Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems最新文献

{"title":"Structural analysis of selective laser melted copper-tin alloy","authors":"Ramin Rahmani ,&nbsp;Pedro R. Resende ,&nbsp;Rúben Couto ,&nbsp;Sérgio I. Lopes ,&nbsp;Rahul Kumar ,&nbsp;Himanshu S. Maurya ,&nbsp;Javad Karimi ,&nbsp;Alexandre M. Afonso ,&nbsp;Abrar Hussain ,&nbsp;João C.C. Abrantes","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Additively manufactured complex geometries from copper alloys with high thermal and mechanical properties have drawn the attention of researchers. The present contribution explores the additive manufacturing (AM) of copper-based alloys from powder particles intended for heat sink and heat exchange applications. Selective laser melting (SLM) parameters featuring low laser beam power (160 W), moderate scanning speed (320 mm/s), and high energy density (200 J/mm³) were employed to fabricate dense components from CuSn10 particles. The present work deal with structural analysis and precision investigation of microfabrication, particularly in Struts, Tubes, and Fins. Mechanical properties (compression and hardness) for Strut structure, differential pressure evaluations for Tube structure, and analyses of thermal and electrical conductivities for Fin structure were investigated. The results showed an improvement in strength compared to those of pure copper, facilitating ease of AM. The obtained results affirm the feasibility of AM, demonstrating the successful creation of complex and combined solid-porous structures using SLM process from Cu alloys. A comprehensive structural investigation and characterization of the Cu–Sn alloy is presented here, aiming to establish a standardized approach for analysing Cu alloys. The results indicate that small-scaled structures fabricated via CuSn10 alloy exhibits a thermal conductivity of 34.3 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, an electrical conductivity of 4.72×10⁶ S/m, a hardness of 119 HV-50, a uniform surface roughness of 6 µm, and can withstand a force loading of 1 kN.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949917824000440/pdfft?md5=dcd40fea938b8cf8dd6888fc9db7ce49&pid=1-s2.0-S2949917824000440-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141951193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of thermal etching and oxidation on in situ characterisation of grain growth in carbon steel","authors":"R. Heard,&nbsp;K.I. Dragnevski,&nbsp;C.R. Siviour","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents the results from a recent investigation into the impact of thermal etching and oxidation on grain growth across the surface and bulk of carbon steel during heat treatment. The study used <em>in situ</em> high temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy imaging, facilitated by a novel heat stage, to capture microstructural changes during heat treatments between 800 and 920 °C. The key observations made using this surface imaging included oxidation, the formation and development of thermal etching, and grain boundary movement. <em>In situ</em> data were further supported by <em>ex situ</em> compositional and optical microstructural data obtained by first sectioning the bulk material. Comparison between the results highlighted a significant discrepancy between the surface and bulk grain growth of the specimens during heat treatment at all temperatures. Further investigation concluded that the combination of thermal etching and oxidation lead to the retardation of grain growth on the surface of the carbon steel, but that grain growth in the bulk specimen appeared to be unaffected. The mechanism that causes the grain retardation is not dissimilar to that of Zenner pinning, where in this case oxide particles pin the newly exposed etched grain boundaries. Hence, oxidation formation within the boundaries decreases the energy of the overall system resulting in movement of the grain boundary becoming less energetically favourable. It is anticipated that these findings will be used to improve understanding of the surface effects that occur during the heat treatment of carbon steel in a vacuum environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949917824000439/pdfft?md5=89531a93cdde20391acc1cc41399fbdf&pid=1-s2.0-S2949917824000439-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141843609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using fuzzy logic based-modeling and simulated annealing approaches to optimize the hardness distribution of 2024 aluminum alloy during precipitation hardening heat treatment cycles","authors":"Ehsan Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Hossein Vafaeenezhad ,&nbsp;Majid Naseri ,&nbsp;Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad ,&nbsp;Yong-Cheng Lin ,&nbsp;Evgeny Trofimov","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study assesses the impact of age hardening parameters, including aging temperature, aging time, and solution time, on the ultimate hardness of heat-treated 2024 aluminum alloys. Using a numerical approach, fuzzy logic systems were utilized as a robust tool to forecast the mechanical characteristics of high copper aluminum solid solutions throughout the age hardening process. In addition, an attempt was made to use a novel simulated annealing technique to determine the optimum hardness and its corresponding process parameters to achieve the highest mechanical properties. Comparing a fuzzy logic model with experimental results obtained from the Brinell hardness test showed the accuracy and confidence of the fuzzy model in representing such properties. The optimization results indicated that the maximum hardness can be obtained with a solution aging temperature of 173.5 °C, an aging time of 19 hours, and a solution time of 58 minutes. Overall, the variation in the experimental peak hardness obtained using the optimized process parameters was the deciding factor in believing the model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949917824000427/pdfft?md5=74fa80b240b68fd67f850951f51ce095&pid=1-s2.0-S2949917824000427-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141949734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of oxygen content, Mn/S ratio, Cu content, hot-rolling, and annealing on morphology/distribution of MnS inclusions and microstructure/mechanical properties of free-cutting stainless steel","authors":"Jung Liang ,&nbsp;Jyun-Hua Chang ,&nbsp;Chun-Hway Hsueh","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Free-cutting steel, renowned for its exceptional machinability, is susceptible to the impact of manganese sulfide (MnS) and other non-metallic inclusions on the cutting performance and mechanical properties. The composition, morphology, and distribution of these inclusions are influenced by the total oxygen content and doping elements in free-cutting steel. This study focused on three S303 free-cutting steels with different S, Mn, and Cu contents, and the as-received samples were subjected to deoxidation and oxidation remelting, respectively, using a high-vacuum arc melting furnace to control the oxygen content. Thermo-Calc simulations were employed to predict the phases and phase proportions under different processing conditions and to compare with measurements. While the oxygen content was found to subtly affect the distribution and morphology of MnS inclusions, the Mn/S ratio notably affected the size and quantity of MnS inclusions, consequently impacting the mechanical properties of the steel. Higher Cu contents resulted in Cu segregates in the matrix but did not exist in MnS or form CuO; however, it significantly reduced strain hardening. Comparisons between hot-rolled and annealed samples revealed that the most significant changes in mechanical properties resulted from the release of residual stresses. In nanoindentation tests, it was observed that the hardness of MnS inclusion was influenced mainly by residual stresses not doping elements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949917824000415/pdfft?md5=ccefecd7584d5da72409074ad1ee7277&pid=1-s2.0-S2949917824000415-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141594775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ synthesis and characterization of lightweight steel matrix composites reinforced by TiB2","authors":"André L. Vidilli ,&nbsp;Lucas B. Otani ,&nbsp;Guilherme Y. Koga ,&nbsp;Vicente Amigó ,&nbsp;Claudemiro Bolfarini","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to synthesize lightweight steels in situ reinforced with 5 % and 10 vol% of TiB₂ and evaluate the microstructural, physical, and mechanical properties. The Fe-(15;20 wt%)Mn-3 wt%Al-0.1 wt%C with 5 and 10 vol% of TiB₂ were produced by spray forming followed by hot rolling and annealing. The concept of varying the manganese content was to assess the influence of the matrix constitution on the composite properties. The findings pointed to a direct correlation between the manganese content and the size and morphology of the TiB₂ particles. The presence of the ceramic particles re-established the modulus of elasticity above 200 GPa only for composites with a predominantly ferritic matrix. The composites with a matrix composed mostly of austenite showed no gains in ductility during the tensile tests despite the activation of the TWIP effect. However, their wear behavior stands out positively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949917824000403/pdfft?md5=5fdf0806e721b4a44079160e377b4eed&pid=1-s2.0-S2949917824000403-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141594773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cr-modified CuAlBe shape memory alloy: Role of microstructure, thermodynamic parameters, superelasticity, dissipated energy and corrosion resistance","authors":"David D.S. Silva ,&nbsp;Gemierson V.M. Candido ,&nbsp;Ricardo F. Alves ,&nbsp;Elisabeth A.M.G.S. Dias ,&nbsp;Danniel F. Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study reports the effects of Cr addition on the microstructure, superelasticity and corrosion resistance improvement of CuAlBe shape memory alloy. Analysis via structural, morphological, thermal, mechanical and electrochemical characterizations were performed. The analyses revealed austenite as the stable phase at room temperature for all samples. The increase in the Cr content caused a slight increase in the recovery rate and dissipated energy. Electrochemical results demonstrate that a small addition of Cr (0.1–0.3 wt%) increase the corrosion resistance due the decreases of the corrosion current density and increase of the corrosion potential.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949917824000397/pdfft?md5=06272d3df94273bb167a3e47395f6a6c&pid=1-s2.0-S2949917824000397-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141594774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating selective flocculation techniques for enhanced efficiency in manufacturing processes: A novel approach through artificial neural network modeling","authors":"Rakesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Bipin Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar ,&nbsp;Ashwini Kumar ,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar ,&nbsp;Parveen Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of medium and low-grade iron ore is gradually becoming more important due to the depletion of high-grade iron ore reserves and stringent environmental acts/rules. Slimes from iron ore washing were discarded in tailing dams; however, there is currently consideration for recovering iron values from ultra-fines as well. There are enormous fine dumps that are still unutilised. Hence, this study attempt to delve the optimization of iron ore slimes an indeed requirement for manufacturing and design in industries. Leveraging a flocculation process, coupled with the implementation of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) predictive model, the Kiriburu processing plant serves as the primary source for iron ore slime samples. Chemical analyses of the collected iron samples reveal a composition featuring 58.24 % iron content, 3.47 % Al₂O₃, 4.72 % SiO₂, and 5.18 % LOI (Loss on Ignition). The investigation explores the performance of the flocculation technique under varying pH levels, different pulp densities, and diverse flocculant dosages. Furthermore, the varying parameters selected are pH from 6 to 11, pulp density from 1 % to 15 %, and flocculant dose from 0.03 to 0.27 mg/g. The study's findings showcase a substantial improvement in the Fe grade of iron ore, escalating from 58.24 % to 66.12 %, with an impressive recovery rate of 82.54 % achieved using a flocculant dosage of 0.09 mg/g at pH 10. Additionally, a performance assessment of the selective flocculation method for iron ore slimes is conducted using an ANN predictive model, with recovery as the pivotal parameter. The input parameters for this model encompass pH, pulp density, and flocculant dosages. Employing a three-layer ANN model with a 3–3–1 architecture and utilizing feed-forward back propagation, the study demonstrates a close alignment between predicted values and experimental data, confirming the model's effectiveness for practical manufacturing applications. Information regarding the potential applications of the model's iron ore slime beneficiation efficacy for the manufacturing sector should be considered. This could entail lower waste, more effectiveness, or cost savings. Emphasise any possible ramifications for sustainability or the environment that would make the study pertinent in a larger perspective.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294991782400035X/pdfft?md5=b4470f18fd65b2ebaf13293f9c623263&pid=1-s2.0-S294991782400035X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141594772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and fracture toughness of laser wire deposited Ti-6Al-4V","authors":"F. Chainiau,&nbsp;F. Sikan,&nbsp;Y. Ding,&nbsp;M. Brochu","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the microstructure, and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated through Laser Directed Energy Deposition (L-DED) process are investigated and discussed. Deposited coupons were produced on Ti-6Al-4V wrought substrate using Ti-6Al-4V ELI grade wire with the laser wire deposition (LWD) process. Characterization efforts led to the evaluation of the microstructure, hardness, tensile behavior, and fatigue crack growth resistance of the build-up alloy. Microstructure of the deposit consists of columnar prior β grains and basket-weave α/β phase mixture. The size of the alpha laths is measured as 1.2 ± 0.3 µm and 0.8 ± 0.2 µm in the banded zone and band-free zone, respectively. Hardness of the deposited block is found to be uniform and ranging between 321 and 323 H_v. Tensile and fatigue crack growth properties of the deposited block were evaluated in various orientations. Tensile specimens loaded in the deposition direction exhibited 824 MPa and 930 MPa for yield and ultimate tensile strength, respectively. Tensile specimens loaded in the build direction exhibited 782 MPa and 907 MPa for yield and ultimate tensile strength, respectively. The analysis reveal that the tensile properties of the deposited material match the strength requirements for ASTM F1108 Cast Ti-6Al-4V. However, they fell just below the AMS 4911P Wrought Ti-6Al-4V standard. Fatigue Crack Growth Rate tests were conducted for three directions: parallel to the deposition direction, parallel to the build direction and at 45° of the deposition direction. No significant differences in crack growth properties were observed between the different orientations with average crack initiation near threshold (ΔK_th) and the fracture toughness (K_c) value of 3.6 MPa√m and 69 MPa√m, respectively. The crack propagation properties are similar to cast &amp; wrought materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949917824000373/pdfft?md5=a00ebc3412eb0eda3c03fe604716073a&pid=1-s2.0-S2949917824000373-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141483289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of process parameters on weld geometry and mechanical properties in friction stir welding of AA2024 and AA7075 alloys","authors":"C. Rathinasuriyan ,&nbsp;M. Puviyarasan ,&nbsp;R. Sankar ,&nbsp;V. Selvakumar","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>FSW joints are promising because they have a minimal heat input in welding and can limit the amount of intermetallic compound formation in dissimilar metals. Solid-state welding processes, particularly friction stir welding (FSW), are preferred for welding aluminium alloys due to their low heat input and ability to minimize intermetallic compound formation. This study conducted FSW trials on AA7075 and AA2024 alloys, each 4 mm thick. Parameters such as axial force, rotational speed, and traverse feed were adjusted while keeping other factors constant. The study analyzed weld geometry characteristics, including bead width and penetration depth. Angle distortions during FSW of thin plates in a butt joint were investigated. Additionally, the study examined the effects of FSW parameters on mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness immediately after welding. Microstructures of the welds were observed using optical microscopy (OM). The optimal mechanical properties are achieved at a rotational speed of 1000 rpm, a traverse feed of 30 mm/min, and an axial force of 10 kN. This optimal condition facilitates material flow around the pin at an ideal speed, ensuring adequate material filling and preventing tunnel formation. The stir zone's microstructure under these parameters exhibits a finely recrystallized structure with a significantly smaller grain size than the base material. Consequently, this enhances the joint's microhardness and tensile strength.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949917824000385/pdfft?md5=904d746ee395935870489e222b331737&pid=1-s2.0-S2949917824000385-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141539209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of diffusion of elements on microstructural, mechanical, and machining characteristics of Al7075/ZnAl4 functionally graded material with and without Ag and Pb interface","authors":"T. Raviteja ,&nbsp;B. Surekha ,&nbsp;Priyaranjan Samal ,&nbsp;Nitin Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current experimental work uses die casting, a liquid processing method, to create functionally graded material (FGM). To reduce the production of undesired intermetallic compounds, the FGM samples were created both with and without interfacing foil during the procedure. Mechanical properties including impact strength and microhardness were examined throughout the manufactured sample's cross-section. In addition, the interfacial bonding of FGM samples with and without an interacting foil was determined by estimating the shear strength. Analysis of the samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the existence of compounds in the sample as well as the diffusion of Al and Zn particles from one side to the other. Compared to the FGM without foil, it is observed that the diffusion rate at the interface is regulated when the foil is present. In addition, it was found that, in contrast to pb foil, the inclusion of Ag foil limited the rate at which particles could move from one side to the other. Additionally, machining investigations are carried out at varying depths on both sides of the sample in the direction of the interface with the assistance of electric discharge machining.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949917824000361/pdfft?md5=ef2d98925a3299ed7c81c68da536f48f&pid=1-s2.0-S2949917824000361-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}