Measurement: Energy最新文献

{"title":"Advanced predictive modeling of biodiesel yield using artificial neural networks for Karanja oil transesterification","authors":"Anshika ,&nbsp;Vivek Goel ,&nbsp;Sunil Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodiesel has become more popular as a diesel substitute in recent years due to environmental concerns and the depletion of vital resources like coal and petroleum. Because of the finite supply of petroleum, concerns about global warming, and annual rises in petroleum prices, researchers are currently searching for new, affordable energy sources. The best substitute for diesel fuel is biodiesel, which is becoming more and more well-liked because of its benefits and capacity to protect the environment. The research explored the prediction of biodiesel synthesis and included transesterification experiments involving Karanja oil. In order to forecast the yield of biodiesel, an artificial neural network model was designed. Using an artificial neural network, four process parameters were evaluated during the procedure: the Oil-to-methanol molar ratio (40–50 %), proportion of the catalyst (1–2 wt.%), power (300–400 W) and duration (4–6 min). The experiment produced biodiesel with a 99.98 % yield using a catalyst (1.5 wt percent), duration (5 min), methanol (50 %), and power (300 W). An ANN was trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The estimations and the outcomes of the experiment were contrasted. The ANN model's R-squared value was 0.9487.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer and emission characteristics of hydrogen-enriched natural gas in flameless air/oxyfuel combustion in a semi-industrial furnace","authors":"Kristina Mabic ,&nbsp;Martin Adendorff ,&nbsp;Nidhin Thekkedath Madhu ,&nbsp;Esin Iplik ,&nbsp;Tomas Ekman ,&nbsp;Ioanna Aslanidou ,&nbsp;Konstantinos Kyprianidis","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen combustion is seen as a promising carbon-free alternative for generating process heat in industrial processes requiring high temperatures and large amounts of energy, such as metal melting and reheating. The transition from natural gas to hydrogen in high-temperature furnaces raises concerns about heat transfer efficiency due to the altered flue gas composition. This study examines the influence of hydrogen enrichment of natural gas on thermal performance and emissions in a semi-industrial box furnace equipped with a flameless burner operating in oxyfuel and air-fuel modes at 200 kW. The burner is primarily designed for the aluminum industry, where oxyfuel mode is used for rapid melting and air-fuel mode during holding periods. Seven different NG/H₂ fuel cases, ranging from natural gas to pure hydrogen, in both burner configurations, are compared experimentally in terms of temperature and energy distribution, gas emissivity, radiative heat flux, and NOx emissions. Additional heating trials on aluminum with hydrogen and natural gas are conducted to quantify the radiative and convective contributions using a combined experimental and numerical approach. Results show that under oxyfuel conditions, hydrogen addition has minimal impact on furnace temperature, flue gas losses, and radiative heat flux. In contrast, air-fuel operation exhibited continuous temperature rise and radiative heat flux, along with reduced flue gas losses. NOx emissions remained below 5 mg/MJ for oxyfuel and 12 mg/MJ for air-fuel combustion, with pure hydrogen achieving lower values than natural gas due to the elimination of prompt NOx. Aluminum heating trials revealed a 6 % improvement in heat flux with hydrogen under oxyfuel and 19 % under air-fuel conditions. These findings confirm that hydrogen can be effectively integrated into flameless combustion without compromising combustion performance, with oxyfuel technology offering greater potential for efficiency gains and NOx mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100083"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of photovoltaic power output using artificial neural networks","authors":"Bukola Peter Adedeji","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accuracy in the prediction of the performances of photovoltaic plants is indispensable in power-generating industries. This has made manufacturers of photovoltaic cells place a high premium on the precision of the forecast of the power output. Artificial neural networks have been proven to be highly effective for forecasting outputs in many technologies. In this study, a feedforward backpropagation neural network model and a radial basis network model were introduced to predict or forecast the power generated by a photovoltaic plant for industrial applications. The inputs and outputs of the models for the training were selected based on the objective of the study, correlation analysis, and analysis of variance test. The results of the simulations of the proposed feedforward backpropagation artificial neural model indicated a mean absolute error of 0.0446, a mean square error of 0.0099, and a mean square error of 0.095. The results of the simulation of the developed radial basis network model indicated a mean absolute error of 0.114, a mean square error of 0.0375, and a root mean square error of 0.196. The comparative analysis of the study shows that the accuracy of the feedforward backpropagation neural network model is 3.79 times that of the radial basis function network, in terms of mean square error. The accuracy and correlation of the proposed feedforward backpropagation neural network were 98.27% and 99.97%, respectively. The proposed feedforward backpropagation neural network model is suitable for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental test setup and performance tests of a brushless direct current in-wheel motor","authors":"Aybuke Yurtsever ,&nbsp;Aytac Goren ,&nbsp;Kubra Tural ,&nbsp;Yagmur Dag ,&nbsp;Hasan Uysal","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on measuring and analyzing the dynamic performance of brushless direct current hub motors, which are commonly used in solar-powered vehicles. Previous designed drum-based test rig is revised to improve measurement accuracy and observe the effects of different road conditions, various motor drivers and driving techniques. Unlike conventional shaft-coupled dynamometers, the proposed test rig has a steel drum and road tire to emulate the wheel-road contact, to obtain more realistic load conditions. The collected test data were processed with various filtering methods to identify the motor's dynamic characteristics. Additionally, the acquired data enables the identification of the appropriate control method and parameters for the motor. Motor characterization and test system validation provide the foundation for next-generation motor development in solar vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vector magnetic field sensing via TFBG and magnetic fluid with spectral area demodulation","authors":"Xiaobin Xue ,&nbsp;Yuan Yang ,&nbsp;Sijie Zhou ,&nbsp;Qiaoling Tang ,&nbsp;Yingbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Changming Xia ,&nbsp;Zhiyun Hou ,&nbsp;Guiyao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial vector magnetic field sensors provide innovative tools for precision measurement, equipment diagnostics, and scientific research in the energy sector. However, determining the direction of magnetic fields remains a highly challenging task. This paper presents a compact optical fiber sensor based on a magnetic fluid-coated bare tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG), designed to address this challenge. The sensor offers advantages including mechanical stability, no requirement for surface metal coating, and a small footprint. Compared to traditional intensity or wavelength demodulation methods, this work employs spectral area demodulation technology, which effectively suppresses wavelength drift interference while amplifying subtle cladding mode variations. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor can detect magnetic field intensities within the range of 0–70 Gauss, achieving an average sensitivity of <span><math><mrow><mn>1.528</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>nm</mtext><mo>·</mo><mtext>dB</mtext><mo>/</mo><mtext>Gs</mtext></mrow></math></span> in the Z-direction, and distinguish three-dimensional magnetic field orientations, with a maximum directional sensitivity of <span><math><mrow><mn>1.644</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>nm</mtext><mo>·</mo><mtext>dB</mtext><mo>/</mo><mtext>degree</mtext></mrow></math></span> in the XOZ plane. The sensor could potentially be applied to smart grid monitoring in the power industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the efficiency of a low voltage autotransformer","authors":"Edwin Garabitos-Lara ,&nbsp;José Miguel Mateo-Beltré ,&nbsp;Jesús Manuel Silva-García","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many developing countries, low-voltage autotransformers are commonly used in residential settings to compensate for persistent voltage irregularities in the electrical distribution network. Despite their widespread use, few studies have systematically evaluated their performance and efficiency under typical operating conditions. This study presents the design, construction, and experimental evaluation of a low-voltage autotransformer rated at 1580 VA. The design equations were derived from Faraday's Law, and the equivalent circuit parameters were obtained through open-circuit and short-circuit tests. The efficiency was measured using a power network analyzer under resistive and non-resistive loads and compared with values calculated analytically from the equivalent circuit. The study also incorporated uncertainty analysis in both experimental and analytical procedures. Results showed that the autotransformer reached an efficiency of 98.0 % under nominal load and exceeded 90.0 % efficiency at just 10.7 % of the demand coefficient. Furthermore, the all-day efficiency remained stable between 96.5 % and 96.8 % across real residential demand profiles, confirming consistent energy performance under variable load conditions. The differences between measured and calculated efficiencies were below 1 percentage point in all cases, and validation was confirmed using uncertainty propagation, mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). These findings reinforce the reliability of the analytical model and highlight the high efficiency of these devices as voltage-regulating elements when properly designed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing signal integrity and reactor power measurement in BTRR using line driver","authors":"Md. Sayed Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2026.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) TRIGA Research Reactor (BTRR) was significantly improved by addressing signal integrity issues related to the NLW-1000 logarithmic power channel. The PA-1000 signal, which suffered from strength loss due to the unavoidable transmission line distance, was restored by installing a line driver between the PA-1000 and NLW-1000. Therefore, reactor power and period are visualized in the console in logarithmic scale from the well-acquisition of both pulse count and current signals. By addressing another wiring anomaly, the in activeness of the optocouplers in the FC-ISO-D and FC-ISO-C was resolved, a prestart checklist was performed, and it was found that the apparent “count rate low” failure arose from a mis-specified HMI message condition while the core logic correctly passed the test so further corrective action is needed for the HMI message. Presently, the BTRR functions up to 3MW_th and the power is displayed in the CSC monitor. According to the user demand, the signal integrity is sufficiently enhanced and there is no error within the DACS &amp; CSC. Intermediate circuitry between the PA-1000 and logarithmic module can be omitted in the upcoming advanced logarithmic power monitoring channel to get better performance. The present study underscores the efficacy of signal enhancement methodologies in elevating reactor functionality and delineates a trajectory for sustained progress in nuclear research infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dimensionless criterion system for energy efficiency evaluation in steel rolling reheating furnaces","authors":"Yi Duan,&nbsp;Guang Chen,&nbsp;Xiangjun Bao,&nbsp;Lu Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaojing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a key high-energy-consuming equipment in steel production, the energy efficiency optimization of steel rolling reheating furnaces (SRRF) has long been constrained by three core contradictions: \"energy consumption-temperature matching, rolling rhythm-quality coordination, and billet shape-energy efficiency differentiation\". In this study, a \"general-subdivision\" two-layer criterion system is established. The general criterion (<em>N</em>_E) quantifies global energy consumption redundancy by means of the ratio of actual energy consumption to theoretical heat demand. The shape-corrected criterion (<em>N</em>_{E, M}), meanwhile, incorporates a correction term for the width-to-thickness ratio (<em>W</em>/<em>H</em>) to distinguish between shape-induced inherent losses and operationally controllable losses. Verification using 1515 sets of industrial data demonstrates that <em>N</em>_E can effectively assess the energy consumption-temperature matching degree for SRRF—exhibiting a negative correlation coefficient of −0.61 with temperature difference, while <em>N</em>_{E, M} enables accurate identification of the heat transfer characteristics of wide billets, with a negative correlation coefficient of −0.45 with <em>W</em>/<em>H</em>, confirming that wider billets exhibit lower shape-corrected energy redundancy. Analysis of the high-gradient region reveals that although wide billets in SRRF experience higher energy consumption due to extended heat conduction paths, their thermal efficiency outperforms that of narrow billets; optimization in this regard can be achieved through regulating rolling rhythm and furnace temperature. This system serves as a quantitative tool for SRRF to transition from empirical regulation to data-driven optimization. Theoretically, it breaks through the single-factor limitation of traditional methods; practically, it provides support for energy efficiency benchmarking and dynamic regulation of SRRF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of modified Lee-Charlton's disc apparatus technique for determination of thermal conductivity of heat-insulating panels with large thickness","authors":"Ubong Williams Robert ,&nbsp;Sunday Edet Etuk ,&nbsp;Okechukwu Ebuka Agbasi ,&nbsp;Sylvester Andrew Ekong ,&nbsp;David Adeniran Oyegoke ,&nbsp;Grace Peter Umoren","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research was designed to examine the feasibility of using the Modified Lee-Charlton's Disc (MLD) apparatus technique to obtain accurate, valid, and reliable thermal conductivities for heat-insulating panels that have large thicknesses, specifically up to 25.0 mm. Test samples were prepared from cement mortar, gypsum plasterboard, medium-density fiberboard, wood dust reinforced composite board, plywood, and expanded polystyrene sheet and then coded as CTM, GPB, MDF, WEC, PLW, and EPS respectively. A Heat flow meter (HFM) was employed as the gold standard technique, and the EPS samples were used as standard reference materials for validation and uncertainty assessments of the MLD method. In addition to graphical analysis, the results were examined statistically using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo></mrow></math></span> 0.05 and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC). It was found that the results rendered by the MLD method compared well with those obtained using the HFM method, yielding ANOVA of 0.00002 and PPMCC of 0.99999. The validation tests showed deviations ranging from 0.089 % to 0.178 % with respect to the results obtained by the HFM method and 0.030 %–0.059 % when compared with the thermal conductivity declared in the literature for the EPS. The uncertainty in the measurements made by the MLD method was better than 1.5 %. All these showed that the MLD apparatus technique is effective in producing accurate and reliable thermal conductivity results for assorted kinds of thermal insulation panels with thicknesses as large as up to 25.0 mm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pressure measurement during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries: Comparison of piezoelectric and piezoresistive pressure sensors","authors":"Freyja Galina Daragan ,&nbsp;Mohsen Shekoohian ,&nbsp;Stefan Essmann ,&nbsp;Tim Krause ,&nbsp;Ricardo Rodrigo","doi":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meaene.2025.100075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit excellent energy storage characteristics, they harbor a potential risk due to their ability to undergo thermal runaway (TR). TR is accompanied by a rise in pressure and temperature, as well as possible secondary effects (e.g. explosions). A common mitigation strategy is to house LIBs in enclosures with a high pressure resistance (e.g. flameproof enclosures). The maximum pressure that occurs is therefore an important design criterion for such enclosures. Both piezoelectric (PE) and piezoresistive (PR) sensors can be used to measure the pressure. However, it is currently unclear whether one of the two sensor types is better suited for this specific measurement task. For comparative analysis, TR experiments using a LIB (3 Ah capacity, NMC-811chemistry) are carried out in a flameproof enclosure using overheating as the failure mode. In addition to various temperature readings the pressure is recorded using both sensor types. Due to the high temperature load caused by the hot vent gases of the LIB during TR and the affinity of the PE sensors to so-called thermal shock, the measured pressure values are smaller than those measured by the PR sensors. By using PE sensors without a thermal protective layer (RTV) on the sensor membrane, the temperature can be identified as the decisive factor for the deviation. PR sensors should therefore be used for correct pressure measurement during the TR of a LIB. This study thus provides a direct performance comparison of PE and PR oil-filled sensors under thermal runaway and thermal shock conditions, recommending PR sensors as the more reliable choice for pressure assessment in lithium-ion battery safety applications. The study presents a methodologically sound evaluation framework by first validating the measurement system via controlled gas explosions, followed by testing TR under various gas atmospheres to enable a comprehensive comparison of sensor performance under realistic conditions. The vibration of the enclosure and the sensor design are also identified and discussed as disturbance variables of the pressure curve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100897,"journal":{"name":"Measurement: Energy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}