Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems最新文献

{"title":"Prediction of mechanical properties and defect detection in a TIG cladded SS 316 L by machine learning techniques","authors":"Shanmuga Vadivu K R ,&nbsp;Varun Kumar A ,&nbsp;Sathickbasha K","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Machine learning techniques are being widely adopted across the globe for their reliability and flexibility when compared with other traditional methods. However, the selection of suitable machine learning techniques has a major role in a process for the prediction of optimal process parameters. In this study, we have adopted two different machine learning techniques Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Unified Convolutional Neural Network (UCNN) for the identification of optimal process parameters for the SS 316 L base alloy cladded with Er-NiCr-3 filler by Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) cladding process. The ANFIS methodology will develop a model with a range of process parameters that can be used to determine the theoretical values, whereas the UCNN uses images for the identification of any defect in the samples the images are broken as different pixels based on the algorithms employed. Here, we have correlated the machine learning outputs with the actual experimental values (microhardness and tensile values are considered for the correlation). Whereas, for the UCNN technique we have procured the grain structures of the cladded samples. It is inferred from the comparison that the machine learning technique had shown sound and reliable outputs with an error percentage (≈ 0.1–2.0 %) in line with the actual data. Therefore from the study, it is revealed that the adoption of machine learning techniques can be utilized wisely for a process in the prediction of optimal process parameters in a flexible manner when compared with the other traditional optimization techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on high Mn austenitic lightweight steels weldability via GTAW overlay welding and butt-welding operations","authors":"Giacomo Villa,&nbsp;Silvia Barella,&nbsp;Davide Mombelli,&nbsp;Andrea Gruttadauria,&nbsp;Carlo Mapelli,&nbsp;Shaad Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lightweight steels are currently under development for potential applications in the transportation sector. These alloys are characterized by high manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al) content, exceptional mechanical properties (yield strength up to 800 MPa and elongation at break up to 55 %), and reduced density (approximately 16 % lower than conventional stainless steel). Due to the demands of the application sector, a thorough assessment of the alloy’s weldability is crucial. The high concentration of chemical elements in these steels leads to critical phenomena, notably Mn evaporation and κ-carbide precipitation, both of which can significantly influence the microstructure. Mn evaporation may result in an inhomogeneous chemical composition, leading to variations in microstructure and mechanical properties. κ-carbide precipitation, while typically utilized as a strengthening mechanism, may cause an undesirable reduction in ductility. A lightweight austenitic steel alloy with high Mn content was evaluated using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) under various configurations and material conditions. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints were analysed. Sound welded joints free from porosity and hot cracking were achieved. In the fusion zone, a duplex structure with dendritic morphology was observed, while the heat-affected zone (HAZ) exhibited coarse grains. The fusion zone demonstrated low hardness values, and no hardness peaks associated with κ-carbides were detected in the HAZ. Despite similarities in microstructure and welding parameters, mechanical testing revealed that direct current (DC) samples exhibited superior ductility compared to alternating current (AC) samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of crystal structure and tensile properties at the micro level of friction stir weld developed with n-MQL","authors":"Mystica A ,&nbsp;Senthil Kumar VS","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Friction stir welding of AA2014 alloy requires cooling techniques to prevent premature weld failure by carrying away the excess heat. In this study, minimum quantity lubrication technique is explored for the first time with graphene nanofluid. This study aims to develop instant grain refinement and reprecipitation. FSW is performed at the optimized parameters i.e., 1200 rpm and 72 mm/min. The retention of precipitates in HAZ and entanglement of dislocations in NZ are obtained through the instant quenching action of n-MQL. The evolution of microstructure and precipitation in the developed weld zones are studied using TEM. The microscopic results also present the developed substructures such as subgrains, cell wall, orowan loops etc. Crystal structure in the nugget zone is analysed using Rietveld refinement method. The results reveal a 100 % match with Al_0.99Cu_0.01. The crystallite size in nanometers and the microstrain are deduced using Scherrer method and W-H plot. The local tensile properties of each weld zone are analysed in detail using flat microtensile test. The weld center with recrystallized grains exhibits the lowest ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and % elongation. The current study presents the influence of dynamic recovery and recrystallisation on the local tensile properties of the weld.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and study of mechanical and wear behaviour of LM-4 alloy reinforced with TiC particles metal matrix composites by two-stage stir casting process","authors":"T.H. Lakshminarayana,&nbsp;M. Sreenivasa Reddy,&nbsp;J. Kumaraswamy","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation and characterisation of titanium carbide (TiC) particle-reinforced LM-4 alloy composites made using a two-stage stir casting process are the main objectives of this work. TiC particles were added in different weight percentages (0 %, 3 %, 6 %, 9 %, and 12 %) to assess how they affected the mechanical and tribological characteristics of the composites. Density, porosity, yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness are important areas of study. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to analyse fractured surfaces. At a fixed sliding distance of 1000 m, wear behaviour was evaluated under various loading scenarios (20, 30, and 40 N) and rotating speeds (200, 300, and 400 rpm). Additionally, to investigate wear mechanisms and evaluate the wear rate across the various TiC reinforcement levels, a SEM investigation of the worn surfaces was conducted. The findings demonstrate the promise of LM-4 alloy composites for advanced engineering applications by shedding light on how TiC reinforcement affects the microstructure, mechanical characteristics, and wear performance of these materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial neural network-based prediction of complete forming limit curves for steel in sheet metal forming","authors":"Shivesh Kumar Sharan ,&nbsp;Surajit Kumar Paul ,&nbsp;Jyoti Kumari ,&nbsp;Arijit Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forming Limit Curve (FLC) is crucial for predicting material formability and preventing defects in the sheet metal forming industry. Traditionally, FLCs are determined through Nakajima and Marciniak tests, which assess the material's response to various strain paths until the initiation of localized necking. However, these methods can be costly, time-consuming, and sensitive to factors like friction. Alternative approaches have been developed to address these challenges, including theoretical models and empirical methods based on tensile test data. This study investigates the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to model FLCs, with the goal of improving prediction accuracy and efficiency. Input data for the ANN models were derived from tensile tests, incorporating parameters such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, uniform elongation, total elongation, normal anisotropy coefficient, and strain hardening exponent. The ANN models were trained to predict both FLC₀ and the complete FLC, and their outputs were compared with experimentally measured FLCs from Nakajima tests and empirical formulas from the literature. The results indicate that ANN techniques have significant potential to enhance the reliability and efficiency of FLC prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Laves phase formation in rapidly quenched Zr-Al-Ni-Co-Cu high-entropy alloy","authors":"B.A. Rusanov ,&nbsp;E.V. Sterkhov ,&nbsp;A.I. Rusanova ,&nbsp;D.K. Simonov","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multicomponent alloys containing aluminum and transition metals, including high-entropy alloys, are actively investigated in recent years. Rapid quenching of melt to obtain metastable or amorphous phases is a promising way to obtain new strength and corrosion resistance high-entropy materials. In present work, the effect of rapid quenching on the phase formation process of high entropy Zr-Al-Ni-Co-Cu alloy is investigated. Samples of Zr₄₀Al₂₀Ni₅Co₁₅Cu₂₀ alloy were produced by the conventional arc-melting process under protective argon atmosphere. Ingots of the alloy were used to obtain rapidly quenched samples in the form of cylindrical rods with a diameter of 3 mm by vacuum suction casting into copper mold. Structure of ingots and rods was investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, their heating behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. It is shown that the basis of the rapidly quenched alloy is the Laves phase ZrCoAl, the solid solution Cu_0.6ZrCo_0.4 and the ZrNiAl phase. Exothermic reaction in rapidly quenched sample is found to occur at 960–980 K. Activation energy of the detected reaction is calculated by the Kissinger method. It is established that rapid quenching of Zr₄₀Al₂₀Ni₅Co₁₅Cu₂₀ high-entropy alloy leads to significant refinement of Laves phase grains, increase of stability and volume fraction of solid solution. The obtained results can be used for further practical application of rapidly quenched high-entropy alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of Al content and heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of austenite-ferrite duplex Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steels","authors":"Rui Bai,&nbsp;Yunfei Du,&nbsp;Yaqin Zhang,&nbsp;Xiuli He","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the influence of Al content (9 wt% and 12 wt%) on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and deformation behavior of austenite-based Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steels were investigated. The Steel with 9 % Al content displayed a dual-phase structure with austenite and less than 5 % ferrite, while the Steel with 12 % Al content contained approximately 23 % ferrite and nanoscale κ-carbide precipitates, influenced by the Al content. Following aging treatment at 600 °C, both steels experienced notable microstructural changes. Coarse carbides, B2, D0₃, and β-Mn precipitates, appeared during the aging, leading to the deterioration of mechanical properties. The aging treatment improved strength but decreased ductility for both steels, with extended aging leading to deterioration attributed to coarse precipitate formation. Both steels demonstrated effective strain hardening behavior. The aging treatment on the steels significantly impacted the fracture morphologies. The investigation of deformation mechanisms reveals distinct behaviors under low strain conditions. The steels demonstrated a unique staggered dislocation structure and exceptional uniform elongation due to decreasing slip plane spacing. The strength was enhanced by interactions among dislocation arrangements within distinct domain boundaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of metallic carbides on high temperature mechanical properties of wire arc additive manufactured GH4099 Ni-based superalloy","authors":"Wei Pan ,&nbsp;Bin Xu ,&nbsp;Chenxi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wire arc additive manufactured (WAAMed) γ′-strengthened Ni-based superalloy always suffers from the undesired and excessive carbides, due to the rapid cooling rates, resulting the degradation of the alloy's mechanical properties. To solve this issue, GH4099 γ′-strengthened Ni-based superalloy was prepared by melt inert-gas welding additive manufacturing, followed by both high and low temperature post-heat treatments. Both high density larger MC and tiny-dispersive M₂₃C₆ carbides were observed at the subgrain boundary in the as-built alloy, causing a higher strength but normal ductility due to the micro-cracks at the MC carbide/matrix interface. 1200 °C 4 h heat treatment, induced the growth of the large MC carbide and dissolved M₂₃C₆ carbides, resulting the improvement of the ductility of the alloy by scarifying the strength. 900 °C 4 h treatment has limited effects on the carbides’ morphology and sizes, but 900 °C 50 h treatment caused the dissolving of the large MC carbide and the growing of the tiny M₂₃C₆ carbide. Such carbide evolution can not only introduce more strengthening phase, but also suppressing the crack initiation at the large carbide/matrix interface, which simultaneously improve the strength and the ductility of the as-built alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical property in diode laser melting deposited AlSi10Mg","authors":"Xiaoting Li,&nbsp;Jin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser melting deposition (LMD) has great advantages and broad development prospects in the manufacture of high-performance complex aluminum alloy components. In this paper, AlSi10Mg was deposited by 5 kW diode laser, and the effects of shielding gas flow, scanning layer thickness, scanning line spacing and powder drying on the density and mechanical properties of the deposited samples formed parts were investigated in details. The results indicated that the bulk density increased significantly with the increase of the shielding gas flow rate. Meanwhile, when the powders were dried in advance, the density could reach to the 99.5 %. The maximum tensile strength was 237.81 MPa, and the elongation was 9.88 %. The columnar dendrites were observed along the boundary line and fine dendritic structure was formed in the molten pool interior. Three phases were identified in the as-fabricated bulk, including primary α-Al, eutentic Si, and Mg₂Si. Eutentic Si distributed around the columnar α-Al with a circular shape at the fusion lines, while it was uniformly distributed in the molten pool. A small amount of Mg₂Si precipitated within the α-Al matrix, which exhibited needle-like morphology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical modelling and optimization of cutting conditions in turning operation on MDN 350 steel with carbide inserts","authors":"Syed Adil ,&nbsp;A. Krishnaiah ,&nbsp;D. Srinivas Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hard metals are victorious in offering greater functional life in various critical applications because of their excellent material characteristics. But due to their high hardness, they pose machining problems. Therefore, the current work is intended to identify suitable cutting conditions for machining of hard metal components by carrying out turning experiments.MDN 350 steel is considered as the subject hard metal in the present work, as the literature on machining experiments on the aforementioned metal is limited and there is a wide scope of research for improving its machining performance. The current methodology can be implemented for other hard metals as well. Improvement of tool life, enhancement of rate of production, reduction in cost of production and closeness of surface finish to that of grinding are the major goals of the work. The experimental work is divided into two sets wherein in the first set, the cutting inputs are speed and tool feed rate and the experimental output is flank-wear. Cost of production, tool life and rate of production are the machining performance indicators considered for the first set, which are evaluated based on flank-wear data and empirical formulae. In the second set, rake angle, cutting angle and nose radius of the tool insert are varied and roughness of the machined components is measured. The machining performance indicators of the first set are optimized using graphical method of contour plots. Artificial neural networks technique, which is well known for its versatility to model linear as well as non-linear data, is used to express the surface roughness as a function of tool geometrical variables. Genetic Algorithm, which is an advanced optimization technique known for its intricate search for optimal solutions, is used for optimizing surface roughness with optimal combination of the geometrical parameters. The optimum results of the two sets are confirmed through experimental validation and the deviations are found within 10 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}