Measurement: Energy最新文献

{"title":"Equations of overburden pressure at laboratory: an overburden pressure measurement method in core samples","authors":"M. Karimi ,&nbsp;Abbas Helalizadeh ,&nbsp;Behruz Mirzayi ,&nbsp;M. Reza Adelzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a laboratory-scale overpressure measurement equation to avoid the core damage caused by traditional trial-and-error methods, filling the gap in existing methods. To estimate the overburden pressure before any damage to the core sample, the lithology table was obtained via laboratory data and petrophysical and geological information obtained from the field for determining the grain and fracture situation in the core samples. Afterwards, the fluids were injected into the core samples placed inside the apparatus under overburden pressure 15.6 to 121 <span><math><mrow><mo>°C</mo></mrow></math></span> by setting overburden pressure on various values (50–179 bar). The core samples utilized were mostly the two main groups of reservoir rocks, sand and dolomite/lime, or a combination of both with variable porosities (5–25 %), which whole data was obtained from the presented lithology table.</div><div>The experimental data was integrated with field data to obtain empirical equations to determine the value of overburden pressure in the cores with various porosities, considering the fluid and rock characteristics. An increase in the saturation of fluids (especially in water-bearing types), the densities of rocks and fluids, percentage of fractures (mostly in carbonate type), and the viscosity of fluids were along with an increment in the total overburden pressure exerted on the sample. Subsequently, this increment caused a reduction in permeability and damage to the core samples. Conversely, the increase of initial pore pressure (mostly in sandstone type) was along with a decline in overburden pressure, resulting in a significant decrease in permeability and more damage to the mostly-fragile under-pressure cores. The equations introduced here incorporated the effects of these variables and represented the behavior of porous media to raise the speed and accuracy of predicting overburden pressure in the laboratory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal VAr management of a large power network using most efficient method of weak node detection","authors":"Biplab Bhattacharyya,&nbsp;Suraj Kumar Rajbhar","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A robust method for weak node detection for optimal VAr allocation has been proposed in this research. Modal or eigenvalue analysis, loss-sensitivity analysis, power flow analysis, L-index, and fast voltage stability index methods were employed to identify weak nodes in medium and large power networks using IEEE 57 and IEEE 118 bus systems. After identifying the locations for shunt VAr allocation, several standard optimization techniques i.e. Genetic Algorithm, Differential Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization, Big Bang-Big Crunch, Krill Herd Algorithm, and Sine-Cosine Algorithm were then applied for optimal reactive power planning. These methods were aimed to coordinate VAr injections by shunt capacitors at weak nodes with existing VAr sources such as generators and On-Load Tap Changers. A comprehensive study of various standard detection techniques and their usefulness in power system planning is presented by the authors. Finally, authors deduced LSI (Line Stability Index) method of weak node detection was the most accurate method for weak node detection. Carrying out the proposed methodology, the total active power loss with GA &amp; DE was found as 0.2348 p.u. &amp; 0.2351 p.u. respectively for IEEE 57 bus test network and total operating cost was found as $1.2344 × 10⁷ for GA &amp; $1.2357 × 10⁷ for DE. Similarly, for the IEEE 118-bus test network, the active power loss reported under GA and DE was 1.3295 p.u. each, with corresponding operating costs of $6.9885 × 10⁷ and $6.9880 × 10⁷, respectively. This research offers a comprehensive framework for reducing operating cost and active power loss in reactive power planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100077"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation modelling and thin layer drying kinetics of untreated pineapple using modified hybrid solar dryer with thermal storage","authors":"E. Veeramanipriya ,&nbsp;P. Manikandan ,&nbsp;V.M. Senthilkumar","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy utilization is an important indication of economic growth and has been directly related to energy consumption. In tropical countries like India, post-harvest losses on fresh perishable fruits are significant, resulting in recurring seasonal shortages. As a result, a modified evacuated tube collector (ETC) based hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) passive-mode solar dryer equipped with sensible thermal storage material shortly called Modified Hybrid Solar Dryer (MHSD), is developed as a potential low-cost technology alternative for drying fruits in Southern region of India. This research compares the drying performance of MHSD and forced convection solar dryer (FCSD) dryers to that of the standard open sun drying (OSD) technique. Compared to the OSD technique, the economic performance of the MHSD and FCSD dryers is examined. The initial moisture content of pineapple slices is determined to be 91 % (wb). The safe moisture content is achieved in 8 h utilizing MHSD coupled with sensible heat storage material (SHSM), while FCSD and sun drying required 19 and 32 h, respectively. The introduction of SHSM improves the drying potential, resulting in a significant reduction in drying time. According to the statistical analysis of the data, the Midilli et al. model is determined to be the best fit to represent the drying kinetics of untreated pineapple slices in a modified hybrid solar dryer with SHSM, FCSD, and open sun drying. The experiment is conducted on three different drying techniques. The MHSD dryer utilises freely-available solar energy to dry the fruit crops. In contrast, the Forced Convection Solar Dryer (FCSD) uses both solar photovoltaic and electricity sources. The results showed that solar-dried pineapple in MHSD with SHSM is more effectively preserved without losing size, shape, colour, appearance, texture, flavour, and quality than solar-dried pineapple in FCSD or sun-dried pineapple pulp. The economic study of an ETC-based hybrid PVT passive-mode solar dryer with SHSM yields a payback period of two years, which is extremely short given the 25-year lifespan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of CO2 reduction in green materials","authors":"P. Manikandan ,&nbsp;E. Veeramanipriya ,&nbsp;S. Sumitha","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concrete sector has come under a greater microscope to lower its carbon dioxide emissions due to growing sustainability awareness. Most of the carbon dioxide emissions from the industry are caused by transporting materials and manufacturing Portland cement, the primary binder in concrete. To improve sustainability and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, the industry has, nevertheless, made a number of hopeful moves in the last ten years. This study examines the permeability conduct of polymer E waste in concrete. Specifically, it finds that the optimal amount of fly ash content in concrete, regardless of the presence of recycled polymer E waste, reduces saturated water absorption and increases it as fly ash mixing increases. With an increase in fly ash and E waste, porosity and sorptivity are somewhat rising. Linear regression in IBM SPSS 23 Statistical analysis is used to demonstrate the compressive strength of the tests using a statistical software. The experimental value is compared with the predicted value using the relationship between the predicted and experimental values of recycled polymer E waste concrete to evaluate the percentage of error. This research examined how the construction industry addresses these sustainability challenges to raise awareness among its stakeholders and the industry itself also the present work is intended to describes the performance assessment and statistical analysis of green building materials (recycled polymer E waste concrete) with the mixture of fly ash and analyzing various characteristics for CO₂ reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special issue on “Measurements in advanced materials-based energy generation, storage and integrated devices”","authors":"Dr. Priyanka Verma (Lead Guest Editor),&nbsp;Dr. Santanu Das,&nbsp;Dr. Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next-generation lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: Advanced materials, AI driven performance optimization, and circular economy strategies","authors":"Victor O. Hammed ,&nbsp;Elizabeth W. Salako ,&nbsp;Daniel Edet ,&nbsp;Jefferson Ederhion ,&nbsp;Babatunde Ibrahim Keshinro ,&nbsp;Ifeanyi Augustine Uwaoma ,&nbsp;Olaoluwa John Adeleke ,&nbsp;Akinrotimi Odetoran ,&nbsp;Oluyinka Joseph Adedokun ,&nbsp;Peter F. Makinde ,&nbsp;Yakubu Adekunle Alli","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid electrification of transportation has intensified the demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), making advancements in materials, AI-driven optimization, and circular economy strategies crucial for the next generation of EV batteries. This review explores cutting-edge developments in LIB technology, focusing on advanced cathode and anode materials, solid-state electrolytes, and innovative battery architectures that enhance energy density, charging efficiency, and lifespan. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in battery design, predictive maintenance, and manufacturing optimization is discussed, highlighting its role in improving battery performance and reliability. Furthermore, circular economy strategies, including advanced recycling technologies, second-life applications, and sustainable raw material sourcing, are examined as essential pathways toward reducing environmental impact and ensuring resource efficiency. Looking ahead, emerging trends such as solid-state batteries, AI-powered lifecycle management, and the integration of EV batteries with renewable energy systems are poised to revolutionize the energy storage landscape. This review underscores the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers, industry leaders, and policymakers to drive sustainable innovations and achieve the next generation of LIBs for EVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sparrow optimization gated recurrent convolutional network for temperature modeling of wave rotor refrigeration process","authors":"Qi Li ,&nbsp;Kun Han ,&nbsp;Shifa Cui ,&nbsp;Yaru Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature modeling plays an important role in the wave rotor refrigeration process control and optimization. However, considering data-driven nonlinear and time-delay modeling, how to determine the structure of the model is a challenging problem. To solve this problem, a novel sparrow optimization gated recurrent convolutional network (SGRC) deep learning method is proposed. Firstly, to exploit the advantages of convolutional neural network (CNN), the sample data is converted into grids along the time axis similar to the image input, which contains model structure and dynamic time-delay information. The multivariate and dynamic time-delay information is input into the CNN to extract the multivariate model structure features of the data. Then, after flattening the data into one-dimensional time series, input it into gated recurrent unit (GRU) layers to learn the temporal dependencies of the wave rotor refrigeration. The hyperparameters of the SGRC network are optimized using the sparrow search algorithm (SSA). Finally, simulation results based on wave rotor refrigeration industry data show that the proposed SGRC method achieves superior performance compared to traditional machine learning and other deep learning approaches, exhibiting lower RMSE and MAE values while attaining a higher R² score. This enhancement significantly improves the generalization capability of the temperature model in the wave rotor refrigeration process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of low-cost adsorbents from coconut shell for energy-efficient dye removal from laboratory effluent discharge","authors":"Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar ,&nbsp;Naeema Nazar ,&nbsp;Abdulghaffaar Assayyidi Yusuf ,&nbsp;Enyomeji Ademu Idama ,&nbsp;Moses NyoTonglo Arowo ,&nbsp;Aisha Maina Ma'aji ,&nbsp;Irnis Azura Zakarya","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100057","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Laboratory effluents containing dyes, particularly methylene blue (MB) impact human health negatively and the need to eliminate it from wastewaters using low-cost adsorbent such as coconut shell activated carbon (CS-AC) is paramount. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used to activate the conversion of CS to AC, which was subsequently employed to adsorb MB from laboratory effluent. Preliminary optimization study led to the selection of 0.2g CS-AC dosage, pH of 6, 303K temperature, 45 min contact time, 100 mg/L initial MB concentration and a 0.5 L solution, which gives a maximum adsorption capacity (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) of 153.765 mg/g and 62.285 % removal efficiency (RE). A suite of isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Halsey, and Dubinin–Radushkevich) and kinetic (Pseudo-First Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Elovich, Intraparticle Diffusion, Boyd, Bhattacharya-Venkobachar, and Natarajan–Khalaf) models were applied using both graphical (GT) and nonlinear regression techniques (NRT) using LAB Fit V7.2.50 software. The Langmuir model, using NRT, gave a valid separation factor (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; = 0.215) and a high maximum capacity (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; = 172.12 mg/g), confirming favorable monolayer adsorption. Freundlich model yielded a realistic adsorption intensity (n = 2.7) with &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; = 56.48 L/g, suggesting heterogeneous adsorption, although GT estimates were physically inconsistent. Temkin and Halsey models also showed good physical reliability under NRT with adsorption energies of 1.485 kJ/mol and exponent &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; = 3.06, respectively. Dubinin–Radushkevich model supported a physisorption mechanism with a low energy (E = 0.047 kJ/mol) from GT and a consistent &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; of 161.03 mg/g from NRT. Pseudo-Second Order is the best kinetic model fit – reflecting chemisorption at high &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and moderate ‘h’. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups and the absence of nitrogen functionalities, which may explain the moderate adsorption performance. SEM images revealed significant morphological changes post-adsorption, including pore blockage and surface smoothing. A general assessment show that NRT estimates proved more reliable, indicating that CS-AC exhibits a predominantly physical, favorable, and heterogeneous adsorption behavior toward MB. This study confirms CS-AC's potential as a cost-effective adsorbent for dye-contaminated laboratory wastewater and recommends further surface engineering to enhance adsorption performance. Water is in constant use in the laboratory, whose recycle or treated dis","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100057"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A machine learning based model for classifying incipient faults and degree in power transformer windings using voltage current diagram technique","authors":"Sametah Macine Ngong ,&nbsp;Ftatsi Mbetmi Guy-de-patience ,&nbsp;Mohaman Gonza ,&nbsp;Ndjiya Ngasop","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Power transformers are important components of electrical systems. Their failure or malfunction can have serious consequences, affecting the overall functionality or safety of the electrical system. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of transformer internal faults are key factors of efficient and safe operation. in the literature, several techniques of power transformers windings diagnosis exist. The voltage current diagram is a promising and powerful technique acknowledged to be efficient and quick in winding faults diagnosis. However, two major limitations of this technique reported in the literature are: its inability to detect incipient faults and the method of faults classification which is manual. In this study, two machine learning algorithms (SVM and linear regression) are combined with voltage current diagram to diagnose internal incipient faults by analysing data collected during fault simulations on a layer type power transformer. Three main faults responsible of power transformer failure are considerate: turn to turn short-circuit, buckling stress and axial displacement. For each type of fault, a dataset is generated and the model is trained. The SVM algorithm is used to identify the type of fault (classification), and the linear regression algorithm is used to determine its degree of severity. The highest performance of classification was obtained using the RBF kernel (82 %) and the determination of the degree of severity using R-squared gave a score of 99,9 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilient load frequency control of cyber–physical power systems with off-the-shelf redundant communication channels under FDI attacks","authors":"Chongxin Huang ,&nbsp;Song Deng ,&nbsp;Hui Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ICT-dependent cyber–physical power systems are exposed to increasing cyber security threats. It has been revealed that cyber-attacks may significantly deteriorate control performances or even destroy system stability. Since the load frequency control (LFC) application plays a vital role in the frequency stability of power systems, multiple redundant communication channels have been designed for an existing LFC system in advance. This paper considers the real multi-channel feature of the power communication network and proposes a secure signal extraction method for the LFC system against false data injection (FDI) attacks. To ensure the reliability of the measurement and control signals, we adopt the median filtering (MF) algorithm to extract the intact signal from multiple redundant signal channels. Furthermore, we prove that the MF algorithm can always obtain the secure signal from multi-channel signals when the number of normal signals is greater than that of abnormal signals. Eventually, we use the benchmark IEEE 30-bus system to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}