Nature-Based Solutions最新文献

{"title":"For resilient rural shorelines: reviewing Nature-based Solutions for flood risk reduction in small coastal communities","authors":"Eric Mortensen ,&nbsp;Timothy Tiggeloven ,&nbsp;Joshua Kiesel ,&nbsp;Philip J. Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal flood risk poses a serious, existential threat to shoreline populations around the world both now and in the future. Unsurprisingly, global decision makers are considering their options – one of these being Nature-based Solutions – for effective disaster risk reduction which specifically targets coastal flooding. While strides have been made in the field of Nature-based Solutions for coastal flooding, much of this attention has been directed towards the urban setting, with a wealth of scholastic documentation to support this notion. The sizeable rural populations scattered throughout the world's small coastal communities, meanwhile, have been largely neglected in academic literature. Without this information, it is impossible to properly capture the full potential of Nature-based Solutions in (global) flood risk modelling endeavours or understand their role in the future of equitable disaster risk reduction. In light of this gap, we have reviewed the limited amount of existing literature from around the world involving the implementation and effectiveness of Nature-based Solutions in small coastal communities. We analysed 28 peer-reviewed studies to gather common themes and insights about the barriers and opportunities unique to these rural shorelines. Takeaways we have identified include a near consistent scarcity of resources (e.g., technical, financial, institutional) to implement disaster risk reduction measures; an abundance of space and opportune land use regimes which make Nature-based Solutions a highly plausible option; amplified nature contributions to people leading to larger benefits reaped from investments into Nature-based Solutions; and the presence of local knowledge regarding societal norms, climate patterns, and ecosystem capabilities. We argue that these four common themes point to the fact that more attention must be given to coastal flooding-focused Nature-based Solutions in the rural setting. As such, we present this collation as a starting point for future projects of similar setting and scope. We also recommend improving benefit-cost analysis methods as well as including local knowledge and other perspectives in future global assessments of coastal flood risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142551539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil density specification ranges to optimise plant water use and root growth for phytocapping and urban greening projects","authors":"Ruby Naomi Michael ,&nbsp;Javier Cortes-Ramirez ,&nbsp;Negar Omidvar ,&nbsp;Katherine Horsfall ,&nbsp;Ruwan Amila Fernando","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil density or compaction is one of the key variables that need to be specified for designed soil profiles as part of urban greening. Examples include land rehabilitation (mining), waste containment (phytocapping), stormwater infrastructure (bioretention basins) and green infrastructure (green roofs and street trees). This study investigates the impact of a range of specified soil densities on plant water use and root development. Native Australian plant species selected for the study include: the C4 and C3 grasses, <em>Themeda triandra</em> and <em>Microlaena stipoides</em> respectively; the Eucalyptus trees, <em>E. camaldulensis</em> and <em>E. cladocalyx</em>; and the nitrogen-fixing pioneer trees, <em>Acacia mearnsii</em> and <em>Allocasuarina verticillata</em>. The plants were established at four soil density (compaction) levels: 72, 77, 82, and 87 % MDD (maximum dry density) in tall cylinders with weekly plant water use measurement over 8 months. Root growth was analysed using WinRhizo image analysis. The experimental results were used to create generalisable models for root length density (RLD), root diameter and plant water use. The models for RLD and plant water use were parabolic in nature, revealing clear optimum ranges that could be used to guide soil density specification. Root diameter provided additional insight into the allocation of resources to root thickening above a threshold soil density of 87 % MDD, indicating plant allocation of resources towards penetrating highly compacted soils. There were correlations between plant water use and RLD that were moderate and significant, particularly for grasses. Notably, <em>T. triandra</em> had the greatest mean RLD, thickest roots and plant water use at 16.8cm/cm³, 0.18 mm and 10mm/week, respectively. Findings demonstrate that RLD and plant water use can be optimised together within practically achievable soil density specification ranges that are sensitive to the pitfalls of both excessively low <em>and</em> excessively high soil densities. Recommended soil density specification ranges include: 75–82 % MDD with plant performance within 5 % of optimum (considered excellent), 74–84 % MDD with plant performance within 10 % of optimum (considered good) and 73–85 % MDD with plant performance within 15 % of optimum (considered fair). Within these ranges, plant water use and root growth performance is well balanced with practical achievement of the soil density ranges. Due to the use of %MDD, the modelled results can be usefully generalised for any soil type. Implementation of these specifications for urban greening and phytocap projects will optimise plant growth, transpiration and hydrological function while maintaining root networks essential for establishing and maintaining resilient living infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenness visibility in urban living environments as pathway to promote health and well-being: Mapping spatial differentiation in Flanders (Belgium) based on viewshed analysis","authors":"Peter Vervoort ,&nbsp;Stijn Vanderheiden ,&nbsp;Lorenz Hambsch ,&nbsp;Lien Poelmans ,&nbsp;Frédéric Vandermoere ,&nbsp;Ilse Loots","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A substantial body of evidence links green space to positive health outcomes. Beyond the availability of dedicated green spaces such as parks and the overall presence of vegetation and trees, visual exposure to greenery has also been shown to be important for well-being. Enhancing visual access to greenery may thus represent a pathway to promoting health and well-being. However, at regional or national scales, insights into disparities in visual access to greenery remain scarce. Most research and policy efforts rely on two-dimensional (top-down) data, which often fails to accurately capture the amount of greenery visible from individual perspectives, such as from within homes.</div><div>This study builds on the work of Labib et al. [20], who developed a high-resolution (5 m grid) Viewshed Greenness Visibility Index (VGVI) for the Greater Manchester area (UK). By introducing technical improvements that significantly increased computational efficiency, we extended this approach to create a comprehensive VGVI map for Flanders, the northern region of Belgium. The resulting map enabled a broad assessment of VGVI disparities across Flanders. Our findings reveal evidence of distributive environmental injustice, as demonstrated by a strong negative correlation (Spearman's Rho = -0.48) between neighbourhood deprivation levels and VGVI scores. In Flanders, residents of more deprived neighbourhoods are exposed to significantly lower levels of visible greenery.</div><div>We further explored the differences and similarities between traditional top-down greenness mapping and VGVI, which provides an eye-level perspective. Although a strong positive correlation was observed at the regional scale (Pearson's r = 0.80), this relationship weakens at the local level. Our findings suggest that VGVI analysis is particularly valuable at smaller geographic scales, making it especially relevant for research or spatial policies that address disparities in individual living conditions or target specific locations, such as schools, nurseries, hospitals, retirement homes, and community centres.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of urban nature-based solutions: A stepwise ranking approach","authors":"Toke Emil Panduro,&nbsp;Doan Nainggolan,&nbsp;Marianne Zandersen","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite increasing interest in Nature-based Solutions (NbS), there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the costs of different types of NbS and their variations. Cost information is crucial for economic assessments of the viability of NbS compared to other alternatives. In this paper, we provide an overview of NbS costs in urban settings, drawing primarily from a literature review of both gray and scientific literature. We present cost estimates for establishing green and blue spaces in urban and peri-urban areas, street trees, green roofs, and green walls. Our findings show that median costs are 56 EUR/m² for green spaces, 73 EUR/m³ for blue spaces, and 201 EUR/m² for green roofs.</div><div>Furthermore, we demonstrate how an economic assessment can be carried out utilizing the calculated cost estimates while providing a systematic procedure to handle the multiple potential benefits provided by NbS. We argue that a step-wise ranked cost-effectiveness analysis, based on ranking local policy objectives, is a feasible approach for making informed choices on competing solutions relative to conventional cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis. The proposed approach could prove useful due to its relatively straightforward application and the fact that it does not require the aggregation of multiple benefits into one common measurement or valuation unit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suitability mapping for alternative crops: A consistent, high-resolution approach for the United States","authors":"Monika E. Shea,&nbsp;Kevin J. Wolz","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alternative crops are a key aspect of many nature-based solutions in agriculture, and there is a need for more consistent geographic information on biophysical suitability to aid in both farm-level planning and larger-scale analyses. Here we describe an approach for generating consistent, replicable, high-resolution suitability maps for any alternative crop species across the USA. The method employs a criteria-based approach to map potential species performance using a simple suitability index. Criteria for suitable and ideal ranges of values for influential biophysical variables are created using data collected from published sources and are reviewed by experts. Publicly available soil and climate map data are used with the criteria to map suitability for each variable which are integrated into an overall suitability index map. Maps of unsuitable locations are combined to produce a limiting variable map showing which category of environmental variables is most limiting. We demonstrate the application of this approach for two alternative perennial crops, apple (<em>Malus</em> spp.) and Chinese chestnut (<em>Castanea mollissima</em>) and validate its accuracy using known farm locations. Maps of apple and chestnut in four distant study regions show varying patterns of suitability and potential performance depending on the climate and geophysical characteristics of the region. The maps can be used to identify areas of high suitability and compare across regions or between species and be combined with socio-economic and environmental datasets for further analysis. Compared to other approaches, ours can be applied to multiple. species with a range of pre-existing knowledge in a consistent way, allowing for reliable mapping and subsequent research and planning for alternative crops and nature-based solutions in agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the inclusion of multicultural ecosystem services values in environmental planning","authors":"Lorena Alves Carvalho Nascimento ,&nbsp;Peter Fung","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper advocates including and comprehending multicultural values for cultural ecosystem services (CES) in environmental planning metrics. CES can provide metrics for assessing the effectiveness of environmental planning. Environmental planning metrics sometimes adopt models that do not fairly incorporate perspectives from historically excluded ethnic groups. Including multicultural ecological values can improve the quality of policies that seek to conserve and preserve the biophysical environment. This paper proposes an unfolding framework for reimagining ecosystem-based adaptations, a nature-based solution that overlaps ideas of socioecological benefits through cultural ecosystem services. In addition, the authors offer examples of including missing cultural values in environmental planning, drawing on a review of ecosystem-based adaptations and frameworks of reimagination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grazing systems and natural capital: Influence of grazing management on natural capital in extensive livestock production systems","authors":"Anthony P. O'Grady ,&nbsp;Daniel S. Mendham ,&nbsp;Karel Mokany ,&nbsp;Greg S. Smith ,&nbsp;Stephen B. Stewart ,&nbsp;Matthew T. Harrison","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100181","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Using a weight of evidence approach, natural capital outcomes associated with regenerative grazing and silvopastoral systems were compared to those associated with conventional grazing systems. The aim of the review was to better understand how grazing management influences 16 natural capital indicators likely to be material from both an economic and sustainability perspective for grazing enterprises and to assess the evidence for associated impacts, positive or negative, on the natural capital resources required to sustain the system. Material natural capital issues reviewed included water availability and security, water quality, soil health and pasture productivity, biodiversity and climate change and greenhouse gas emissions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The review confirms previous evidence that moderate to high levels of grazing tends to degrade natural capital, relative to light to moderate levels of grazing. In relation to regenerative grazing practices the responses were less clear. Regenerative grazing practices may have a positive impact on natural capital, particularly in relation to soil biodiversity and live weight gain on a per head basis. However, the evidence base suggests that the effect size may be small and may take some years to be realised. For 12 of the 16 indicators reviewed, the natural capital outcomes were inconclusive or unresolved even though for five of these indicators, the evidence base was considered to be robust. For the remainder of these the evidence base was insufficient to support an analysis of potential impacts. Similarly, for silvopastoral grazing management systems, there was some evidence to suggest that this type of grazing management could lead to improved natural capital outcomes. However, the evidence base was generally insufficient to definitively attribute the changes in grazing management practices to natural capital outcomes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although the evidence base for many of the natural capital outcomes associated with differing grazing management practices is incomplete, it should not be interpreted that this indicates a lack of a beneficial response, where a beneficial response would be characterised by improved natural capital and enterprise productivity. Rather it highlights shortcomings in the underlying evidence. Very few studies have the capacity to fully account for the benefits of changes in management practices on the natural capital outcomes and the productivity of the enterprise simultaneously and over a sufficient period of time to observe change. This was particularly evident in relation to carbon storage. While there have been many studies that have examined changes in the individual stocks, e.g. soil carbon or emissions in relation to grazing management very few studies have examined the whole farm carbon balance. Increased adoption of processes such as natural capital accounting, although in their infancy, could help to address this challenge and facilitate a more systematic analysis an en","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A socio-ecological approach to investigate the perception of green walls in cities: A comparative analysis of case studies in Turin and Lisbon","authors":"Matilde Molari ,&nbsp;Laura Dominici ,&nbsp;Maria Manso ,&nbsp;Cristina Matos Silva ,&nbsp;Elena Comino","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>New urban greening practices are increasingly adopted to contrast and mitigate critical issues of urban areas. These strategies involve <em>nature-inspired</em> solutions to increase sustainability and restore natural processes in cities. In this framework, green walls play a pivotal role to reintroduce nature and provide both environmental and socio-cultural benefits in high densely cities. Despite green walls contribute to increase the aesthetic value of buildings and people's consideration of the area, methodologies to effectively assess their social benefits are still lacking.</div><div>This study proposes a place-based approach to investigate the Restorative capacity of two outdoor green walls: a modular living walls system covering two facades of a public university building in Turin (Italy) and a plastic planter boxes based living wall located in an inner courtyard of a cultural centre in Lisbon (Portugal). Firstly, the two living walls were characterised through direct observation considering technical, spatial, and social aspects that influence the fruition and the biophilic perception of these public spaces. Then, a self-rating questionnaire based on the Perceived Restorativeness Scale model was given on-site to participants to investigate the influence of green walls on people's cognitive perception and well-being. The novel Green Wall Perceived Restorativeness Scale consists of 17 items that evaluate individuals' perceptions of green walls, emphasising their attractiveness, integrative role in the environment and contribution to the overall appeal and comfort of space. Similar results between sites suggest that common features such as development at maximum building height, symmetrical disposition, element repetition and plant variety are drivers of citizens perception of green walls. Outcomes support the recognised link between citizens aesthetic appreciation of green walls and their perceived sense of comfort and mental relief, related to the Being away factor. The spontaneous social gathering and citizens resting near both green walls creates evidence of the attractiveness of this nature-based solution as a landmark in the urban environment. These conclusions demonstrate the pivotal role of urban biophilic design to combine natural and artificial elements in architectural and landscape design creating an opportunity to increase the use of green walls to contribute to citizens well-being in urban settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging nature and urbanity through green roof resilience framework (GRF): A thematic review","authors":"Alishba Saqib ,&nbsp;M Sana Ullah Khan ,&nbsp;Irfan Ahmad Rana","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impacts of climate change pose a critical research challenge for sustainability. Despite growing awareness of green roofs as nature-based solutions, a significant gap exists in understanding their role in urban resilience. The research reviews thematic perspectives of green roofs in improving urban resilience. The paper used the PRISMA framework to systematically review the literature on green roofs and climate change, utilizing the keywords \"green roof*” and climate change\" in the Web of Science database. Bibliometric and thematic analysis is used to observe research trends from 123 publications that meet inclusion criteria, which include selected keywords, language, and publication type. Recurrent themes included urban heat islands, stormwater runoff, thermal comfort, biodiversity conservation, carbon footprint reduction, urban agriculture, and human well-being. The study proposes the Green Roof Resilience Framework (GRF), which combines these ideas into a systematic method for enhancing urban resilience. The research advocates for mainstreaming green roofs into adaptation planning, envisioning the creation of sustainable and resilient societies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772411524000739/pdfft?md5=40cecef26b060bff6fc2ad74c6807956&pid=1-s2.0-S2772411524000739-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public participation and NGO activity in nature-based solutions in urban areas of China","authors":"Richard Hardiman ,&nbsp;Anders Branth Pedersen ,&nbsp;Anne Jensen ,&nbsp;Kelly Guyu Dai ,&nbsp;Carolyn Petersen","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2024.100183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper analyses the degree and types of public participation in Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) projects in China. The paper is based upon the premise that NBS affect multiple aspects of the city as a place for the daily lives and activities of citizens and that NBS implementation can benefit from citizen and stakeholder involvement. NBS thus offer a platform for stimulating engagement between the local government and the public. Case studies are examined through a literature review, site visits, and interviews with researchers, local officials and NGOs in China. The paper indicates that there has been significant progress since the 1990s in formal requirements of public participation through Chinese legislation promoting the inclusiveness of the public in environmental and NBS decision-making, and acknowledgment of the importance of NGOs, however actual implementation of soliciting public opinion and involvement in NBS project design has been more limited. The case studies suggest that the level of involvement of the public in NBS activities and decision-making is the reciprocal of the size of the project, where there is a high-level of involvement in the smaller local projects, but minimal involvement in larger-scale NBS projects. We find that Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) have a significant potential to help finance NBS projects providing the project can forecast low risk and positive revenue for investors, therefore this model would merit further exploration. However, PPPs may also involve limited public participation by citizens and stakeholders beyond private companies and may therefore require targeted efforts to address local communities’ needs and interests. Local people are the most important (and willing) actors and opinionators in projects that directly affect their lives, livelihoods and well-being. The findings highlight the important role of NGOs in promoting and facilitating public participation, and accompanying co-benefits, in several of the Chinese case studies. Our study also suggests that symbiosis between local governments and the citizens could be invoked by local community-based organisations (e.g. Community Resident Committees or similar) that can act as a liaison point and catalyst to public participation in NBS projects, although significant training would also be required.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100945,"journal":{"name":"Nature-Based Solutions","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772411524000740/pdfft?md5=3a64f8feb10d73e82f378c349c3655ad&pid=1-s2.0-S2772411524000740-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}