Nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation and resilience in urban informal settlements: Insights from kibera, kenya and Villa 20, Argentina

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are gaining much recognition for their contribution to addressing climate change impacts and overall environmental challenges in urban areas. NbS in urban areas have been associated with varied benefits and ecosystem services such as flood management, cooling effects and recreational values. However, implementation and effectiveness are influenced by various factors, such as space availability. In urban informal urban settlements with limited space, and high exposure to climate risks, NbS implementation is particularly challenging, despite their proven benefits. Noting the heterogeneity of informal settlements, understanding the existing NbS and how they are perceived locally is crucial for their uptake. Based on surveys and interviews in the informal settlements of in Kibera (Nairobi, Kenya) and Villa 20 (Buenos Aires, Argentina), implemented NbS, their particular benefits and perception as well as key factors influencing their implementation, effectiveness and acceptance were identified. Lastly, the extent to which the identified NbS can be considered transformative was assessed. A key conclusion of the paper is that despite differences in geographies and upgrading and planning processes in the two settlements, somewhat similar NbS enablers and barriers could be identified. NbS effectiveness and sustainability in urban informal settlements seem realizable with active multi-stakeholder engagements and consistent integration of NbS initiatives into participatory urban planning programs and policies. Looking into NbS dimensions beyond environmental benefits can be particularly helpful to identify barriers, enablers but also transformative potentials, thereby supporting sustainable livelihoods, capacitation and participation of dwellers.