</em> scenario (wetland creation in available spaces) achieved only modest reductions (1–3 %), underscoring the limited capacity of space-dependent approaches and the importance of spatial targeting. These findings support the case for hybrid approaches that combine NbS with engineering solutions to enhance both immediate and long-term flood resilience. Our approach demonstrates the adaptability of TELEMAC-2D for NbS modelling in data-limited contexts and offers a replicable, decision-relevant framework for integrating NbS into urban flood resilience planning across SSA and similar regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144114849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing blue-green infrastructure design with synthetic 3D drainage channels: A scenario-based flood model in Nova Scotia, Canada","authors":"Corey Dawson","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanized riverscapes are facing challenges due to hydrological changes. Adjusted flow regimes and imperviousness are contributing to increased flood risks resulting from gray infrastructure and strained subgrade drainage systems. Here a new methodology is presented for designing synthetic 3D drainage channels as blue-green infrastructure to enhance multidisciplinary decision-making for sustainable urban drainage systems planning and elements of nature-based stormwater management. LiDAR derived digital elevation models and River Builder software were used to generate four unique drainage channel scenarios with different surface geometries and vegetative cover types for flood modelling. Flood risks were assessed by fluvial simulation responses to specific channel elements and the design process may translate to real-world applications. Fluvial simulations were compared to evaluate how flood inundation patterns and flow velocities responded to morphology changes and roughness coefficients. Results suggest that incorporating geomorphic principles into open drainage channels can advance blue-green infrastructure design by reflecting more natural morphological elements and improve stakeholder engagement that is well suited for nature-based solutions. By combining high-resolution LiDAR data and process-based River Builder functions, the methodology presents a design tool for interactive investigation, adjustment, and communication of continuous 3D channel design scenarios. Although further site-specific studies are needed and additional metrics may be applied, this paper demonstrates a flexible framework to support sustainable urban drainage systems and nature-based stormwater management approaches in urbanized riverscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144114850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature-based solutions: From flood defense to addressing water scarcity and climate change risks","authors":"Stella Apostolaki","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adding pressures of climate change on natural resources are particularly obvious in water stressed areas and are introducing additional challenges related to water management, water availability and conservation of natural resources. Adaptation to the new climatic and socio-economic conditions requires innovative solutions with minimal impact on the already stressed resources and ecosystems. Following the principles of ecological engineering, solutions on rainwater harvesting and management, such as certain types of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems, can form part of nature-based solutions. SUDS although have conventionally been used as options for flow attenuation, managing excess runoff and flood defense, they have a high potential for water reuse and drought management. This was happening due to the fact that they were originally implemented in geographic regions with significant levels of precipitation facing no drought issues. Recently such systems have been implemented in regions with water availability issues and in wetland, floodplains and riparian restoration efforts. Those options today are used so as to provide a new water resource of particular significance for the water scarce regions through the water storage and reuse potential they offer. The current paper is, therefore, aiming to present the water reuse element and the ways to achieve it through recognising the nature-based solutions as means to ensure water security, reduce the risks of climate change and of water scarcity and provide new options based on the principles of sustainability and circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying and valuing forests as a nature-based solution for ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction: A systematic review","authors":"Elham Ashrafizadeh,&nbsp;Rasoul Yousefpour","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests play a significant role in mitigating natural hazards and are increasingly recognized as nature-based solutions (NBS) for ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR). However, their protective effects remain under-quantified, limiting their integration into mainstream risk management practices.</div><div>This systematic review investigates the current state of quantitative and monetary assessments of forests as Eco-DRR measures. To this end, we focused exclusively on studies reporting quantitative outcomes for forests across a broad range of gravitational and hydroclimatic hazards. The review aims to: 1) provide a comprehensive overview of the concepts and methodologies used to quantify the protective effects of forests; 2) summarize and analyze quantitative evidence and its variation across forest types, methodologies and hazard types; 3) identify research gaps; and 4) synthesize a conceptual framework to facilitate further research.</div><div>We screened 3568 papers, from which 77 studies were selected, comprising 155 data points. Drawing on the insights from these studies, we developed a conceptual framework to guide future research in this field. Methodologies for the quantification of protective effects were categorized into three main groups: hazard-based, risk-based, and economic valuation methods, with hazard-based approaches being the most frequently applied, followed by economic valuation. Reported monetary values for forest protective effects varied significantly, ranging from less than 1 USD to over 41,000 USD per hectare per year. We investigated potential sources of this variation, including forest type, hazard type, and the methodologies employed.</div><div>Our findings underscore the need for more robust hazard models tailored to specific hazard types that integrate forest characteristics, climate change impacts, and post-disturbance forest recovery. We emphasize the importance of applying risk-based methods when evaluating the protective effect of forests. To this end, the review provides a framework to guide future efforts and support the integration of forests into disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}