Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems最新文献

{"title":"Metallurgical assessment of Al-Zr-Y alloys for laser-based processing","authors":"J.T. Hierlihy ,&nbsp;I.W. Donaldson ,&nbsp;D.P. Bishop","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The scope of aluminum alloys commercially available for laser-based additive manufacturing is limited yet the demand for them is growing aggressively. In many cases, end-users are particularly interested in those that offer enhanced thermal stability. Historically, several such materials were premised on alloys that incorporated transition metal (TM) additions which formed refractory aluminides as the principal strengthening addition. The objective of this study was to pursue a similar concept but as applied to the ternary Al-Zr-Y alloy system. In doing so, plates with varying Zr and Y contents (0–2 wt%) were cast and subsequently subjected to laser remelting (LRM) using a Yb-fibre laser. Microstructures then characterized using laser confocal microscopy, XRD, SEM, and TEM. LRM was seen to produce an epitaxial columnar α-Al matrix in binary Al-Y alloys, with intergranular solidification cracking seen in the highest Y content of 2 wt%. In Al-Zr specimens, increasing Zr content resulted in the development of a duplex microstructure consisting of distinct epitaxial columnar regions near the melt pool boundary and equiaxed regions near the center. The development of equiaxed regions was ascribed to the presence of sub-micron dispersoids. These dispersoids were Zr-rich and increased in number with corresponding increases in Zr content. They were also observed in Al-Zr-Y specimens and were subsequently identified as an L1₂-Al₃Zr. The addition of Y produced a dramatic increase in dispersoid density, and consequently the proportion of equiaxed grains, demonstrating that the Al-Zr-Y system is a promising candidate for laser-based processing technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into magnesium alloy significance","authors":"Dipen Kumar Rajak ,&nbsp;Akriti Menon","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal alloys are essential materials used in various commercial applications, including automobiles, aeronautics, electronics, and medical devices. Their versatility and durability make them invaluable in industries that require high performance and reliability. In applications such as aero-engineering and automobiles, components are designed to operate on critical principles of withstanding high loads while remaining lightweight. Magnesium alloys are known for their lightweight properties, making them commercially popular for such applications. Mg alloys are categorized into different series, each incorporating different metals. This review article focused on and discussed the thermal and electrical behavior of Mg alloys. Moreover, significant fabrication processes to produce these alloys are also stated and concluded with influencing parameters that provide insights into improving Mg alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion and wear study of medium entropy Pb-Sn-Cu alloy for coating application","authors":"Gokul M. Pillai ,&nbsp;Kuldeep Singh ,&nbsp;Shanmugasundaram Thangaraju ,&nbsp;Shashinath Jha ,&nbsp;Vinod Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on developing a low-friction coating material using ternary medium entropy alloy using lead (Pb), tin (Sn), and copper (Cu). A Vajra Lep made of Pb-Sn-Cu system reported in Varah Mihir's Jyotish Granth \"<em>Brihat-Samhita</em>\" inspired this research. The reported alloy in the present study was fabricated via the open induction casting method. The microstructure and phase analysis were conducted using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. It revealed that Pb-Sn, Pb-rich, and Cu-Sn stable phases are formed during open induction melting-casting. The average microhardness was measured to be 25.3 ± 13.61 HV, suitable for the coating material. The corrosion tests were performed in 3.5 wt% NaCl medium, which showed the formation of a stable passivation layer. <em>I</em>_{<em>corr</em>} was determined to be 5.63 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm², confirming that the material has high corrosion resistance compared to SS316. The wear tests were carried out at different temperatures with a constant load of 10 N and sliding velocity of 314 mm/s. The wear rate was noted to be 5.623 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/Nm at room temperature and decreased to 2.811 x 10⁻⁵ mm³/Nm at 80 ℃, exhibiting comparable wear resistance with that of Babbitt alloys. Hence, the study is meaningful in designing the Pb-Sn-Cu based multicomponent alloy system as a coating material for various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metallurgical and mechanical properties of failed railway screw coupling in screw part","authors":"Sabry.M. Abdel Aziz ,&nbsp;F. Abdel Mouez ,&nbsp;M.A. Morsy","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metallurgical and mechanical investigations were applied to investigate the failure of the screw in train screw coupling. The results showed that the steel of the screw parts is DIN 41Cr4 steel with ferrite-pearlite microstructure. This indicates that the steel did not have the proper heat treatment according to the UIC code (826, 3rd edition, 2004), which is hardening and tempering to give the best mechanical properties especially fatigue resistance. Moreover, SEM micrographs show that the initiation point of crack is at the sharp points of the thread root, these sharp points act as a stress raiser that initiates the crack and accelerates the fatigue failure. Proper hardening and tempering process was conducted; this gave tempered martensite microstructure with acceptable mechanical properties that agreed with UIC code 826. The tempered martensite structure has a high fatigue resistance than the ferrite-pearlite structure. Therefore, it is highly recommended to form the threads by rolling dies instead of machining. This will result in the formation of rounded thread roots instead of sharp thread roots. The rounded thread roots are expected to improve the fatigue resistance especially when it is always done after heat treatment processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of friction stir welding on the mechanical and microstructural properties of austempered ductile iron and mild steel joints","authors":"M.S. Hussein ,&nbsp;Ebtesam E. Ateia ,&nbsp;A. Nofal ,&nbsp;M.A. Morsy","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the dissimilar welding of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) with mild steel by using friction stir welding (FSW). Both materials are widely utilized in many fields owing to the exceptional properties and relatively competitive costs. However, joining two materials with different chemical and mechanical properties presents significant challenges. After many modifications in FSW parameters, a successful butt-joint was achieved by fixing the ADI in the retreating side (RS) and mild steel in the advancing side (AS), using rotational speed 800 RPM and travelling speed 50 mm/min. These parameters have resulted a well-formed stir zone (SZ) and thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) without grooves or cracks. The microstructure of the weld regions exhibited deformation of graphite nodules into strips and mainly martensitic structure at SZ, but no carbide phases or cracks were observed in the SZ. The analysis of the as-welded samples showed that the maximum microhardness values are 590 HV and 406 HV at the SZ and TMAZ respectively, and the tensile strength is 350 MPa when fractured at AS-TMAZ. Post-weld tempering at 370°C for 1 hour has resulted a formation of tempered martensite at the SZ, and an obvious reduction in the microhardness values to 395 HV at SZ and 350 HV at TMAZ. The tensile strength has slightly improved and fractured at the mild steel base metal. These results demonstrate a successful joining of ADI and mild steel using FSW.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion evaluation and microstructural characteristics of 70/30 copper-nickel alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Mahdi Nadimi ,&nbsp;Jie Song ,&nbsp;Lin Cheng ,&nbsp;Yao Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the fabrication of 70/30 Cu-Ni via LPBF technique and investigated its corrosion and microstructure properties. Samples were fabricated with varied parameters, including power, scan rate, and hatch spacing, and compared with wrought Cu-Ni alloy. Corrosion behaviour was conducted using cyclic polarization and EIS in 3.5 wt% NaCl. Optical microscopy and EBSD techniques were employed for microstructure evaluation. The results revealed that the examined LPBF samples had surface porosities below 1 %, indicating superior density and minimal voids, with larger grain sizes displaying elongated grain. Additionally, LPBF samples exhibited delayed breakdown passive layer potential, superior repassivation abilities compared to the wrought specimen. EIS analysis revealed corrosion resistance of as-fabricated samples was slightly higher than conventional ones, peaking at 58–73 kΩ.cm² with hatch spacing between 125 and 200 μm and P/V ratio between 1.7 and 2 J/mm. However, deviation in parameters led to a decrease in corrosion resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on cyclic hardening and softening behavior of alloys","authors":"Surajit Kumar Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyclic hardening and softening are vital aspects of the cyclic plastic deformation behaviour in alloys, and accurately predicting these responses is crucial for stress analysis in engineering components via finite element analysis. Cyclic hardening can enhance stress-bearing capacity but reduce ductility, while cyclic softening can lower stress-bearing capacity but may enhance ductility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying cyclic hardening and softening in alloys. Mechanisms for cyclic hardening include dislocation accumulation, deformation-induced phase transformations, deformation twins, and dynamic strain aging (DSA), while cyclic softening may occur due to dislocation annihilation and rearrangement, phase instability, precipitate coarsening and shearing, grain coarsening and shear band formation in ultra-fine grained alloys. The review also explores factors influencing cyclic hardening and softening, such as material composition, microstructure, loading conditions (mean and amplitude), loading rate (frequency and waveform), loading non-proportionality, pre-strain, temperature, and environmental factors. The effects of cyclic hardening and softening on alloy mechanical properties, including strength, stiffness, ductility, fatigue resistance, and wear resistance, are also discussed. The study outlines how to analytically represent cyclic hardening and softening in both stress- and strain-controlled modes and addresses modelling these behaviours in finite element analysis. Accurate modelling requires capturing both changes in stress amplitude over cycles and stress-strain hysteresis loops across cycles. Investigations into SA333 C-Mn steel and 304LN stainless steel indicate that for small to moderate cyclic hardening, as seen in SA333 C-Mn steel, cyclic hardening can be effectively modelled by adjusting the cyclic yield stress using isotropic hardening in a combined hardening model. However, for high cyclic hardening, as in 304LN stainless steel, modifications to both isotropic and kinematic hardening parameters are necessary to simulate stress-strain hysteresis loops across cycles accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of pouring and mold temperatures on microstructural behavior and microhardness of the Al-4.5Cu-0.5(Al-5Ti-1B) alloy obtained by unsteady-state directional solidification: An experimental comparative study","authors":"Heide Cirne de Medeiros ,&nbsp;Luiz Henrique da Silva Franco ,&nbsp;Danniel Ferreira de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Rafael Evaristo Caluête ,&nbsp;Bruno Alessandro Silva Guedes de Lima ,&nbsp;Maurício Mhirdaui Peres ,&nbsp;Ieverton Caiandre Andrade Brito","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The microstructure of aluminum alloys, which is critical to their mechanical performance, is strongly influenced by the solidification conditions. This study evaluates the impact of pouring temperature (T_P) and mold temperature (T_M) on the microstructure, porosity, and solute segregation in the radial solidification of Al-4.5Cu-0.5(Al-5Ti-1B) alloy. Experimental analysis of 12 radially solidified ingots under varying T_P and T_M conditions revealed that lower T_P and T_M values produce a refined dendritic structure, with reduced primary dendritic arm spacing (λ₁) and decreased levels of porosity and shrinkage defects. Conversely, elevated T_P and T_M increase solidification time, leading to coarser grains, greater porosity, and enhanced interdendritic spacing. Notably, the radial solidification process also exhibited inverse segregation, with Cu concentration decreasing from the metal/mold interface toward the center. Microhardness measurements corroborated these findings, showing reduced hardness from the interface to the center due to lower Cu concentration and increased λ₁. The study's results provide essential insights into the thermal management of radial solidification in unsteady-state conditions, with practical implications for controlling microstructure and porosity in Al-Cu alloys and offer a foundation for validating numerical models for cylindrical radial solidification, a configuration not extensively explored in existing literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nickel-based metallurgical coating architectures for superior wear resistance in high-temperature P91 steel applications","authors":"Avishkar Bhoskar ,&nbsp;Hardik Naik ,&nbsp;Vivek Kalyankar ,&nbsp;Dhiraj Deshmukh","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study delves into an improved hardfacing approach for addressing high-temperature wear issues in engineering valves used in power plants. The suggested approach uses plasma transfer arc welding (PTAW) of Colmonoy 6 with an SS-309L buffer layer on P91 steel (CoSP91). Comparative investigation shows that CoSP91 has a 67 % improvement in wear resistance at elevated temperatures (600°C), with a documented wear loss of 0.01239 g compared to present industry practices (StP91: 0.08593 g). This increase is due to the formation of Cr₇C₃, Cr₂B, and Cr₅B₃ hard phases, as well as a protective oxide layer, that functions together to improve wear resistance. The findings demonstrate CoSP91 as a technically viable and cost-effective hardfacing solution for high-temperature components, with improved wear resistance and low cracking susceptibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the weldability window in explosive welding processes","authors":"Bir Bahadur Sherpa ,&nbsp;S. Saravanan","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosive welding is a solid-state joining technique that employs explosive energy to propel the flyer plate into oblique collision with the base plate, forming a metallurgical bond at the interface. The process parameters, such as the loading ratio, the nature of the explosive, the standoff distance, and the surface finish, determine whether the resulting interface is straight, wavy, or contains reaction compounds. Due to the intricate nature of the process, researchers have developed a weldability window, a theoretical model for selecting parameters that yield optimal bonding. The weldability window is bounded by lower, upper, left, right, and jetting boundaries, all of which are influenced by the properties of the participant metals. Operating within the boundaries of the window results in a wavy interface, which is considered ideal. The incorporation of an interlayer in explosive welding shifts the boundaries, expanding the weldability window by up to 40 % and enhancing process versatility. Similarly, researchers successfully reported the development of a tri-axial weldability window that considers three parameters. This review explores the evolution of the weldability window, its theoretical underpinnings, parameter optimization, and opportunities for future research in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}