Journal of Environmental Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Editorial: Cooking with gas? (Don't) hold your breath!","authors":"Michael Lipsett, M.D","doi":"10.1002/jem.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jem.37","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 4","pages":"171-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/jem.37","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72192240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-series analyses and cohort studies to investigate relationships between particulate matter and mortality—two approaches to one endpoint","authors":"Norbert Englert","doi":"10.1002/jem.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jem.42","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Time-series analyses and cohort studies provide different methods of looking at the health effects of air pollution. With respect to mortality, the relative risk associated with a defined increase in the concentration of particulate matter is numerically much higher if derived from cohort studies than if based on time-series analyses. This discrepancy is often explained by arguing that chronic effects of air pollutants can only be assessed in cohort studies. However, with respect to changes in life expectancy, the results of the two study types can be shown to be consistent. In calculations of pollution-related health costs, mortality plays a dominant role. Applying the relative risk derived from cohort studies directly as a multiplier on daily or annual mortality leads to a considerable overestimation of effects. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 4","pages":"291-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/jem.42","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72192279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate matter and health: does the evidence hang in the balance?","authors":"Jonathan M. Samet","doi":"10.1002/jem.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jem.39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 4","pages":"261-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/jem.39","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72192276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the epidemiological evidence on health effects of nitrogen dioxide exposure from gas stoves","authors":"R. Basu,&nbsp;J.M. Samet","doi":"10.1002/jem.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jem.28","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review addresses the evidence on the health effects of exposure to emissions of NO² from gas stoves, covering findings of 45 epidemiological studies. These studies had addressed diverse outcome measures, including the risks of acute respiratory illness, decreased pulmonary function, respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbation. Although most studies have focused on schoolchildren, studies of adults and more recently, prospective studies of infants have also been carried out. The findings have not been consistent across all studies in showing adverse effects. We conclude that the evidence does not support a causal relationship between exposure NO² or use of a gas stove and increased risk for respiratory morbidity at the levels of NO₂ typically associated with gas stoves. Some studies do show increased risk for respiratory health effects, however, and the evidence does not support the conclusion that NO₂ emitted by gas stoves is risk-free. Further research would be indicated if populations receiving exposures in a range of interest can be identified. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p><p>This review addresses the evidence on the health effects of exposure to emissions of NO² from gas stoves, covering findings of 45 epidemiological studies. These studies had addressed diverse outcome measures, including the risks of acute respiratory illness, decreased pulmonary function, respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbation. Although most studies have focused on schoolchildren, studies of adults and more recently, prospective studies of infants have also been carried out. The findings have not been consistent across all studies in showing adverse effects. We conclude that the evidence does not support a causal relationship between exposure NO² or use of a gas stove and increased risk for respiratory morbidity at the levels of NO₂ typically associated with gas stoves. Some studies do show increased risk for respiratory health effects, however, and the evidence does not support the conclusion that NO₂ emitted by gas stoves is risk-free. Further research would be indicated if populations receiving exposures in a range of interest can be identified. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 4","pages":"173-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/jem.28","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72192239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass cooking fuels and prevalence of blindness in India","authors":"Vinod K. Mishra,&nbsp;Robert D. Retherford,&nbsp;Kirk R. Smith","doi":"10.1002/jem.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jem.30","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Movement up the household energy ladder from smoke-producing biomass fuels to relatively clean liquid, gaseous and electric fuels is commonly part of the economic transition and thus plays a role in the accompanying health transition. Here, we analyse the relationship between type of cooking fuel and the prevalence of partial and complete blindness in India using data on 173 520 persons age 30 and over from the 1992–93 National Family Health Survey. Logistic regression is used to estimate the net effects of biomass fuel (wood or dung) use on prevalence of partial and complete blindness after controlling for availability of a separate kitchen, house type, crowding, age, gender, urban-rural residence, education, religion, caste/tribe and geographical region. Persons living in biomass fuel-using households are found to have a considerably higher prevalence of blindness (partial or complete) than those living in households using cleaner fuels (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.16–1.50). The effects are large and statistically significant for both men (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.12–1.52) and women (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.12–1.50) and for urban areas (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.01–1.49) and rural areas (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.23–1.80). The effects are strong and significant for partial blindness (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.17–1.53), but not for complete blindness (OR 1.09; 95% CI 0.79–1.51). The level of risk and extent of biomass fuel use in India indicate that 18% of partial and complete blindness among persons age 30 and older may be attributed to biomass fuel use. The results strongly suggest that smoke exposure from the use of biomass fuels for cooking substantially increases the risk of partial blindness. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 4","pages":"189-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/jem.30","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72192241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of particulate air pollution: exploiting observable exposure variability","authors":"C. Arden Pope III","doi":"10.1002/jem.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jem.43","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Epidemiological studies of PM pollution and health have attempted to exploit observable sources of exposure variability to evaluate potential health consequences. These studies have become increasingly ingenious and rigorous in their ability to use natural exposure variability. Although a large majority of studies have evaluated only changes in short-term exposures, long-term, chronic exposure may be more important in terms of overall public health. This paper outlines the various dimensions of natural PM exposure variability that have been exploited in the epidemiology of PM literature, discuss how this exposure variablilty has or has not been utilized in recent epidemiology studies of PM exposure and human health, outline the inferences being drawn from the studies, and present the major limitations of these studies.Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 4","pages":"297-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/jem.43","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72192278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The health significance of environmental odour pollution: revisited","authors":"Dennis Shusterman","doi":"10.1002/jem.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jem.38","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The health impact of environmental odor pollution varies with both the source and the exposed population. Some environmental odors herald toxicologically important exposures. On the other hand, some potent odorants, in particular organic amines and reduced sulfur gases, have odor thresholds several orders of magnitude lower than their thresholds for irritant (or other toxic) effects. Notwithstanding this apparent margin of safety, community members impacted by such emissions often report, not only odor-related annoyance, but also such somatic symptoms as headache, nausea and shortness of breath. This paper reviews potential pathophysiologic mechanisms whereby ordors, <i>per se</i>, may trigger symptoms among exposed individuals. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 4","pages":"249-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/jem.38","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72167427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health effects of photochemical smog: seasonal and acute lung function change in outdoor workers","authors":"Michael Brauer,&nbsp;Sverre Vedal","doi":"10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<163::AID-JEM27>3.0.CO;2-R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<163::AID-JEM27>3.0.CO;2-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigated effects of summer air pollution exposure on outdoor workers in the Fraser Valley, Canada. Fifty farm workers performed spirometry daily before and after each 12–16 h workday from 1 July to 18 August 1994. The mean daily maximum (1 h) ambient ozone concentration was 39 ppb (range 10–89 ppb) and the mean daily maximum 8 h average ozone concentration was 31 ppb (range 5–66 ppb). PM₁₀ concentrations were low (mean 24 h average 16 μg m⁻³, range 6–30 μg m⁻³) and highly correlated with ozone. Due to the high level of correlation between ozone, temperature and PM₁₀ it was not possible to separately analyse the effect of each of these variables on lung function. In regression models including daily maximum ozone (an indicator of photochemical smog), an individual's mean lung function level and the Julian date, decreased afternoon FEV₁ and FVC, and the daily change (afternoon–morning) corrected for the morning measurement, were associated with ozone. These associations were still apparent the following morning, suggesting a persistent air pollution effect. These results reproduce our earlier finding of persistent lung function decrements in farm workers in the Fraser Valley associated with relatively low concentrations of ambient air pollution. In the subset of 12 individuals who participated in both studies, there was no correlation in individual responses to ozone between the two study periods. During both summer studies we observed a marked seasonal decline in lung function, although lung function levels improved to initial values between the two studies, suggesting a reversible seasonal effect of ozone on lung function. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 3","pages":"163-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<163::AID-JEM27>3.0.CO;2-R","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72130010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninvasive diagnostic methods in environmental medicine: effect monitoring using stable isotopes","authors":"P. Krumbiegel,&nbsp;O. Herbarth","doi":"10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<113::AID-JEM26>3.0.CO;2-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<113::AID-JEM26>3.0.CO;2-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Experience of using two stable-isotope-based effect biomarkers is briefly reviewed. New <i>in vivo</i> methods were developed, adopted, validated and used in an effort to meet the desired standards for early effect monitoring methods in environmental medicine and epidemiology, i.e. they should be noninvasive, non-distressing, simple and readily accepted by voluntary test persons, as well as very sensitive and reliable. Certain tests based on stable isotopes may fulfill these requirements. The specific advantages of using stable isotopes are the minimization of the diagnostic drug dose, and the unequivocal recovery of the labelled diagnostic compound and its metabolites from among their unlabelled endogenous forms in the body. Particular interest is focused on: (1) The measurement of liver detoxification capacity using the [¹³C]methacetin breath test and the [¹⁵N]methacetin urine test; (2) The estimation of antral <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> colonization using the [¹³C]urea breath test and the [¹⁵N]urea urine test.</p><p>The methods were used in a number of environmental–epidemiological studies with defined groups of children, including: Preschool children (<i>n</i> = 130) living near disused industrial plants and waste dumps (methacetin tests); School beginners (<i>n</i> = 3347) suspected of <i>H. pylori</i> colonization (urea tests).</p><p>Although both tests provided accurate results in the studies and individual environmental–medical diagnosis, it was found that ¹³C breath test results were less reliable than the corresponding ¹⁵N urine test results if the test person was physically active during the test period. Therefore, ¹⁵N urine tests should be preferred whenever monitoring investigations based on stable isotopes are undertaken among young children. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 3","pages":"113-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<113::AID-JEM26>3.0.CO;2-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72130008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational acute poisonings with methomyl: role of dermal exposure and need for preventive measures","authors":"François Testud,&nbsp;Anne De Larquier,&nbsp;Jacques Descotes","doi":"10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<137::AID-JEM23>3.0.CO;2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<137::AID-JEM23>3.0.CO;2-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Methomyl, a potent anticholinesterase carbamate insecticide, is markedly toxic in man following suicidal ingestion. Thirteen cases of acute field-poisonings in rural workers after spraying methomyl reported to the Lyon Poison Centre demonstrate that poisoning can occur following occupational exposure. In this setting, the cutaneous route is critical. Although recovery was obtained uneventfully within 48 h in all cases, preventive measures are essential to avoid accidental poisonings. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Medicine","volume":"1 3","pages":"137-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/1099-1301(199907/09)1:3<137::AID-JEM23>3.0.CO;2-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72130014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}