Nature-Based Solutions最新文献

{"title":"Nature-based solutions for urban climate resilience: implementation, contribution, and effectiveness","authors":"Gemechis B Mosisa ,&nbsp;Bobe Bedadi ,&nbsp;Gemedo Dalle ,&nbsp;Nega Tassie","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by the need to enhance urban climate resilience, there is a growing preference for nature-based solutions (NbS) over conventional architecture, mostly attributed to their ecological benefits and economic advantages. This systematic review analyzed global knowledge and research gaps regarding the implementation, contribution, and effectiveness (ICE) of NbS. Using Publish and Perish version 8 software, across Google Scholar and Elsevier Scopus, 749 publications were initially retrieved (2014 – 2025), with 84 (11.20 % of the initial search results) meeting inclusion criteria. Additionally, a qualitative analysis was conducted on a sample of 26 publications, selected from the initial 84 articles. The review demonstrates that though NbS hold substantial promise for optimizing urban climate resilience, their successful implementation is contingent upon addressing a complex relationship between factors like data-driven planning, stakeholder awareness and engagement, resource availability, institutional framework, and context-specific considerations. Moreover, it highlights the significance of integrating ecological, economic, and social dimensions, tailoring interventions to local needs, and utilizing rigorous evaluation methodologies to ensure the effectiveness and long-term contribution of NbS in fostering resilient urban environments to the climate change impacts. Though the scope of this review was constrained by various factors like language and database, it identified significant research gaps, including limited geographical case studies, reliance on secondary data and sources, methodological inconsistencies, lack of standardized approaches, and inadequate understanding of the complex functions of NbS in urban climate resilience. For instance, of the 26 qualitative sample publications selected for this systematic review, almost 54 % employed only secondary data sources, and eight publications lacked clear and specified data analysis techniques. Hence, future research should prioritize primary data, robust methodologies, transdisciplinary collaboration, and a broader geographical focus to promote the effectiveness and successful implementation of NbS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Households’ perceptions on resilience building interventions towards enhancing community socio-economic development in Southern Zimbabwe","authors":"Defe Rameck,&nbsp;Matsa Mark,&nbsp;Mavugara Roberta","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study assessed households’ perceptions on the contribution of climate resilience interventions to attain community socio-economic development in Southern Zimbabwe. The researcher adopted a mixed method design which utilized both qualitative and quantitative paradigms. Data was collected from 352 households from the 4 Enhancing Community Resilience and Sustainability Projects (ECRAS) wards. Qualitative data was subjected to content analysis while quantitative data was subjected to SPSS version 22.0 for analysis. Climate change and variability impacts in Mwenezi District of Southern Zimbabwe have contributed to failure of the livestock production sector and crop production sector which are the main livelihood options of households in the District. Eventually this retarded community socio-economic development. In response, Government departments, Non-Governmental Organisations and communities collaborated to initiate interventions to manage climate change impacts on community socio-economic development. The efforts made by the stakeholders have evidenced that building climate resilience is contributing significantly to community socio-economic development. The interventions initiated have contributed to food security and dietary diversity, clean water availability, enhanced livestock production and improvement on the community sanitation and hygiene. The households interviewed and some stakeholders’ perceived resilience building as a panacea to climate change induced impacts in communities since households largely depend on climate sensitive sectors. The study therefore recommends adoption of climate smart interventions for all development agendas since majority of households in Southern Zimbabwe largely depend on climate sensitive sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal resilience could be enhanced by co-interventions and synergistic Nature-based Solutions","authors":"Paulina Filz ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Beas-Luna ,&nbsp;Luca Rindi ,&nbsp;Julio Lorda ,&nbsp;Jan Freiwald ,&nbsp;Luis Malpica-Cruz","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human activities and climate change drive the degradation of marine ecosystems, which provide essential services such as carbon sequestration, coastal protection, and fisheries. This loss amplifies societal challenges, including climate change mitigation, disaster risk reduction, and socio-economic vulnerability. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) offer a strategic approach to address these challenges by protecting, managing, and restoring coastal ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity and human well-being. Despite growing recognition of NbS, large-scale implementation remains hindered by funding constraints, policy integration barriers, and difficulty scaling effective strategies. Here, we present a systematic literature review investigating these factors in marine ecosystems to improve our understanding of investment motivations and co-interventions. We analyzed 39 case studies of NbS interventions and 32 studies on implementation opportunities and barriers. Our findings indicate that ecosystem restoration is the most prevalent NbS intervention in marine systems, often initiated in response to extreme climate events and disaster risk reduction. However, successful implementation frequently requires complementary strategies, such as income diversification, to reduce anthropogenic pressures and enhance livelihood resilience. Moreover, we identify synergies between addressing societal challenges and promoting ecosystem recovery, offering valuable insights for managers and researchers. To scale NbS effectively, barriers related to financing, policy integration, and technical expertise must be addressed. Our findings highlight the need for integrated, adaptive solutions linking ecological restoration with community-based management and sustainable economic development, ensuring resilience and social justice. Future research should explore innovative marine NbS approaches that support human well-being and acknowledge nature’s intrinsic value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valuing present and future benefits provided by coastal wetlands and living shorelines","authors":"Donna Marie Bilkovic ,&nbsp;Andrew M. Scheld ,&nbsp;Robert Isdell ,&nbsp;Pamela Mason ,&nbsp;Sarah Stafford ,&nbsp;Molly Mitchell ,&nbsp;Cirse Gonzalez-Dorantes ,&nbsp;Randolph Chambers ,&nbsp;Matthias Leu ,&nbsp;Susanna Musick ,&nbsp;Sean Gregory ,&nbsp;Jessica Hendricks ,&nbsp;Oluwakemi Dada ,&nbsp;Gabriel Benson","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marshes are important natural capital assets for many coastal communities, providing a range of ecosystem services such as coastal protection, nutrient removal, habitat, and recreational opportunities. We explored the present and future distribution and economic value of tidal marsh (natural marsh and living shorelines) ecosystem services for coastal communities in Virginia, US, using an interdisciplinary mixed-methods, spatially explicit valuation approach. First, a benefit transfer analysis was conducted using literature-derived values adjusted for site-specific conditions. Then, two stated preference surveys were implemented, targeting recreational users and individuals engaged in shoreline management decision-making. We leveraged a wide range of spatial information on the local environment to both adjust values and also develop realistic scenarios in surveys. Survey responses were used to assess service values as well as tradeoffs in shoreline decisions. Marsh values were found to be a significant asset for communities, amounting to ∼$90M/yr in benefits, or 3.3 % of annual GDP for the region. Assuming marsh migration into undeveloped lands and the installation of living shorelines for coastal protection where suitable, future discounted service values were predicted to increase slightly. Marsh service values varied spatially, with storm risk reduction (the highest ranked service by community decision-makers) displaying the greatest variation. Recreational opportunities were ranked low by community decision-makers, yet recreational fishers placed a high value on marshes. This highlights that without consideration of locally important services, shoreline management decisions may unknowingly affect local economies. Valuing marsh services can improve social efficiency in shoreline management decisions while also advancing natural capital accounting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping multiple benefits in large-scale freshwater restoration: A theory of change approach","authors":"Laura Pott ,&nbsp;Yaron Hershkovitz ,&nbsp;Sebastian Birk","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study explores the application of a Theory of Change (ToC) framework in 18 large-scale freshwater restoration projects within the context of the European Green Deal and the recently adopted Nature Restoration Regulation. By leveraging a participatory approach, the research examines the effects of freshwater restoration measures across three ecosystem clusters: peatlands and wetlands, small streams, and large rivers. In a conceptual model, restoration measures were connected with transdisciplinary goals, assessing biophysical, social and economic outcomes. The findings highlight the effectiveness of Nature-based Solutions in advancing climate resilience, biodiversity gains, and social equity while identifying potential trade-offs and negative effects. The ToC framework proved valuable in guiding restoration planning, facilitating stakeholder engagement, and enabling adaptive management in accordance with the Nature Restoration Regulation’s requirements. However, the study underscores the need for clearly defined quantitative targets to enhance systematic monitoring and evaluation, ensuring full and sustainable alignment with broader European objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Spongetown” Christiania as an urban living lab: Nature-based solutions for resilient, circular, symbiotic, and regenerative transitions in urban waters","authors":"Manuel Higgs Morgado ,&nbsp;Despoina Vasiliki Vastardi ,&nbsp;Flore-Eva Baudot Almeida ,&nbsp;Hanaa Dahy","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rising sea levels and stormwater flooding threaten coastal ecosystems like wetlands, exacerbating urban sustainability challenges. Urban Living Labs and NBS propose decentralised, community-driven approaches emphasising <em>resilience, circularity, symbiosis</em>, and <em>regeneration</em>. This study examines Freetown Christiania, a pioneering community-led urban laboratory and countercultural enclave within Copenhagen’s socio-technical-ecological systems, as they pursue SDGs within planetary boundaries. We analyse Christiania’s urban <em>niche</em> using participatory observation and <em>sociotechnical</em> frameworks—including <em>Actor-network Theory</em>, the <em>Multi-Level Perspective</em>, and <em>Sociotechnical Imaginaries</em>. We investigate NBS innovations, such as reed bed systems, constructed wetlands, green roofs, and green-blue infrastructure, which exemplify Christiania’s integrated urban water management—innovations reshaping Copenhagen’s grey infrastructure path dependency, driven by Danish agendas and Sino-European sponge city partnerships.</div><div>Identifying key actors, drivers, barriers, and scenarios, our thematic analysis codes problems, interests, and strategies to articulate a proposal for expanding Christiania’s NBS niches through urban planning and governance. Findings highlight Christiania’s contributions to NBS in wastewater treatment, habitat preservation, biodiversity monitoring, and sustainability ideology. The <em>Freetown</em> bridges community-led innovations with municipal and international strategies, positioning itself as a potential pilot for further integrating socio-technical<em>,</em> techno-economic, socio-ecological, and institutional design approaches to urban and coastal sustainability.</div><div>We propose a replicable multi-criteria methodology for territorial transitions in Copenhagen, the Baltic, and globally. Based upon IUCN and DGNB standards, we outline criteria for urban NBS proposals developed with Christiania’s Building Office and local stakeholders. These criteria inform scenario planning in our project, “Spongetown Christiania,” forecasting trajectories and pathways for local governance of infrastructure, urban renewal and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying and valuing forests as a nature-based solution for ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction: A systematic review","authors":"Elham Ashrafizadeh,&nbsp;Rasoul Yousefpour","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests play a significant role in mitigating natural hazards and are increasingly recognized as nature-based solutions (NBS) for ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR). However, their protective effects remain under-quantified, limiting their integration into mainstream risk management practices.</div><div>This systematic review investigates the current state of quantitative and monetary assessments of forests as Eco-DRR measures. To this end, we focused exclusively on studies reporting quantitative outcomes for forests across a broad range of gravitational and hydroclimatic hazards. The review aims to: 1) provide a comprehensive overview of the concepts and methodologies used to quantify the protective effects of forests; 2) summarize and analyze quantitative evidence and its variation across forest types, methodologies and hazard types; 3) identify research gaps; and 4) synthesize a conceptual framework to facilitate further research.</div><div>We screened 3568 papers, from which 77 studies were selected, comprising 155 data points. Drawing on the insights from these studies, we developed a conceptual framework to guide future research in this field. Methodologies for the quantification of protective effects were categorized into three main groups: hazard-based, risk-based, and economic valuation methods, with hazard-based approaches being the most frequently applied, followed by economic valuation. Reported monetary values for forest protective effects varied significantly, ranging from less than 1 USD to over 41,000 USD per hectare per year. We investigated potential sources of this variation, including forest type, hazard type, and the methodologies employed.</div><div>Our findings underscore the need for more robust hazard models tailored to specific hazard types that integrate forest characteristics, climate change impacts, and post-disturbance forest recovery. We emphasize the importance of applying risk-based methods when evaluating the protective effect of forests. To this end, the review provides a framework to guide future efforts and support the integration of forests into disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformative nature-based urban and architectural design values for socio-ecological wellbeing and adaptation in New Caledonia","authors":"Amanda Yates ,&nbsp;Maibritt Pedersen Zari ,&nbsp;Qatrenë Juni","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Working with nature in urban settings as a strategy for improving wellbeing offers significant potential for effective climate change adaptation. It is increasingly being explored and utilized in the region of <em>Moananui</em> Oceania. In New Caledonia, ongoing social issues pervade many aspects of life, particularly for Indigenous Kanak peoples, including the appropriateness and effectiveness of housing and the urban built environment in general. This paper examines and suggests eco-relational practices for urban and architectural design in a New Caledonian context. To explore transformative nature-based built environment design agendas that link closely to Indigenous ecological knowledge and understandings of wellbeing, research was carried out through a series of interviews and workshops with local people. We examine the usefulness of starting from understanding worldview, local notions of wellbeing, and relationships to nature in urban climate change adaptation work, and suggest a conceptual framework for transformative built environment design practice. We discuss using the Mauri Ora compass research co-design methodologies to bridge cultural differences, political agendas, and varying worldviews and encourage meaningful engagement with eco-centric local and/or Indigenous communities. Key findings include that the communities engaged with, who are largely Kanak, see that fundamental changes must occur in the design and construction of built environments, and that the nature of the changes is not just technical, but fundamentally requires a cultural shift in how people understand themselves to be in and of the living world. The necessary shift, particularly for non-indigenous, was identified as a collective rather than individual reorientation towards a more care-full, respectful, and ecologically regenerative relationship with living socio-ecological systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and opportunities for implementing nature-based solutions for disaster risk reduction in mountainous Central Asia","authors":"Roy C. Sidle ,&nbsp;Vitalii Zaginaev ,&nbsp;Arnaud Caiserman","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Implementing nature-based solutions (NbS) in mountainous Central Asia involves numerous challenges given the diverse hazards and harsh climates. Three regional examples of different challenges for NbS are presented: (1) Gunt River valley in the Pamir of Tajikistan; (2) Fergana valley, southwest Kyrgyzstan; and (3) northern Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. In Gunt valley, a major challenge for NbS is the extensive development of farms and settlements on vulnerable debris fans. Of the 49 fans mapped in the steep-sided valley, 34 were assessed as unstable, all of which were developed; 63 % of the fans received snow avalanche deposits. Tree planting in key areas of fans to reduce the spread of debris flows is a viable NbS. Widespread conversion of native fruit and nut forests to overgrazed pastures in the hilly terrain of Fergana valley together with fissures created during nearby earthquakes has increased the occurrence of damaging landslides/debris flows in deep loess deposits. Restoring deep-rooted native woody vegetation together with reducing grazing pressure in these hills can be effective NbS. Frequent debris flows and episodic glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) have occurred during heavy rainfall throughout the Kungey and Kungey Ala-Too Ranges in northern Tien Shan. Here, because of the powerful force of these disasters, only limited opportunities for NbS exist – e.g., planting woody shrubs along outer edges of deflection dams for stabilization. Early-warning systems are needed in the most vulnerable areas to reduce hazard risk. These three examples show that NbS must be designed based on local conditions to be effective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing nature-based solutions for resilient coastal agriculture: A case study of southwest Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Hafiz Iqbal ,&nbsp;Most. Tanzina Naznin ,&nbsp;Md Zakir Hossen","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal regions worldwide, including the southwest coast of Bangladesh, are increasingly threatened by sea-level rise, storms, and human-induced factors. These stressors degrade coastal ecosystems, erode coastlines, and disrupt livelihoods. To address these challenges, second-order adaptation-supported nature-based solutions (NBS) offer a sustainable and cost-effective approach to enhance coastal resilience. Our research aims to provide empirical evidence on the economic feasibility and effectiveness of NBS in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Through focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews with local communities, we have demonstrated the positive impacts of NBS on agricultural production and income generation. By promoting the adoption of NBS, policymakers and practitioners can contribute to building resilient coastal communities and achieving sustainable development goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}