Journal of Environmental Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Natural rubber latex-specific IgE antibodies in non-healthcare workers: comparison of two FDA-cleared in vitro kits","authors":"Raymond E. Biagini,&nbsp;Barbara A. Mackenzie,&nbsp;Toni A. Bledsoe,&nbsp;Daniel M. Lewis,&nbsp;Lynne M. Pinkerton","doi":"10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<147::AID-JEM25>3.0.CO;2-Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<147::AID-JEM25>3.0.CO;2-Z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Latex-specific IgE antibody immunoassays are heavily relied upon in the diagnosis of latex allergy in the United States. The goal of this study is to compare anti-latex IgE levels measured by two U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared kits (CAP® System and AlaSTAT® Microplate) in sera obtained from employees in non-healthcare industries. Sera were obtained from 381 workers employed in several, non-healthcare industries over the past 10 years, and stored frozen. All 381 coded sera were analysed for latex-specific IgE using the Diagnostic Products Corporation microplate AlaSTAT® and the Pharmacia-UpJohn CAP® System. Concordance between methods and intra- and inter-assay reproducibility were evaluated. Twenty-six sera gave positive results using the AlaSTAT® assay (26/381, 6.82%), while 24 yielded CAP® positive results (6.30%). There were no significant differences (<i>p</i> = NS) between the assays' measurements of latex-specific IgE antibody levels for all 381 sera, yielding 0.28 ± 0.19 kU L⁻¹ and 0.34 ± 0.59 kU_A L⁻¹, respectively. AlaSTAT® and CAP® assays agreed on the positive status of 9 (9/381, 2.4%) sera, and the negative status of 340 sera (340/381, 89.2%). The assays yielded discordant results on some individual sera. CAP® discordant results occurred in 17/26 sera (65.4%) of AlaSTAT® positive sera, while AlaSTAT® discordant results were found in 15/24 (57.7%) of the CAP® positive sera. The CAP® System, for instance, detected 0.39–2.3 kU_A l⁻¹ (1.03 ± 0.59, [mean ± SD]) of latex-specific IgE in the serum from 15 individuals that were all AlaSTAT® negative. In contrast, the AlaSTAT® detected 0.36–1.6 kU l⁻¹ (0.62 ± 0.31, [mean ± SD]) of IgE anti-latex in the serum from 17 subjects that were all CAP® negative. These data indicate that the <i>a priori</i> seroprevalence of latex-specific sera IgE is about 6%–7% in non-healthcare workers and that the CAP® and AlaSTAT® assays agree on the positive or negative status of the majority of sera (91.6%). However, caution should be exercised when applying FDA-cleared <i>in vitro</i> assays for latex-specific sera IgE in populations known to have potentially low concentrations of latex-specific IgE antibodies, as there appears to be a finite possibility for these assays to misclassify sera as being positive or negative for latex-specific IgE antibodies. Published in 1999 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 3","pages":"147-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<147::AID-JEM25>3.0.CO;2-Z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72130017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood lead level and haematological parameters in Saudi Arabian female school children","authors":"I Ai-Saleh,&nbsp;M Nester,&nbsp;E Devol,&nbsp;N Shinwari,&nbsp;S Al-Shahria","doi":"10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<141::AID-JEM24>3.0.CO;2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<141::AID-JEM24>3.0.CO;2-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study afforded the opportunity to study the effect of lead on haematological parameters of 538 Saudi female pupils aged 6 to 12 years living in Riyadh City. Blood lead levels ranged from 2.300 to 27.362 μg dl⁻¹. Based on Mentzer's formula, 42 pupils were excluded due to thalassaemia. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to study the effect of lead on haematological parameters such as HGB, HCT, MCV and MCH after adjusting for serum Fe and a number of other variables. The results showed that MCV was significantly associated with blood lead levels. Microcytic anaemia in 108 pupils with blood lead levels ≥10 μ dl⁻¹ was also investigated. Of the 108 pupils, 24 had microcytic anaemia as defined by MCV &lt;80 fl and HCT &lt;0.36. The results of this study indicate that haematological abnormalities can be seen at blood lead levels less than the current CDC acceptable limit for lead. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 3","pages":"141-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<141::AID-JEM24>3.0.CO;2-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72130125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of building dampness and type of building on eye, nose and throat symptoms in Swedish hospitals","authors":"Klas Nordström,&nbsp;Dan Norbäck,&nbsp;Gunilla Wieslander,&nbsp;Robert Wålinder","doi":"10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<127::AID-JEM21>3.0.CO;2-G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<127::AID-JEM21>3.0.CO;2-G","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Building dampness in the floor construction is known to cause chemical degradation of polyvinyl chloride floor coatings, but few epidemiological studies on this topic have been published. Another topic of interest is the different symptoms in different buildings constructed with different building materials and with different architectural designs. The term Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is sometimes used to describe irritation to the eyes, skin, and upper airways, headache and fatigue in relation to the indoor environment. The aim of our investigation was to study symptoms in relation to building dampness and type of building in geriatric hospitals. Four hospitals for geriatrics were selected to represent buildings with different ages and design, irrespectively of symptom prevalence. All staff (<i>n</i> = 95) were requested to answer a medical questionnaire, 88 (93%) participated. Measurements of room temperature, relative air humidity, air flow rate, illumination, moulds, bacteria, formaldehyde and other volatile compounds, respirable dust, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone were carried out in all buildings. Statistical analyses were performed by bivariate analysis, and multiple logistic regression, adjusting for possible influence of building age, age of the subjects, gender, tobacco smoke, atopy and the perceived psychosocial work environment. Dampness in the upper concrete floor surface (75–84%), ammonia under the floor [3 parts per million (3 ppm)], and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in the air were detected in two buildings built in 1985 and 1993. Increased occurrence of ocular, nasal and throat symptoms, and dry facial skin were found in the damp buildings. Those in the specially designed building had fewer of these symptoms. In conclusion, the study provides new evidence on possible health effects of dampness-related alkaline degradation of di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEPH) in PVC-building material. Emissions related to degradation of DEPH due to dampness in the floor construction, detected by an increase of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in the air, seems to increase the occurrence of ocular, nasal, throat and facial skin symptoms. The indoor environment of one specially designed building with a high ceiling and avoidance of fluorescent lighting and interior plastic materials, seemed to have a positive influence on well-being. Our results support the view that building dampness should be avoided, and shows that it is possible to construct a new building where the inhabitants have few symptoms. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 3","pages":"127-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<127::AID-JEM21>3.0.CO;2-G","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72130009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromium urine concentration and effects on lymphocyte subpopulations in children","authors":"Wilfried Karmaus,&nbsp;Suiying Huang,&nbsp;Nadia Osius,&nbsp;Thomas Nebe","doi":"10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<153::AID-JEM29>3.0.CO;2-O","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<153::AID-JEM29>3.0.CO;2-O","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We conducted an epidemiological study on exposure to a toxic waste incineration plant that focused on heavy metals and organochlorines and their potential health effect. In this paper we concentrate on whether chromium urine concentration (CrU) in 24 h urine samples was associated with changes in the number of lymphocytes in blood samples. The potential confounding effects of age, gender, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), blood lead, blood mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood, as well as the concentration of mercury, cadmium and arsenic in 24 h urine samples were controlled for. The numbers of total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, CD4 helper and CD8 cytotoxic T cells were determined with fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). CrU was categorized into four groups: below detection limit (0.08 μg l⁻¹); detection limit to 0.13 μg l⁻¹; 0.14–0.22 μg l⁻¹; 0.24 μg l⁻¹ and above. The groups were analysed as predictors of different lymphocyte subpopulations in separate multiple linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders (age, gender, passive smoking, PCB, lead and mercury in whole blood, arsenic, cadmium, mercury in 24 h urine).</p><p>CrU, lymphocyte counts and information on questionnaire data were available for 315 children, aged 7–10 years. We found a statistically significant negative association between the CrU groups and the total T cell count, T-helper (CD4) cell count, absolute number of CD4+CD25+ helper T cells, and CD4+CD45RO+ memory T helper cells. No association was found for CrU groups and white blood cell, total lymphocyte, natural killer cell and B cell counts. With the exception of ETS and blood lead level, no other predictor was of importance for the lymphocytes. The rank correlation suggested a reduction in the number of infections when chromium was increased, even though the cause and effect relationship was not clear. The results illustrated a possible effect of chromium on T-lymphocytes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 3","pages":"153-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<153::AID-JEM29>3.0.CO;2-O","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72130123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk at a turning point?","authors":"Andrew Stirling","doi":"10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<119::AID-JEM20>3.0.CO;2-K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<119::AID-JEM20>3.0.CO;2-K","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is increasing recognition in comparative risk assessment of the intrinsic subjectivity of fundamental framing assumptions and the consequent necessity for active participation in analysis by all interested and affected parties. Despite this, there remains considerable inertia in the implementation of these insights in formal policy making and regulatory procedures on risk. Here, the issue seems as often to be seen as a need for better ‘communication’ and ‘management’ as for better analysis, with attention devoted as much to the classification of divergent public perspectives as to techniques for direct stakeholder participation. Pointing to the fundamental methodological problems posed in risk assessment by the conditions of ignorance and Arrow's impossibility, the present paper contends that public participation is as much a matter of analytical rigour as it is of political legitimacy. It is argued that straightforward techniques such as multi-criteria and sensitivity analysis, along with a formal approach to diversification across portfolios of ‘less risky’ options, may go some way toward addressing these apparently intractable problems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 3","pages":"119-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<119::AID-JEM20>3.0.CO;2-K","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72130124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-dependent differences of neurobehavioural function among workers exposed to aluminium","authors":"Guiwen Guo,&nbsp;Huirong Ma,&nbsp;Xinshi Wang,&nbsp;Youxin Liang","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<81::AID-JEM17>3.0.CO;2-W","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<81::AID-JEM17>3.0.CO;2-W","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to clarify the neurobehavioural effects of aluminium and age-dependent differences among occupationally aluminium (Al) exposed workers, 103 Al-exposed and 64 non-exposed workers aged 25–60 years were selected to be involved in the study using the WHO recommended Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery (NCTB). The air concentration of aluminium at work sites and the level of urinary aluminium were measured. The results obtained from this study showed that the mean concentration of air aluminium was up to 5.31 mg m⁻³, and the level of urinary aluminium among Al-exposed workers appeared significantly higher than that of controls. The scores of digit span in the younger age group, digit symbol in the middle age, and pursuit aiming in the older age of Al-exposed workers were markedly lower than in the non-exposed workers at the corresponding age ranges. Obvious changes of mood were observed in elderly Al-exposed workers, but no significant differences between younger Al-exposed and non-exposed workers was found. The results indicate that occupational aluminium exposure might interfere with normal behavioural function. The effects seemed to be age-dependent. Younger workers showed memory disturbances and the elderly appeared to be affected for mood and motor activities. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 2","pages":"81-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72146788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The magnitude, persistence and public health significance of cognitive effects of environmental lead exposure in childhood","authors":"Shilu Tong,&nbsp;Anthony J. McMichael","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<103::AID-JEM15>3.0.CO;2-S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<103::AID-JEM15>3.0.CO;2-S","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although much research has been done on the effects of lead exposure on cognitive development, the magnitude, persistence and public health implications of such effects remain controversial. A literature search, in conjunction with our own work, was conducted to review these issues. Currently available evidence suggests that early exposure to environmental lead may cause a discernible effect on cognitive development, and this effect seems to persist into later childhood. No threshold is evident down to a blood lead concentration of 5 μg dl⁻¹, although there is a paucity of epidemiological data at these lower levels. An economic loss could be serious for children exposed to an excess of lead in their environment. The environmental lead problem is preventable, or, where it is already established, is remediable. It should therefore be addressed, especially in developing countries where rapid industrialisation and increased use of motor vehicles are occurring. There is clear evidence that excessive lead exposure is still a significant public health issue in most countries, particularly developing countries. The formulation of a public health strategy should seek a balance between consideration of the nature and extent of the risk to human population health, knowledge of any dose-effect threshold, estimation of socio-environmental benefits, and commitment to making the best use of existing resources. The development of such a strategy should take into account the views and priorities of all interested parties, and—most certainly—those of communities directly at risk from lead exposure. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 2","pages":"103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72146790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early lead exposure affects auditory temporal processing in chicks","authors":"Lincoln Gray,&nbsp;Andrij Holian","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<87::AID-JEM14>3.0.CO;2-Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<87::AID-JEM14>3.0.CO;2-Z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effects of low-level lead on hearing were investigated in newborn chicks. Hearing was measured using an unconditioned response—a delay in subjects’ ongoing peeping when they detect a new sound. Lead acetate was introduced into the air space of the egg at either 12 or 14 days of incubation in doses that varied between 36 and 88 mg kg⁻¹. Subjects were then tested at 0 and 4 days after hatching. A test of absolute thresholds showed no effect of the lead. A test of backward masking, however, showed a significant deficit in temporal processing. In backward masking a short tone pip is followed by a brief silent period and then by a longer and louder noise. Ability to hear the brief signal despite the subsequent masker is a test of rapid hearing. Lead-exposed chicks were deficient in this task, especially at 4 days of age and with a brief silent period between signal and masker. Human children with reading disabilities show a similar deficit. It is thus possible that variations of this test can elucidate basic developmental deficits that are also involved in human perceptual disorders and dyslexia. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 2","pages":"87-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72146789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air pollution and pediatric respiratory hospital admissions in São Paulo, Brazil","authors":"Alfésio L.F. Braga,&nbsp;Gleice M.S. Conceição,&nbsp;Luiz A.A. Pereira,&nbsp;Humberto S. Kishi,&nbsp;Júlio C.R. Pereira,&nbsp;Maria F. Andrade,&nbsp;Fábio L.T. Gonçalves,&nbsp;Paulo H.N. Saldiva,&nbsp;Maria R.D.O. Latorre","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<95::AID-JEM16>3.0.CO;2-S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<95::AID-JEM16>3.0.CO;2-S","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to investigate the relation between air pollution and child morbidity in São Paulo, a time-series study was carried out. Daily records of hospital admissions for children under 13 years old were obtained at the Health State Secretary, covering 112 hospitals in the period from October 1992 to October 1993. Daily levels of PM₁₀, ozone, SO₂, CO and NO₂ were obtained from the environmental state agency (CETESB), while both CETESB and the Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (IAG) of the University of São Paulo provided daily measures of temperature and relative humidity. Daily counts of child respiratory admissions (RESP) were considered as the dependent variable of pollutants in regression models, controlled for months of the year, days of the week, weather factors, and the daily number of non respiratory admissions (NORESP). PM₁₀ and ozone were the pollutants that exhibited the most robust association with RESP. The mean levels of PM₁₀observed during the period of study (70 μg m⁻³) were associated with an increase of 12% in RESP. The association between air pollution and RESP was significant within a time lag between 1 to 7 days and was dose-dependent. This result indicates that air pollution represents a significant pediatric health problem in São Paulo. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 2","pages":"95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72146787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Studies of lead on the micro and macro scales","authors":"Michael Gochfeld","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<63::AID-JEM18>3.0.CO;2-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<63::AID-JEM18>3.0.CO;2-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 2","pages":"63-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72146791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}