Journal of Government and Economics最新文献_第2页

From institutions to jobs: How governments’ compliance with constitutional rules reshapes sectoral employment in Sub-Saharan Africa 从制度到就业：政府遵守宪法规则如何重塑撒哈拉以南非洲的部门就业

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2026.100172

Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, Pinyi Chen

{"title":"From institutions to jobs: How governments’ compliance with constitutional rules reshapes sectoral employment in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, Pinyi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constitutional compliance — the degree to which governments adhere to their own constitutional rules — is widely assumed to underpin credible governance, yet its economic consequences remain poorly understood. This article investigates whether governments’ compliance with rules embedded in the constitution promotes labour reallocation from low-productivity agriculture to the industrial and services sectors. In particular, it argues that constitutional compliance facilitates structural labour mobility through a novel institutional transmission channel: promoting the implementation of economic reforms. The empirical analysis uses an unbalanced panel dataset of 44 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over 2000–2020 and the error-components two-stage least squares estimator. It shows that higher constitutional compliance significantly reduces the agricultural employment share and raises both industrial and services employment shares. Crucially, these effects operate through economic reforms — particularly in property rights, legal systems, and market entry. The findings underscore that closing the gap between constitutional rules and their implementation by governments is a critical enabling condition for the economic reforms that drive structural employment transformation. The fulfilment of their functions of - “Protection,” “Provision of social and economic services,” and “Participation of all citizens in political decision-making processes at different levels” – would allow SSA countries’ governments to enhance the effectiveness of economic reforms implementation and facilitate the sectoral reallocation of the labour force, including from the agricultural sector to other economic sectors, notably the industrial and/or services sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Government and Economics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147740987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Government-led regulatory proportionality and market development: Evidence from Spain’s funeral insurance under Solvency II 政府主导的监管比例与市场发展：来自偿付能力II下西班牙丧葬保险的证据

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2026.100169

Jorge Rubio-Herranz, María-Jesús Segovia-Vargas

{"title":"Government-led regulatory proportionality and market development: Evidence from Spain’s funeral insurance under Solvency II","authors":"Jorge Rubio-Herranz, María-Jesús Segovia-Vargas","doi":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how government-led regulatory design shapes market outcomes when harmonised frameworks are applied to locally specific financial products. Focusing on Spain’s funeral insurance market, it quantifies the effects of a national proportionality-based adaptation within the Solvency II regime by applying both the simplified Spanish approach and the standard Solvency II framework to the same real insurer portfolio.</div><div>Maintaining actuarial, demographic and financial assumptions constant, the results show that the adapted regime reduces Solvency Capital Requirements by more than 80% in key modules, indicating that observed solvency margins are driven primarily by regulatory architecture rather than underlying risk. These differences alter competitive conditions by lowering entry and operating costs for providers qualifying for the adapted treatment, thereby creating incentives based on regulatory classification rather than technical efficiency.</div><div>At the same time, Spain’s experience suggests that a well-calibrated adaptation can foster the consolidation of a stable and socially widespread market that remains resilient under adverse shocks, including the COVID-19 mortality surge. The findings highlight a central governance trade-off: while regulatory harmonisation enhances transparency and comparability, excessively uniform implementation may constrain specialised products with social value. The study therefore argues for proportionality mechanisms that preserve supervisory consistency while allowing governments sufficient flexibility to support market development and financial inclusion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Government and Economics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147651328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Why does the size of the government increase with economic development: A theory based on higher household leisure and its prediction of bigger government in the AI era 为什么政府的规模会随着经济的发展而增加：一种基于更高家庭闲暇的理论及其对人工智能时代更大政府的预测

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2026.100173

Bing Li, Daokui Li, Keaobo Li

{"title":"Why does the size of the government increase with economic development: A theory based on higher household leisure and its prediction of bigger government in the AI era","authors":"Bing Li, Daokui Li, Keaobo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is a widely observed fact that after industrialization, the size of the government has increased significantly. This is often referred to as Wagner’s Law. Since the early twentieth century, it grew from around 10% to the current global average of 35%. Existing literature mostly explains this phenomenon from the government side, highlighting factors such as enhanced state capacity and events such as wars. In this paper, we argue that the key driver is the increase of leisure time of households, who are the ultimate payers of government expenditure. We explain that the growth in leisure has raised households’ welfare and becomes a buffer against higher taxation, enabling them to accept significantly higher taxation on their labor income in exchange for better public services. We begin with a simple observation: across seventeen OECD countries, the ratio of government taxes to “augmented national income (ANI)” (GDP plus the opportunity cost of household leisure) did not increase as much as that of tax to GDP and remains relatively modest, at around 7% to 13%. We then construct a simple model to illustrate the mechanism that higher labor productivity leads to higher leisure and therefore higher taxation. One prediction of our theory is that in the AI era, since labor productivity will rise substantially, and household leisure time will further expand, the size of the government relative to GDP is likely to increase by around 2 to 4 percentage points by 2035. In the longer run, if AI sustains at least the pace of productivity growth seen over the post-WWII period, government size could expand by at least a further 10 percentage points by the end of the century.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Government and Economics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Caste, credit, and social capital: Constraints on Dalit entrepreneurship in India’s leather industry 种姓、信用和社会资本：对印度皮革业达利特企业家精神的制约

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2026.100171

K B Saxena, Akhil Alha

{"title":"Caste, credit, and social capital: Constraints on Dalit entrepreneurship in India’s leather industry","authors":"K B Saxena, Akhil Alha","doi":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dalit participation in India’s leather industry reflects a paradox: a long historical presence alongside persistent economic marginalisation. Drawing on fieldwork with 60 Dalit entrepreneurs in Kanpur, Ludhiana, and Pune (2018–19), this paper examines how caste-structured market processes shape their position within the leather value chain and constrain opportunities for accumulation. The findings show that most Dalit entrepreneurs remain concentrated in low-value production activities as dependent job workers or survival-oriented micro-producers. Their operations are shaped by unequal access to credit, exclusion from high-value trading networks, and interlocked production arrangements. Informal financial instruments such as the parchi system, while facilitating transactions, often operate as mechanisms of value extraction due to liquidity constraints and unequal bargaining power. Access to formal finance remains limited and delayed, reinforcing dependence on costly informal credit. Social networks, though dense, offer limited access to resource-rich market linkages. As a result, entrepreneurship functions less as a pathway to mobility and more as a mechanism that reproduces existing hierarchies. Only a small minority are able to move upward through episodic access to capital and networks. The paper argues that markets in caste-segmented industries are not neutral but structured by institutional inequalities that shape who accumulates and who does not. It highlights the need for policy interventions that address liquidity constraints, network exclusion, and value-chain positioning rather than relying solely on generic entrepreneurship promotion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Government and Economics","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Testing self-financing public investment: Evidence from an oil-exporting economy 测试自筹资金的公共投资：来自石油出口经济体的证据

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2026.100164

Yanina Bajaña-Villagómez , Freddy García-Albán

{"title":"Testing self-financing public investment: Evidence from an oil-exporting economy","authors":"Yanina Bajaña-Villagómez , Freddy García-Albán","doi":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We revisit the fiscal return to public investment using a present-value self-financing criterion that can be interpreted as a benchmark decision rule for a revenue-constrained government in oil-exporting economies. We first derive simple analytical bounds that translate the condition into requirements on discounted multipliers, clarifying why a multiplier greater than one is necessary but far from sufficient for self-financing. We then implement the test for Ecuador—an oil-exporting, dollarized economy—using a Bayesian VAR with sign and zero restrictions over 2004Q1–2019Q3. The empirical framework treats oil revenues as a fiscal income component and assesses the relevance of oil-revenue exogeneity in a resource-dependent setting. We evaluate five specifications: public-investment and public-consumption shocks, an oil-revenue shock, and two financing-based scenarios (deficit-financed and oil-financed investment). Across horizons up to 80 quarters, median present-value ratios lie well below the self-financing threshold. The most favorable case—deficit-financed investment—approaches unity but remains far short of the threshold, while oil-financed investment performs noticeably worse. We conclude that, although public investment raises output, it does not generate present-value fiscal returns commensurate with its cost.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Government and Economics","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

When institutions intervene: Economic freedom and the uneven transmission of monetary policy into U.S. housing markets 当机构干预：经济自由和货币政策对美国房地产市场的不均衡传导

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2026.100166

Rafael Acevedo , Jorge Romero-Habeych

引用次数: 0

The role of government in shaping market competition and ownership structure in the banking industry: substitutes or complements? 政府在塑造银行业市场竞争和所有权结构中的作用：替代还是补充？

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2025.100158

Miroslav Mateev

{"title":"The role of government in shaping market competition and ownership structure in the banking industry: substitutes or complements?","authors":"Miroslav Mateev","doi":"10.1016/j.jge.2025.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jge.2025.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how market competition and ownership concentration influence bank performance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with a particular focus on the role of government in shaping these relationships. Using data from 175 banks across 19 countries from the MENA region between 2006 and 2022, we explore whether competition and ownership act as substitutes or complements under regulatory and institutional frameworks. Unlike prior studies, this research focuses specifically on the banking sector, where governance structures are strongly shaped by policy and regulation. The findings indicate that, individually, both ownership concentration and market power enhance profitability and stability. More importantly, their interaction demonstrates a complementary effect: market competition amplifies the positive impact of ownership concentration on bank performance. This effect remains robust across varying levels of ownership concentration. The results indicate that government policies promoting fair competition can enhance and reinforce the benefits associated with ownership structures. Furthermore, Islamic banks appear to benefit more from the complementarity effect of governance mechanisms compared to conventional banks, highlighting the importance of tailored regulatory oversight to promote financial stability within a dual banking system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Government and Economics","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145327133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measuring the indirect footprint of state ownership in private supply chains: Evidence from Belgian firm-to-firm transaction data 衡量国有企业在私营供应链中的间接足迹：来自比利时企业间交易数据的证据

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2026.100165

Pablo Muylle , Emmanuel Dhyne

{"title":"Measuring the indirect footprint of state ownership in private supply chains: Evidence from Belgian firm-to-firm transaction data","authors":"Pablo Muylle , Emmanuel Dhyne","doi":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jge.2026.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How large is the state’s true economic presence? Standard measures focus on what state-owned enterprises (SOEs) directly produce, yet this approach overlooks a crucial channel of state influence. SOEs are embedded in supply chains, selling inputs to private firms throughout the economy, and through these commercial linkages, state ownership extends its reach well beyond the public sector itself. This paper provides the first firm-to-firm measurement of this indirect footprint, linking the universe of Belgian business-to-business transactions to detailed ownership records. Our findings suggest standard measures significantly understate the state’s economic presence. In 2019, SOEs directly accounted for 6.4% of value added, yet firms purchasing from at least one SOE generated 87.9% of total value added. These patterns persist even when excluding utility providers: 83.8% of value added is generated by firms sourcing from non-utility SOEs. Weighting by actual dependence on SOE inputs yields an indirect footprint of 1.6% of value added. This indirect reach is not static: it has grown steadily over our sample period and surges during economic crises, when firms turn toward state-owned suppliers in relationships that often persist long after recovery. We further document that SOE sourcing correlates with lower productivity and profitability but greater stability and survival.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Government and Economics","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Terrorism and gender inequalities in politics: An empirical analysis 恐怖主义与政治中的性别不平等：一个实证分析

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2025.100157

Atangana Zambo Charles Christian , Ongo Nkoa Bruno Emmanuel , Etogo Nyaga Yves Patrice

引用次数: 0

Diversification of rare earth metals supply chain: Can the U.S. rely on non-Chinese sources? 稀土金属供应链多元化：美国能依赖非中国来源吗？

Journal of Government and Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2025.100156

Arsene Oka

{"title":"Diversification of rare earth metals supply chain: Can the U.S. rely on non-Chinese sources?","authors":"Arsene Oka","doi":"10.1016/j.jge.2025.100156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jge.2025.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China’s recent restrictions on rare earth (RE) metal exports have heightened U.S. concerns over supply security. A key question is whether non-Chinese producers can substitute for China and reduce dependence. This paper examines that issue by estimating the cross-price elasticity of U.S. RE metal imports from China and the rest of the world (ROW). Positive elasticities imply substitutability, while negative values suggest complementarity, limiting diversification. Using a cointegration-based time-series framework and annual data from 1991–2023, the analysis reveals a clear time horizon distinction. In the long run, Chinese and ROW supplies behave as complements: price increases in one source reduce imports from the other. In the short run, however, they act as substitutes, with higher prices from one source increasing imports from the other. The findings show that while non-Chinese suppliers can provide short-term relief, they cannot fully replace Chinese supply in the long run due to higher costs and limited capacity. China therefore remains structurally indispensable, underscoring the importance of industrial policy and strategic investment in developing a domestic RE metals supply chain. This study provides the first empirical estimates of U.S. RE import demand and disaggregated cross-price elasticities, offering insights for both supply chain managers and government strategists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Government and Economics","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0