Journal of Environmental Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Noninvasive methods in environmental medicine – biomonitoring","authors":"U Rolle-Kampczyk,&nbsp;O Herbarth,&nbsp;M. Rehwagen","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<65::AID-JEM19>3.0.CO;2-S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<65::AID-JEM19>3.0.CO;2-S","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The concept of biomonitoring comprises the one-off or repeated systemic measurement of concentrations of hazardous substances and their metabolites in biological materials. If the materials are from a human biological source, the concept of human-biomonitoring is usual. In contrast to determining exposure to the human environment (e.g. air quality, food contamination), biomonitoring has the advantage of reflecting the actual, individual exposure of a human organism (e.g. in the form of biomarker). This enables an individual health risk concerning systemic effects to be better described than by solely measuring exposure.</p><p>Benzene and toluene are volatile organic compounds (VOC). Their ubiquity means they are found in all indoor air. Due to their toxic potential (benzene—carcinogenic, toluene—neurotoxic) and the quantities in which toluene is found, sometimes actual exposure to toluene must be measured.</p><p>One way is to test urine for specific metabolites to monitor the internal burden and dosage. S-phenyl- and S-benzylmercapturic acid (SPMA and SBMA) were selected and their concentrations determined in urine samples from Leipzig children. The results were correlated with the benzene and toluene concentrations of indoor air. Whereas a correlation was found between benzene and SPMA, no connection was established between toluene and SBMA. One of the next targets is to find a correlation between the measuring results and information concerning ailments given in response to questionnaires on the children’s health.&lt;&lt;&lt; WCODE [203] &gt;&gt;&gt;Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 2","pages":"65-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72146792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term effect of exposure to suspended particulate matter (PM10) on the respiratory function of urban asthmatic and control adults","authors":"S Gauvin,&nbsp;D Zmirou,&nbsp;I Pin,&nbsp;J Quentin,&nbsp;F Balducci,&nbsp;C Boudet,&nbsp;D Poizeau,&nbsp;C Brambilla","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<71::AID-JEM13>3.0.CO;2-A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<71::AID-JEM13>3.0.CO;2-A","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this study was to assess the effects of PM10 daily concentrations in urban ambient air on bronchial reactivity and on two indices of respiratory function (FEV₁ and PEF) of healthy control (<i>n</i> = 20) and of mild asthmatic adults (<i>n</i> = 20). The study took place over two periods of a month and a half, during summer 1996 and winter 1997. Each volunteer underwent two methacholine challenge tests, one during a weekday, the other early on the next Monday morning, after a weekend of lower exposure. They also monitored their FEV₁ and PEF twice daily with an electronic peak flow meter.</p><p>The respiratory function decreased among asthmatic subjects a few days after daily PM10 levels had increased (−1.25% for FEV₁, 95% CI = [−0.58, −1.92]; and −0.87% for PEF [−0.1, −1.63], for a daily 10 μg m⁻³ variation of PM10 in summer; −0.25% [−0.51, 0.02] for FEV₁ only in winter). No association between daily variations of respiratory function and PM10 was observed among control subjects. Bronchial reactivity was not significantly different between the two days of methacholine tests among asthmatic and control subjects, either in summer or in winter. This study confirms the greater sensitivity of asthmatic adults, compared with healthy subjects, to short-term variations of ambient air concentrations of particles. However, bronchial reactivity is not modified by small short-term variations of particulate pollution among mild asthmatics or healthy subjects. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 2","pages":"71-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72146793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mini‐symposium on the effects of particles on Health: Introduction","authors":"R. Maynard","doi":"10.1002/JEM.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JEM.45","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"13 2 1","pages":"259-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90229175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Cooking with gas? (Don't) hold your breath!","authors":"M. M. Lipsett","doi":"10.1002/JEM.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JEM.37","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":"171-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74431080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational toxic risks in dental laboratory technicians","authors":"L. Choël, B. Grosgogeat, D. Bourgeois, J. Descotes","doi":"10.1002/JEM.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JEM.44","url":null,"abstract":"Dental laboratory technicians use a wide range of materials and techniques. They are thus subject to occupational exposures of many different kinds. The aim of this review is to present the circumstances of exposure, the related risks, and the epidemiological data available in the literature. Exposures to metals, waxes, resins and silica can cause irritation or allergic reactions, affecting either the skin or the respiratory tract. The risks of benign pneumoconiosis induced by hard metals are well documented. A prevalence of 15.4% after 20 or more years of exposure has been reported, whereas the prevalence in the general population is less than 1%. Malignant pneumoconiosis is caused by dust from crystalline silica, asbestos or beryllium. Silicosis is the most common occupational disease among dental technicians, while for berylliosis the risk is not well documented. Isolated cases of systemic autoimmune diseases have been observed. No study has yet demonstrated a link between these diseases and occupational exposure of dental technicians. Silica is known to provoke systemic scleroderma, but its role in prosthetists remains to be established. The first steps in prevention are the identification, classification and evaluation of exposure and the effects of that exposure on the health of exposed workers. Reduction or elimination of exposure by collective or individual protective measures are the best modalities of prevention.Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"307-314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84288359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use and misuse of surrogate variables in environmental epidemiology","authors":"F. Lipfert","doi":"10.1002/JEM.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JEM.40","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses some common statistical problems that are often encountered in the specification and interpretation of regression models used in environmental epidemiology; such models have been used to establish new or modified ambient standards intended to protect public health. These statistical problems include: collinearity (identifying the ‘correct’ pollutant), confounding (omission of other variables that may be correlated with both response and putative dose), the ‘ecological fallacy’ (aggregating individual doses and responses over space or time), measurement error (uncertainties in data, applicability and measurement per se) and linearity (identifying curvature or thresholds in dose-response function). These problems occur in both time-series and cross-sectional studies. Although none of these potential problem areas is new, they have rarely been considered together or comprehensively. This paper considers them as specific instances of the general problem of surrogate variables, for which an analytical framework is presented together with some examples of their practical consequences and some guidelines for interpreting environmental epidemiology studies. Findings of the analysis include: single-pollutant regression models are likely to overstate effects; although aggregation results in loss of information, it biases the estimates only when confounding is present; the traditional approaches to correcting for measurement errors implied by the difference between personal exposures and ambient air quality do not apply, but estimates may be based on consideration of the ‘error’ term as an additional source of exposure; it may not be possible to deduce the correct shape of a dose-response function in the presence of measurement error and correlated covariates. These findings are intended to be descriptive rather than definitive; the main purpose is to stimulate the detailed research required to develop practical remedies that would allow epidemiology to be used appropriately in setting environmental standards.Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":"267-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91096949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative sensory testing in gulf war veterans with chronic fatigue syndrome","authors":"A. Peckerman, B. Natelson, H. Kipen, Sharon L. Smith, Kristina Dahl, C. Pollet, J. Ottenweller","doi":"10.1002/JEM.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JEM.35","url":null,"abstract":"The study assessed peripheral sensory function and its relation to self-reported wartime exposures to potentially neurotoxic substances in Gulf War veterans with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Male Gulf veterans fulfilling the 1994 CDC diagnostic criteria for CFS were compared with matched controls. Quantitative sensory testing was performed to establish thresholds of perception for the sense of light touch and radiant heat. The Devens survey was used to collect data on self-reported exposures to by-products of combustion and organophosphate compounds. Gulf veterans with CFS had elevated tactile but normal thermal thresholds compared with their controls. Sick veterans had greater rates of self-reported exposures and/or noxious side effects for all assessed toxicants. Interestingly, both Gulf veteran groups, including those reporting no symptoms, had impaired perception of light touch when compared with age-matched samples of non-Gulf war veteran men. The results of this study are consistent with a hypothesis that Gulf veterans with CFS have a subtle neurological deficit that might reflect underlying peripheral neuropathy. The association between this deficit and self-report of multiple potentially neurotoxic exposures suggests that war zone pollutants may be possible contributing factors. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"36 1-2","pages":"235-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91474108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass cooking fuels and prevalence of blindness in India.","authors":"V. Mishra, R. Retherford, Kirk R. Smith","doi":"10.1002/JEM.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JEM.30","url":null,"abstract":"Movement up the household energy ladder from smoke-producing biomass fuels to relatively clean liquid, gaseous and electric fuels is commonly part of the economic transition and thus plays a role in the accompanying health transition. Here, we analyse the relationship between type of cooking fuel and the prevalence of partial and complete blindness in India using data on 173 520 persons age 30 and over from the 1992–93 National Family Health Survey. Logistic regression is used to estimate the net effects of biomass fuel (wood or dung) use on prevalence of partial and complete blindness after controlling for availability of a separate kitchen, house type, crowding, age, gender, urban-rural residence, education, religion, caste/tribe and geographical region. Persons living in biomass fuel-using households are found to have a considerably higher prevalence of blindness (partial or complete) than those living in households using cleaner fuels (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.16–1.50). The effects are large and statistically significant for both men (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.12–1.52) and women (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.12–1.50) and for urban areas (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.01–1.49) and rural areas (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.23–1.80). The effects are strong and significant for partial blindness (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.17–1.53), but not for complete blindness (OR 1.09; 95% CI 0.79–1.51). The level of risk and extent of biomass fuel use in India indicate that 18% of partial and complete blindness among persons age 30 and older may be attributed to biomass fuel use. The results strongly suggest that smoke exposure from the use of biomass fuels for cooking substantially increases the risk of partial blindness. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"49 1","pages":"189-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80317590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of a threshold effect for TSP in the Philadelphia data set","authors":"M. Nicolich, J. Gamble","doi":"10.1002/JEM.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JEM.41","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present paper is to examine the complex set of questions about the PM-mortality exposure–response (E-R) relationship by looking at the practical and demonstrable consequences of time series model building and by considering alternate modelling methods. \u0000 \u0000Two questions are posed. The first is how to demonstrate goodness-of-fit for an exposure–response model and the effectiveness of a particular term in the model. The second is how to detect poor model fit associated with unusual relationships in the data, such as thresholds or other non-linear patterns. Suggested solutions are demonstrated using the Philadelphia data set used by Kelsall. These solutions are potentially applicable to other time series data analyses. \u0000 \u0000Examination of the example data indicate several findings. First, the addition of the pollution terms to a model which contains temporal and weather variables has a negligible change on the predictive ability of the model. While the statistical criteria are slightly improved the practical improvement in mortality prediction is minimal. Second, for these data, there is demonstrable evidence that there is a threshold effect for total suspended particulate (TSP) on predicted mortality. The threshold is also seen in the gaseous pollutants. Lastly, the inclusion of terms representing the day of the week statistically improves model fit to a greater extent than the pollution terms. \u0000 \u0000The results from this exercise suggest that several steps should be added to the traditional analysis and presentation of time-series data. These include visual and tabular presentation of results from each major model and analysis for a threshold at least for the criteria pollutant terms. The presentation elements allow the reader to independently assess model fit and the predictive capabilities of the model. Determination of a threshold allows objective determination of a no adverse effect level. Overall, application of these methods to time-series analyses provides more specificity for testing the predictive power of the model and for protecting health.Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"279-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78098909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention of occupational and environmental diseases by implementation of ISO14000 and BS8800 for industries","authors":"Jung-Der Wang, Chih-Wen Chung","doi":"10.1002/JEM.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JEM.34","url":null,"abstract":"KEY WORDS Rapid industrialization usually brings both economic development and environ-environmental diseases mental pollution, which often produces occupational diseases in the workplaceoccupational diseases and environmental diseases in the nearby community. From experience of docu-ISO 14000 menting 17 occupational diseases, we found that they resulted from a lack ofBS 8800 a comprehensive hazard communication system. The spillage of such unknownchemical hazards also produced environmental diseases for the neighbouringfactories and community. Because the general treatment of occupational andenvironmental diseases must include the identification of hazard and taking pre-ventive procedures to avoid further exposure, it is essential to recognize andcontrol the hazard at the start of an industry. Thus, implementation of the lifecycle assessment in ISO (International Organization of Standardization) 14000series will guide an industry to identify and minimize the use of hazardouschemicals. A similar practice of risk assessment and reduction for every unit oper-ation in the production process proposed by BS (British Standard) 8800 will alsohelp to improve occupational health. Although implementation of such systemsis a voluntary compliance, actual practice demands the same systems in relatedor satellite factories and has a strong market implication.Copyright","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"120 1","pages":"225-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73861797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}