{"title":"Enhancement of Material Properties of SS 316L Base Metal by TIG Cladding Process","authors":"Varun Kumar A , Pradeep Krishna R , Emel Taban","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process was utilized to apply stainless steel (SS) 304 filler cladding onto the stainless steel (SS) 316<!--> <!-->L base metal. This cladding resulted in an enhancement of the base metal's properties. An optical study and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis conducted to investigate the metallurgical properties revealed refined grain structures, indicating improved deposition of the SS 304 filler. The optical survey classified the different zones as base metal, weld metal, and transition line, with the transition line distinguishing the deposition of the filler metal through the cladding process. The refined grain structures, optimal process parameter selection (current, gas flow rate, and travel speed at a minimal level), and double-pass cladding have significantly influenced microhardness and tensile test values. The cladding of SS 304 fillers on SS 316<!--> <!-->L alloys demonstrated improvement in the microhardness and tensile properties by 42.5% and 13.2%, respectively. Further investigation into the nozzle gun's heat input, current, and travel speed showed that maintaining a consistent travel speed with a steady heat source had a substantial impact on the material properties of the base metal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of heat treatment on phase transformation behavior, tensile fracture mechanism and spring application characteristics of 631 stainless steel","authors":"Chien-Te Huang , Fei-Yi Hung , Jun-Ren Zhao , Bo-Ding Wu , Ho-Yen Hsieh","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on enhancing the mechanical properties of 631 stainless steel through heat treatment for spring applications. 631 stainless steel (17–7PH), can achieve increased hardness and mechanical properties, offering high strength and hardness suitable for use in aerospace, chemical, and automotive industries. Heat treatment was recommended as one of the best ways in this regard; hence, the effects of temperature and time on the microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of 631 stainless steel have been studied. This research conducted a series of heat treatments on 631 stainless steel, included solid-solution treatment, CH900, RH950, and TH1050 processes to modify the temperature holding period and the degree of undercooling of phase transformations. The study explored the microstructure and mechanical properties of each heat treatment, including spring tests. The results indicate that solid-solution treatment has no significant contribution to hot-rolled 631 stainless steel, whereas two-stage aging is able to conspicuously improves material hardness and mechanical performance. Quenching in 0°C ice water (increasing the degree of undercooling) can elevate hardness to approximately HRC40. After a two-stage aging heat treatment, 631 stainless steel possesses excellent strength and corrosion resistance. Spring test results show a K value of 1.1 kg/ mm, indicating its potential application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances in additive manufacturing of refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs): A critical review","authors":"Akshay Yarlapati , Y.N. Aditya , Deepak Kumar , R.J. Vikram , Mayank Kumar Yadav , Kallem Shekhar Reddy , K.G. Prashanth","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractory High Entropy alloys (RHEAs) have evolved as a superior multicomponent material having a unique combination of microstructures and mechanical properties. RHEAs are a particular grade of high entropy alloys (HEAs) known for their outstanding high-temperature properties achieved thorough their constituent refractory elements. To date, majority of the RHEAs have been manufactured through several conventional methods, but are limited by certain limitations. Additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing industry by providing excellent opportunities to fabricate RHEAs while providing opportunities for enhancing the design freedom and complex geometrical shapes. As the field is rapidly evolving, a systematic examination of our comprehension is beneficial, and this article attempts to address this issue. To find the right place in industrial markets, additively manufactured RHEAs require further advancements. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the additively manufactured RHEAs in terms of microstructural characterization, mechanical behaviour and other environmental properties published so far. This review article is presented lucidly with an aim of better understanding for the readers in this domain. To this end, future works and current challenges are also included and discussed briefly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Malkiya Rasalin Prince , D. Arulkirubakaran , S. Christopher Ezhil Singh , C. Prabha , I. Darwin Immanuel
{"title":"Effect of ZrB2 and ZrC and mixing method on Mechanical properties and wear behaviour of Al7075 based composites for aircraft aerofoil surfaces","authors":"R. Malkiya Rasalin Prince , D. Arulkirubakaran , S. Christopher Ezhil Singh , C. Prabha , I. Darwin Immanuel","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing lightweight materials with notable properties for aerospace applications is a great challenge. The impact of ZrB<sub>2</sub> and ZrC reinforcement on the mechanical and wear behaviour of stir-cast Al7075-ZrB<sub>2</sub>-ZrC composites is investigated with a weight percentage of 2, 4, 6 and 8 % ZrB<sub>2</sub>, and fixed 2 % ZrC. The results showed notable improvements with a hardness of 96 HRB, tensile strength of 423 MPa and compressive strength of 385 MPa; hardness increased by 14 %, tensile strength increased by 11 % and compressive strength was enhanced by 13 % when compared with pure Al7075. The wear behaviour has been analysed by pin-on-disc wear test at room temperature with loads of 10 N and 20 N against the sliding distance of 400 m to 1200 m; the wear resistance is improved by 17 % and CoF is reduced by 11 % compared to pure Al7075. SEM micrographs display the wear mechanism and microstructural changes happened during the wear test. Al7075-ZrB<sub>2</sub>-ZrC composites are the optimum replacement for aerofoil surfaces because of their remarkable properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chika Oliver Ujah , Daramy V.V. Kallon , Victor S. Aigbodion
{"title":"Study on properties of high entropy alloys reinforced with carbon nanotubes/graphene – A review","authors":"Chika Oliver Ujah , Daramy V.V. Kallon , Victor S. Aigbodion","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their distinctive properties that are superior to those of traditional alloys. This review study investigates the enhancement of HEAs through the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and / or graphene (Gr), with a particular emphasis on their synergistic effects on mechanical, thermal, and corrosion resistance attributes. The investigation begins with an overview of the historical evolution of HEAs and their fundamental benefits, including elevated strength-to-weight ratios, resistance to oxidation, and thermal stability. Subsequently, the article delves into the properties of CNTs and graphene, highlighting their remarkable strength and electrical conductivity. Various strengthening mechanisms in HEA-CNTs/Gr composites are presented, such as load transfer, crack bridging, and Orowan strengthening, which collectively enhance mechanical performance, rendering these composites suitable for applications in aerospace, biomedical devices, and energy storage systems. Additionally, the review identifies potential applications in electromagnetic interference shielding and power transmission conductors, attributed to the lightweight and robust characteristics of these composites. In summary, this review emphasizes the potential of HEA-CNTs/Gr composites as advanced materials across multiple industries while recommending for further research to comprehensively understand their mechanical properties and optimize their applications in real-world scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A revision of the Ni-Zn phase diagram based on vapor-solid diffusion experiments","authors":"Daniel Garstenauer , Klaus W. Richter","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The technique of vapor-solid diffusion couples was systematically studied for its potential in phase diagram investigation using the well-established Ni-Zn system which is highly suitable for this purpose due to the high vapor pressure difference of the two constituents. More than 50 samples synthesized by direct vapor-solid reaction, varying the parameters temperature, time and overall system composition, were investigated by SEM/EDX focusing on diffusion profile line-scans. Supporting powder-XRD and DTA experiments were performed as well. Based on these experimental results, significant changes to the currently accepted Ni-Zn phase diagram, specifically concerning the β, β<sub>1</sub>, and γ phase fields, are proposed. Furthermore, a relatively simple experimental procedure to prepare vapor-solid diffusion experiments is introduced and its application in phase diagram investigation is discussed in detail.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. John Solomon , J. Srinivas , S. John Leon , A. Ramesh , I.J. Rohith , T.S. Senthil
{"title":"Mechanical and microstructural investigation of multi-layered Inconel 825 wall fabricated using CMT-based WAAM","authors":"I. John Solomon , J. Srinivas , S. John Leon , A. Ramesh , I.J. Rohith , T.S. Senthil","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, a multi-layered wall was produced using the Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technique, specifically employing the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) method with Inconel 825 wire. The optimized CMT-WAAM parameters were identified using multivariate regression analysis. The mechanical and microstructural properties of the wall were assessed in its lower, middle, and upper sections. The tensile properties showed that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) ranged from 505 MPa to 514 MPa, closely matching that of conventionally wrought Inconel 825 (505–514 MPa). The yield strength (YS) varied from 199 MPa to 207 MPa, while elongation values ranged from 49.7 % to 57.5 %, depending on the section of the wall. A gradual decrease in hardness was observed from the bottom (246.16 Hv) to the top (221.75 Hv) of the wall. Microscopy identified continuous and discontinuous cellular-dendritic microstructures across the sections. Tensile and impact test fractographs revealed a fibrous ductile fracture mode, with SEM images highlighting the presence of Laves phases and micro-voids, particularly in the upper sections. Despite the formation of Laves phases, which can act as crack initiation sites, the mechanical properties of the WAAM-fabricated wall were comparable to those of wrought Inconel 825.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriely M.S. Falcão , Fabiana Kelly de Medeiros , Marcio Assolin Correa , Felipe Bohn , Tibério Andrade dos Passos , Ramon Alves Torquato , Bruno Alessandro Guedes de Lima , Francisco Wlaudy Erimar Lourenço de Araujo Júnior , Danniel Ferreira de Oliveira
{"title":"Effect of quenching and solubilization temperature on thermal, electrical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of a Heusler CuAlMnTiB alloy","authors":"Gabriely M.S. Falcão , Fabiana Kelly de Medeiros , Marcio Assolin Correa , Felipe Bohn , Tibério Andrade dos Passos , Ramon Alves Torquato , Bruno Alessandro Guedes de Lima , Francisco Wlaudy Erimar Lourenço de Araujo Júnior , Danniel Ferreira de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report a systematic investigation of the effect of quenching and solubilization temperature on the thermal, electrical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the Heusler alloy CuAlMnTiB. The experimental procedure and the results obtained demonstrated that the tempering process can effectively adjust the physical properties of the CuAlMnTiB alloy. This treatment led to an increase in electrical resistivity, which went from <span><math><mrow><mn>2.34</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup><mi>Ω</mi><mo>∙</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> in the raw melt sample (TBF) to <span><math><mrow><mn>4.49</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup><mi>Ω</mi><mo>∙</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> in the sample quenching at 850 ºC (T850), in addition to an increase in the Curie temperature, from 297.5 ºC (TBF) to 305.85 ºC (T850). A decrease in remanent magnetization from 2.74 emu/g (TBF) to 0.31 emu/g (T850) and in the coercive field, which reduced from 54.15 Oe in the TBF to 4.55 Oe in the T850, was also observed. This makes tempering a viable alternative to adapt these properties to various technological applications, without requiring changes in the alloy composition. Here we were able to reach structural and magnetic properties compatible with those reported in the literature for CuMnAl alloys of different compositions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lakshay Chauhan , Sudeep Kumar T. , Arout Chelvane , Shanmugasundaram T.
{"title":"Oxidation behavior of an ultra-high strength and ductile Ni-enriched complex concentrated alloy","authors":"Lakshay Chauhan , Sudeep Kumar T. , Arout Chelvane , Shanmugasundaram T.","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research work revealed that Ni<sub>43.9</sub>Co<sub>22.4</sub>Fe<sub>8.8</sub>Al<sub>10.7</sub>Ti<sub>11.7</sub>B<sub>2.5</sub> HEA is one of the ultra-high strength and ductile superlattice alloys. In this work, high-temperature oxidation behavior of the as-cast Ni<sub>43.9</sub>Co<sub>22.4</sub>Fe<sub>8.8</sub>Al<sub>10.7</sub>Ti<sub>11.7</sub>B<sub>2.5</sub> alloy was investigated at 1000 ℃ up to 100 h. The oxidized samples were characterized using X-ray Diffractometer, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The results revealed that the initial microstructure of the alloy consists of face centered cubic (FCC) and L1<sub>2</sub> structures. High-temperature exposure resulted in the formation of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub> scales during the initial hours of oxidation, which eventually spall-off after 25 h of exposure allowing further oxidation. The results showed that protective oxide layers such as Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub> were not present after 100 h of exposure. The external layer of the 100 h oxidized sample was composed of Fe, Co, and Ni-rich oxides which are known to have mere effective resistance against oxygen ingression. The alloy which has superior strength and ductility may be used for high temperature applications after attaining the thermally stable fine-grain microstructure by suitable thermomechanical processing / providing oxidation resistance coating / by doping with elements having superior oxidation resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine learning-driven insights into phase prediction for high entropy alloys","authors":"Reliance Jain , Sandeep Jain , Sheetal Kumar Dewangan , Lokesh Kumar Boriwal , Sumanta Samal","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unique properties of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted considerable attention, largely due to their dependence on the choice among three distinct phases: solid solution (SS), intermetallic compound (IM), or a blend of both (SS + IM). For this reason, precise phase prediction is key to identifying the optimal element combinations needed to develop HEAs with the required characteristics. Due to large compositional domain of HEAs is opportune to design new HEAs with desired output. A machine learning tool is exploited to discover and characterize high entropy alloys with satisfying targets. Herein, a method of designing substitutional high entropy alloys with optimization of input features and predict their phase formation, using different ML algorithms are proposed. The ML models such as multi layer precreptron MLP, Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), KNN, XGB nad SVM Classifier algorithm were used for the identifying the phase of HEAs. After assessing the accuracy and tuning of each model, an random forest classifier (accuracy = 0.914. precision = 0.916, ROC-AUC score = 0.97) model showed the best predictive capabilities for phase prediction. The new HEA was designed based on prediction and successfully validated with thermodynamic simulation.</div></div><div><h3>Data Availability</h3><div>Data will be made available on request</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}