Measurement: Energy最新文献

{"title":"Sensing-based monitoring systems for electric vehicle battery – A review","authors":"Ferdous Irtiaz Khan,&nbsp;Md Moinul Hossain,&nbsp;Gang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The swift uptake of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has increased the demand for improved Battery Management Systems (BMS) to ensure the safety, efficiency, and durability of lithium-ion batteries. This review explores the current advancements in EV battery monitoring technologies, with a focus on sensing mechanisms that estimate critical parameters such as battery states and thermal conditions. Various sensor technologies, including image-based methods, acoustic sensing, force sensors, thermal sensors, magnetic probing and optical sensors, are reviewed and discussed, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and suitability for practical applications. Additionally, gaps and challenges within the field are identified, including cell-level sensing, onboard monitoring, data acquisition mechanism, fault diagnostics and the application of sensors for internal analysis. These challenges underscore the necessity of developing scalable, non-invasive, and cost-effective solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis and characterization of nano selenium using the extract of Phyllanthus emblica","authors":"S. Reema Sagitha ,&nbsp;V. Aravindan ,&nbsp;J. Suvetha Rani ,&nbsp;M. Mahendran","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To maintain the health of humans, animals, and microorganisms, selenium is a trace and essential micronutrient. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have recently garnered the attention of numerous researchers as a result of their outstanding biocompatibility, low toxicity and significant bioavailability. Due to their increased bioactivity, Se-NPs finds extensive use in a variety of biomedical applications. Phyllanthus emblica (an Indian gooseberry) was employed as a stabiliser and reducer in the development of a straightforward method for the synthesis of Se-NPs in the present study. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV–Visible Spectroscopy were employed to characterize the synthesized selenium nanoparticles, including their optical properties. The synthesized nanoparticles photocatalytic degradation efficiency was investigated using Methylene Blue (MB) Dye. We tested the antibacterial properties of the synthesized Se-NPs against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The synthesized Se-NPs demonstrated significant inhibition and antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative isolates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical modelling of a grid-connected battery energy storage system via EMS and BMS data","authors":"Mirko Ledro ,&nbsp;Jan Martin Zepter ,&nbsp;Morten Paludan ,&nbsp;Mattia Marinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With growing popularity of grid-connected battery energy storage systems (BESSs), operators require electrical models for optimal utilisation. These models should be provided by suppliers or manufacturers based on testing methods applied to individual cells or modules in specialised laboratories. However, operators are also interested in developing electrical models on their own. This paper explores the feasibility of modelling a grid-connected BESS without dismantling it, using only the data from its energy management system (EMS) and battery management system (BMS). The goal is to characterise a BESS directly on-site, controlling it through the available commands of its power converter system (PCS). The aim is to represent the electrical dynamics of the BESS with an equivalent Thevenin electric circuit composed of open circuit voltage, resistances, and capacitances. The overall usable capacity of the BESS and the efficiency of the PCS are also estimated. The subject of the investigation is a 300<!--> <!-->kW/652<!--> <!-->kWh Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) Li-ion BESS composed of ten racks, each equipped with a PCS and ten battery modules. The analysis proves the feasibility of modelling the grid-connected BESS via data from EMS and BMS. An equivalent cell model is derived, with the open circuit voltage and internal impedance expressed for the entire state-of-charge range. The total resistance assumes values in the range of 1.580–2.424<!--> <!-->m<span><math><mi>Ω</mi></math></span>, whereas the total capacitance is 609.5–1,580<!--> <!-->kF. Consequently, the normalised total resistance is 3%–4%, aligned with the expectations from other NMC Li-ion cells. Finally, the energy capacity and PCS efficiency are reported as a function of the power of the PCS. The usable energy capacity per rack is approx. 59.7<!--> <!-->kWh, which is 91.5% of the rated DC energy capacity, and it is independent of the power at which the BESS is discharged. The PCS efficiency is above 94% when operating at 15% of the PCS rated power or higher, during both rectifier and inverter mode. The obtained efficiency curves differ by approx. 2% from the ones reported in the converters’ data sheet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in the measurement of thermochemical, electrochemical and photochemical efficiency of CO2 conversion to value-added products - its challenges and future directions","authors":"Sonali Chaudhari,&nbsp;Harsh Pawar,&nbsp;Kajal Pawar,&nbsp;Pavan More","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Converting CO₂ into value-added products is a sustainable method of lowering greenhouse gas emissions while producing useful chemicals and fuels. This review examines advancements in thermochemical, photochemical, and electrochemical approaches for CO₂ conversion. Thermochemical methods use high temperatures and metal oxide catalysts for hydrogenation, photochemical processes utilise light energy and semiconductor catalysts for mild reaction conditions, and electrochemical reduction employs diverse electrodes for selective product formation and renewable energy integration. Recent progress in catalyst design, including heterojunctions and nanostructured composites, has enhanced efficiency and stability. The review discusses the types of CO₂ reduction processes and their advantages. The comparative study of CO₂ conversion efficiency has been compared in detail in terms of the yield, selectivity, TON and faradaic efficiency of thermochemical, photochemical, and electrochemical techniques. To overcome the challenges of the three methods, the researcher developed plasma-assisted CO₂ reduction, which was explored as a future perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal effects due to harmonics on dry-type transformers: Impact of filters and phase angles","authors":"Mateus Caruso Costa,&nbsp;Marcio Zamboti Fortes,&nbsp;Guilherme Gonçalves Sotelo,&nbsp;Bruno Wanderley França","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating distributed energy sources has introduced significant challenges to power quality. One notable issue is the generation of harmonic distortions by power electronics converters, which significantly affect the performance and efficiency of power transformers, leading to overheating and related adverse effects. Traditional metrics for non-sinusoidal currents, such as Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), Harmonic Loss Factor, and K-Factor, do not account for the phase angles of harmonic components. This paper evaluates the steady-state temperature of a dry-type transformer under different current conditions, emphasizing the impact of harmonic amplitudes and phase angles. Typical photovoltaic waveforms were applied experimentally to a custom dry-type transformer. Results demonstrated a temperature increase of up to 35% in harmonic cases, with a 7.9% variation observed between in-phase and out-of-phase harmonics of the same amplitudes. These findings highlight that harmonic phase angles can significantly influence transformer thermal behavior, underscoring the necessity of considering both harmonic amplitude and phase angles for a more accurate evaluation of transformer performance under non-linear loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of WC particle shape factor on residual stresses generation at the surfaces level of Ni-WC coatings deposited by the PTAW process","authors":"Deenadayalan K,&nbsp;Rahul B","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a comparative study on the residual stress formation in a Nickel-based matrix by the reinforcement of two types of WC particles having two different shape factors (angular and spherical) and density. Three types of coatings were prepared: pure Nickel-based super alloy (Spherical), Nickel-based super alloy with 30 % spherical WC particles, and Nickel-based super alloy with Angular WC particles. The prepared coatings (Ni, Ni-WCS &amp; Ni-WCA) are characterised using the X-Ray Diffraction technique for the subsequent evaluation of residual stress. Namely three techniques Sin2ψ method, William Hall method and the Direct instrumentation method based on XRD were incorporated to determine and compare the residual stresses formed in the coatings. The results exhibited that the Ni and WC shape and form factor had a significant influence on the coating residual stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100047"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of subcooled flow boiling of nanofluids in metal foam embedded tubes for performance enhancement","authors":"Aniket A. Dhavale ,&nbsp;Mandar M. Lele","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study numerically investigates sub-cooled flow boiling heat transfer and hydraulic performance in horizontal tubes filled with metal foam, using nano fluids as the working medium. Key measurable parameters, such as heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop, are analyzed across various metal foam configurations, including porosity (80 %, 85 %, 90 %) and pore density (10, 20, 30 PPI), under varying mass flow rates (210–400 kg/m²s), heat flux (100–230 kW/m²), and inlet temperatures (10–80 °C). The HTC, a critical metric for quantifying energy transfer efficiency, reaches peak values of 25 kW/m²K for water and 22.5 kW/m²K and 19 kW/m²K for CuO/H₂O and Al₂O₃/H₂O nano fluids, respectively. Pressure drop, another essential performance metric, is strongly influenced by the metal foam's structure and nano fluid concentration, with denser foams exhibiting the highest pressure losses. The thermal performance index (TPI), which integrates energy efficiency improvements by balancing heat transfer enhancement with the energy losses due to pressure drop, consistently exceeds one for both water and nano fluids, with water achieving a TPI of 1.5. This indicates measurable energy efficiency improvements, highlighting the potential of optimized foam-nano fluid combinations to enhance heat exchanger performance. The numerical models used in this study are validated against experimental data, demonstrating strong agreement for both HTC and pressure drop predictions. These results offer a foundation for designing heat exchangers with a focus on maximizing energy efficiency through quantifiable improvements in heat transfer performance and pressure loss reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100042"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dielectric studies, ferroelectric behaviour and electronic transport mechanisms in β phase enhanced P(VDF-TrFE)/ Ho2O3 films for possible energy storage applications","authors":"K.U. Aiswarya ,&nbsp;K.J. Arun ,&nbsp;M.D. Aggarwal ,&nbsp;R. Marnadu ,&nbsp;Pius Augustine","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fabrication of nanocomposite films having good dielectric and ferroelectric properties are important for energy harvesting and storing, sensing devices and biomedical technology. Property modified composite films with high dielectric constant and conductivity can be used as a prospective candidate in advanced capacitive and energy storage applications. This work focusses on the preparation of P(VDF-TrFE)/Ho₂O₃ composite films and analysing the dielectric and ferroelectric properties and possible current conduction mechanisms. Wet chemical method is employed for the preparation of Ho₂O₃ nano particles. Solution casting method is used for the fabrication of composite films. Considerable increase in the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of P(VDF-TrFE) consequent upon the enhancement of β-phase on addition of Ho₂O₃ nanoparticles are observed. A detailed study of charge carrier transport in the films suggests the involvement of more than one current conduction mechanism. All possible current conduction mechanisms are studied by varying the temperature and voltage and are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100046"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Bayesian analysis to quantify and reduce uncertainty in experimental measurements — A narrow-angle radiometer case study","authors":"Teri S. Draper,&nbsp;Jennifer P. Spinti,&nbsp;Philip J. Smith,&nbsp;Terry A. Ring,&nbsp;Eric G. Eddings","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Formal uncertainty analysis is an important but sometimes overlooked component of experimental work. Without quantified uncertainty, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from the experimental data, as a lack of formal uncertainty analysis leaves the reliability of the data unknown. An added benefit to performing uncertainty analysis is that once uncertainty is quantified, steps may be taken to mitigate it. There are two layers of uncertainty in experimental measurements: uncertainty due to sources present during calibration of the measurement device (“calibration-scenario uncertainty”) and additional uncertainty due to sources present during the experimental measurement (“experimental-scenario,” or total, uncertainty). We formalize a generic protocol (the “Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification and Reduction Protocol”) for use in any experimental measurement to first quantify and then strategically refine error sources in the data. In this work, we utilize a method of Bayesian uncertainty quantification developed and presented by Spinti et al. (2021). Once the uncertainty is measured, the protocol targets the largest contributors to the uncertainty; the experimentalists may iterate the relevant steps of the protocol to refine these error sources until the uncertainty is either below a desired threshold or they reach the physical limits of the system.</div><div>We illustrate the practical use of the protocol with radiometric intensity data taken in an industrial-scale power plant. First, we calculate the calibration-scenario uncertainty of the intensity data. Next, we modify the calibration procedure and the instrument model, which reduced the calibration-scenario uncertainty (2<span><math><mi>σ</mi></math></span>) from 21.5% to 2.81% (an 87% reduction). Lastly, we utilize this quantified uncertainty with replicate data at the experimental scale to estimate the total or experimental-scenario uncertainty of the quantity of interest: time-averaged intensity measurements in the industrial boiler. Our reduction in calibration-scenario uncertainty reduces the estimated total uncertainty of the intensity measurements by roughly one-third. Despite these reductions, the total uncertainty remains high. We recommend reapplying the protocol using data from a future experimental campaign, coupled with a high-fidelity model of the boiler, to address the high total uncertainty in these measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100043"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of power factor, harmonic content, and standby consumption in smart lamps","authors":"Eduardo Lourenço de Sousa,&nbsp;Marcio Zamboti Fortes,&nbsp;Bruno Gavinho Serdeira,&nbsp;Carlos Henrique Pereira da Silva da Costa Cardoso,&nbsp;Alexia Ellen Felismino da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The market is filled with many smart devices, with smart bulbs being the most popular due to their easy installation and user-friendly features. In 2014, advances in LED technology led to the creation of regulatory standards in Brazil. Even though LED technology is more efficient than older technologies, it has issues with poor power quality. To meet regulatory requirements, manufacturers started producing LED lighting with improved quality. This study aims to analyze the rated power, power factor (PF), and harmonic distortion of smart bulbs in active mode, as well as their energy consumption in standby mode. This study focuses on standby consumption, which is important because there are no regulations in Brazil for this mode. Many consumers mistakenly believe that the device does not use energy or affect power quality while on standby. Smart bulbs were chosen for this study because they are widely used in homes and easily integrated with automation systems. Their popularity comes from advanced features like remote control and brightness adjustment, which raises questions about their impact on energy consumption in different usage scenarios. The evaluation follows conventional usage settings based on the 2014 standard, which excludes bulbs that emit colored light. The results provide important data for future regulations, showing the need to control standby consumption to improve energy efficiency and maintain grid stability. Tests showed that this technology needs stricter regulations to improve power quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100041"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}