Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Impact of serum magnesium levels in critically ill elderly patients—A study in a rural teaching hospital 危重老年患者血清镁水平的影响——以某农村教学医院为例
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.04.002
Sunil Kumar MD, PGDGM , Shraddha Jain MS , Sachin Agrawal MD, PGDGM , Akshay Honmode MD
{"title":"Impact of serum magnesium levels in critically ill elderly patients—A study in a rural teaching hospital","authors":"Sunil Kumar MD, PGDGM ,&nbsp;Shraddha Jain MS ,&nbsp;Sachin Agrawal MD, PGDGM ,&nbsp;Akshay Honmode MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.04.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Purpose</h3><p>Magnesium deficiency has been a common, but easily ignored, electrolyte abnormality. Studies on magnesium deficiency are lacking in India, especially in a rural setting. Here, we have correlated serum magnesium levels with outcomes in elderly patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit with respect to the length of intensive care unit stay, need for mechanical ventilatory support and its duration, and outcome (discharge/death).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A prospective, observational study was conducted in patients aged 60 years and older, who had been admitted to the intensive care unit of the medicine department for over a year. The chi-square test was applied to correlate hypomagnesemia with the outcome.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In our study, 59.30% of the elderly patients had hypomagnesemia. Compared with patients with a normal magnesium level, hypomagnesemic patients had no correlation with the duration of medical intensive care unit stay (5.57<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->6.10 days vs. 5.61<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->5.55 days), but the need for mechanical ventilation (57.84% vs. 45.71%), rate of discharge from the intensive care unit or cure (60.28% vs. 71.42% ), rate of death (39.21% vs. 28.57%), and mean duration of ventilation (3.07<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->5.05 days vs. 2.15<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->3.46 days) were higher. However, no significant statistical difference was found between these groups.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Hypomagnesemia was associated with a slightly higher mortality rate. Requirement and duration of ventilatory support were also higher, although not statistically significant. Hypomagnesemia was not found to have any impact on the duration of medical intensive care unit stay. Monitoring of serum magnesium levels may have prognostic and perhaps therapeutic implications in the elderly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 104-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.04.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72225786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Daily life support for older adults evaluated by commissioned welfare volunteers 委托福利志愿者评估老年人的日常生活支持
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.03.005
Joji Onishi MD, PhD, MPH
{"title":"Daily life support for older adults evaluated by commissioned welfare volunteers","authors":"Joji Onishi MD, PhD, MPH","doi":"10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Japan has a unique system of commissioned welfare volunteers who are familiar with neighborhoods and can identify the households requiring assistance and connect them to public support. In the present study, an anonymous self-rated questionnaire was delivered to commissioned welfare volunteers to clarify the daily life supports provided for elderly households requiring assistance, and 2270 data were collected. The questionnaires included information about elderly households requiring assistance and public support provided. The mean number of households visited in a month was 16.5 ± 20.5 SD. The most frequent provided supports for households was “Confirmation of general condition by visit” (13.5%), “Conversational partner” (6.3%), “Meals on wheels” (4.1%), and “Confirmation of general condition by phone” (3.0%). These results indicated the potential needs of the households requiring assistance and provided daily life support as demonstrated by commissioned welfare volunteers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 69-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.03.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72225794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
A case of giant hiatal hernia in an elderly patient: When stomach, duodenum, colon, and pancreas slide into thorax 老年巨大裂孔疝1例:胃、十二指肠、结肠、胰腺滑入胸腔
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.06.002
Supakanya Wongrakpanich, Hilit Hassidim, W. Chaiwatcharayut, Wuttiporn Manatsathit
{"title":"A case of giant hiatal hernia in an elderly patient: When stomach, duodenum, colon, and pancreas slide into thorax","authors":"Supakanya Wongrakpanich, Hilit Hassidim, W. Chaiwatcharayut, Wuttiporn Manatsathit","doi":"10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"204 1","pages":"112-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74460326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Comparisons of annual health care utilization, drug consumption, and medical expenditure between the elderly and general population in Taiwan 台湾老年人与一般人群年度医疗保健利用、药物消费及医疗支出之比较
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.08.002
Wan-Hsuan Lu, Wei‐Ju Lee, Liang‐Kung Chen, F. Hsiao
{"title":"Comparisons of annual health care utilization, drug consumption, and medical expenditure between the elderly and general population in Taiwan","authors":"Wan-Hsuan Lu, Wei‐Ju Lee, Liang‐Kung Chen, F. Hsiao","doi":"10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"26 1","pages":"44-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81785497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
Sex differences of sarcopenia in Asian populations: The implications in diagnosis and management 亚洲人群少肌症的性别差异:诊断和治疗意义
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.04.001
Yi-Hui Wu MD , An-Chun Hwang MD , Li-Kuo Liu MD , Li-Ning Peng MD, MSc , Liang-Kung Chen MD, PhD
{"title":"Sex differences of sarcopenia in Asian populations: The implications in diagnosis and management","authors":"Yi-Hui Wu MD ,&nbsp;An-Chun Hwang MD ,&nbsp;Li-Kuo Liu MD ,&nbsp;Li-Ning Peng MD, MSc ,&nbsp;Liang-Kung Chen MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sarcopenia, a well-known geriatric syndrome, is defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass plus declined muscle function (muscle strength and/or physical performance). Sarcopenia is associated with a number of adverse outcomes, including poor quality of life, falls, disability, and mortality. The clinical impact of sarcopenia on older people will escalate along with the rapid growth of elderly population in Asia. Moreover, the differences of ethnic backgrounds between Asian people and Westerners have trigger the need for specific diagnostic criteria for Asian populations. After the publication of Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia consensus, sarcopenia has gained even more extensive research attention in Asia. In general, the reported prevalence of sarcopenia in Asia was lower than Western countries, ranging from 2.5% to 45.7%. Asian people tend to have lower muscle mass, weaker grip strength, slower gait speed, and higher body fat mass with central distribution. Compared to Western populations, the rate of age-related muscle mass decline in older Asian people remain relatively unchanged, but the decline rate in muscle strength or physical performance was more significant along with aging. With aging, Asian people presented with greater increase in fat mass and higher prevalence of central obesity, especially in women. Due to the great impact of sarcopenia, a life course program for good nutrition and physical activities would be of great benefit. However, various research challenges remain to be resolved in the future and more outcome-based trials are needed to formulate the most optimal strategy for sarcopenia in Asia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 37-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jcgg.2016.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72282381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Characterization of patients with duplicated z-hypnotic use: A population-based study in Taiwan 重复使用z-催眠的患者特征:台湾一项基于人群的研究
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.12.001
Pei-Hua Hsieh MS , Wan-Hsuan Lu MS , Tsung-Yu Pai BS , Churn-Shiouh Gau PhD , Chia-Yi Wu RN, PhD , Fei-Yuan Hsiao PhD
{"title":"Characterization of patients with duplicated z-hypnotic use: A population-based study in Taiwan","authors":"Pei-Hua Hsieh MS ,&nbsp;Wan-Hsuan Lu MS ,&nbsp;Tsung-Yu Pai BS ,&nbsp;Churn-Shiouh Gau PhD ,&nbsp;Chia-Yi Wu RN, PhD ,&nbsp;Fei-Yuan Hsiao PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Purpose</h3><p>A significant increase in the prescribing of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agents (z-hypnotics) has been noticed in the past decade. Several safety concerns have emerged after the excessive use of z-hypnotics. This study aims to characterize the z-hypnotics users with a focus on those with overlapping duration of z-hypnotics supply by using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Incident z-hypnotic users who received at least one z-hypnotic prescription from outpatient settings during 2001–2010 were identified and classified into three groups: duplicated users (those who received multiple z-hypnotic prescriptions on the same day), suspected duplicated users (those who received multiple z-hypnotic prescriptions with 7+ days of overlapping supply), and nonduplicated users. We examined the demographic profiles of these z-hypnotic users as well as z-hypnotics prescriptions (duration, daily consumption, and characteristics of providers).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We identified 242,412 incident users of z-hypnotics with 2.4 million z-hypnotic prescriptions during the 10-year study. Almost 20% of them were duplicated (<em>n</em> = 29,948) and suspected duplicated users (<em>n</em> = 16,899). Duplicated and suspected duplicated users were more likely to be male and in their old age compared to the nonduplicated users. Approximately half of the suspected duplicated users (51.8%) and nonduplicated users (47.0%) received their z-hypnotic prescriptions from primary care clinics while duplicated users received their z-hypnotic prescriptions from metropolitan hospitals (29.9%) and academic medical center (26.2%). Duplicated z-hypnotic users were more likely to receive more days' supply and higher daily dose of z-hypnotics. Up to 31.0% of duplicated z-hypnotics users received &gt; 1 defined daily dose/day if adding all prescriptions they received within 1 day.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Duplicated z-hypnotic users were more likely to receive prescriptions with long duration and high daily dose. Healthcare professionals and policy makers are recommended to put more efforts into dealing with this urgent drug safety issue.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 60-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72245636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comparisons of annual health care utilization, drug consumption, and medical expenditure between the elderly and general population in Taiwan 台湾老年人与一般人口医疗保健年利用率、药物消费及医疗支出比较
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.08.002
Wan-Hsuan Lu MS , Wei-Ju Lee MD, MS , Liang-Kung Chen MD, PhD , Fei-Yuan Hsiao PhD
{"title":"Comparisons of annual health care utilization, drug consumption, and medical expenditure between the elderly and general population in Taiwan","authors":"Wan-Hsuan Lu MS ,&nbsp;Wei-Ju Lee MD, MS ,&nbsp;Liang-Kung Chen MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Fei-Yuan Hsiao PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Purpose</h3><p>The aim of this study was to present an overview of health care utilization (outpatient, inpatient, and emergency visits), total medical expenditure, and drug consumption between the elderly and general population under Taiwan's National Health Insurance program.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the 2010 Taiwan's Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. Our analysis included 999,418 beneficiaries with eligible records under the National Health Insurance system. Among them, 10.43% (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->104,273) were elderly (65 years and older). Health care utilization [including outpatient, emergency department (ED), and inpatient visits], medical expenditure, as well as drug consumption for the entire study cohort (“the general population”) and the elderly were estimated using patient-level data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. Specifically, “polypharmacy” and “excessive polypharmacy” defined as the concomitant use of five or more drugs and 10 or more drugs, respectively, were used to quantify drug consumption.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The annual use of outpatient visits [mean (standard deviation): elderly 26.7 (21.5) vs. 12.2 (14.5)] per elderly individual doubled that of the general population. Approximately one-in-five of the elderly were admitted to hospital (20.9%) and went to ED (22.6%) at least once annually. Only 7.7% and 14.0% of the general public were admitted to hospital and went to ER at least once annually. The elderly had higher drug consumption and were more likely to be users of polypharmacy than the general population (elderly 15.5% vs. 3.7%). The annual medical expenditure per elderly individual tripled that of the general population (elderly 1846 US$ vs. 554 US$).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Elderly people had higher medical utilization than the general population, which may contribute to a fragmented health care system. Strategies to integrate health care for older people would be considered a first priority task of policymakers and health professionals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 44-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72247024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
Predictors for hospitalizations in elderly patients with clinical symptoms of heart failure: A 10-year observational primary healthcare study 有心衰临床症状的老年患者住院的预测因素:一项10年观察性初级保健研究
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.11.001
M. Olofsson, J. Jansson, K. Boman
{"title":"Predictors for hospitalizations in elderly patients with clinical symptoms of heart failure: A 10-year observational primary healthcare study","authors":"M. Olofsson, J. Jansson, K. Boman","doi":"10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.11.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"27 1","pages":"53-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77081632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Characterization of patients with duplicated z-hypnotic use: A population-based study in Taiwan 重复使用z-催眠的患者特征:台湾一项基于人群的研究
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.12.001
P. Hsieh, Wan-Hsuan Lu, B. Pai, C. Gau, Rn Chia-Yi Wu, F. Hsiao
{"title":"Characterization of patients with duplicated z-hypnotic use: A population-based study in Taiwan","authors":"P. Hsieh, Wan-Hsuan Lu, B. Pai, C. Gau, Rn Chia-Yi Wu, F. Hsiao","doi":"10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCGG.2015.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"38 1","pages":"60-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74045397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Medication adherence in the elderly 老年人的药物依从性
Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.05.001
Angela Frances Yap BSc (Pharm) (Hons), Thiru Thirumoorthy MBBS, FRCP (London), FAMS, Yu Heng Kwan BSc (Pharm) (Hons)
{"title":"Medication adherence in the elderly","authors":"Angela Frances Yap BSc (Pharm) (Hons),&nbsp;Thiru Thirumoorthy MBBS, FRCP (London), FAMS,&nbsp;Yu Heng Kwan BSc (Pharm) (Hons)","doi":"10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Medication adherence is a crucial component in the treatment of chronic diseases. In the elderly, clinicians are faced with a unique set of problems associated with adherence that they may not have been adequately trained for. In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of medication adherence in the elderly through a case study. The different factors affecting medication adherence in the elderly are highlighted: patient, medication, health care providers, health care system, and socioeconomic factors. Lastly, we have proposed various ways to address these factors. In doing so, clinicians can better understand the problems that the elderly face, thus achieving better therapeutic outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100764,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 64-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72245637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 134
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信