Internet Technology Letters最新文献

{"title":"FPGA Integrated Distributed Homogenous Clustered AODV Routing Analysis for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","authors":"Arvind Kumar,&nbsp;Adesh Kumar,&nbsp;Anurag Vijay Agrawal,&nbsp;Piyush Kuchhal","doi":"10.1002/itl2.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The research letter focuses on the hardware chip design of the Distributed Homogenous Clustered Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (DHMC-AODV) routing protocol for MANETs. Distributed clustering has been used for the homogenous clustered routing formation that reduces the complex computational processing time and supports parallel computing in a multilevel clustering environment. The novelty of the work is that the hardware routing chip is verified in an FPGA-integrated environment with a scalable network design. The routed chip performance is determined based on parallel processing-enabled FPGA hardware indices such as IoBs, slices, and LUTs for the network configuration (<i>N</i> = 64). The performance improvement of the proposed protocol is claimed on ZedBoard FPGA, compared with the existing protocols in terms of power, E2ED, and overhead is 9.2%, 5.1% to 10.2%, 11.5% to 12.4%, and 14.3% to 16.1% respectively. The PDR is approximately 1.0 for all the protocols when the network is fully accessible.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Periodic and Non-Periodic Data Transmissions in 3GPP NR V2X Mode 2","authors":"Meng-Shiuan Pan,&nbsp;Ching-Yuan Hsu,&nbsp;Chien-Fu Cheng","doi":"10.1002/itl2.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Mode 2 is a resource allocation mechanism for vehicular networks. By the 3GPP NR V2X Mode 2, vehicles first specify the cycles for radio resources (or say subchannels) they require and then reserve subchannels by themselves. While traveling on the road, vehicles may generate periodic and non-periodic data to support vehicular applications. Since vehicles can obtain subchannels periodically, we can observe that the reserved subchannels may be wasted if vehicles have no data or are not sufficient if vehicles are demanded to disseminate unexpected event packets from the application layer. In this work, we propose a resource reservation interval determination scheme to facilitate data transmissions. Additionally, we design a resource-sharing mechanism for vehicles to share their unused subchannels. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform other approaches in various performance metrics. Specifically, the proposed approach increases subchannel utilization by up to 25% and reduces the packet drop ratio for event-driven traffic to nearly 0%.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Graphical Approach for Botnet Detection in IoT Edge Environments Using a Lightweight Dynamic Louvain Method","authors":"H. G. Mohan,&nbsp;Jalesh Kumar","doi":"10.1002/itl2.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The increasing adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has increased the risk of botnet attacks, posing significant threats to device integrity, network performance, and user privacy. Existing botnet detection methods rely on computationally intensive network flow analysis, which is not suitable for resource-constrained IoT edge environments. This study introduces a novel graphical approach for botnet detection using a lightweight dynamic Louvain method. The method dynamically constructs temporal network graphs where nodes represent devices and edges capture the interactions. The graph topological features are extracted, and edge weights are integrated based on communication patterns. The communities are identified in the network by applying the dynamic Louvain method, and the anomalies in the community structure are analyzed to detect botnet activities. Experimental evaluations on the BoT-IoT dataset show that the proposed approach achieves 99.3% accuracy, 99.1% precision, 99.1% recall, and a 99.3% F1-score. Further, the proposed method is compared with the traditional graph-based approaches and demonstrates superior performance in terms of detection speed, scalability, and resource efficiency.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free Space Optics Transmission Enabled by PAM-4 Signals: Performance Evaluation Under Indian Weather Conditions","authors":"V. Vaithianathan,&nbsp;P. Raja,&nbsp;Sathya Selvaraj Sinnasamy,&nbsp;R. Gayathri,&nbsp;B. Vasudevan","doi":"10.1002/itl2.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents a performance evaluation of Free Space Optics transmission systems using 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) signals under clear weather conditions and certain specific Indian weather conditions. The conditions at the selected locations, which represent diverse climatic environments, include Chennai, Chandigarh, Jodhpur, and Srinagar. This study provides an assessment of the impact of various conditions in the atmosphere that would affect signal degradation and the quality of transmission based on the bit error rate and eye diagrams of received signals for increasing transmission ranges. The results presented here are the results of the performance analysis of the FSO system with respect to BER as it varies with distance, hence showing the vulnerability of PAM-4 signals due to heavy attenuation by poor weather conditions—mostly fog and rain—under which the selected regions fall. Eye diagrams are also used for signal integrity and quality check and, further on, to gather information on the system under test. This comparative analysis, therefore, brings to light the areas in which the system remains resilient and identifies challenging atmospheric conditions that severely affect transmission. These results provide valuable information on how an FSO system can be optimized under different weather environments, as well as set up strategies through which the reliability and performance of the system can be enhanced for a region with varying atmospheric conditions. The proposed system's performance after performing experimental validation can be used for providing high-speed transmission required for 5G/beyond 5G data transmission networks.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143594891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-Efficient Reliable Data Transmission Using Optimized Cyclone Foraging Strategy in 5G Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Sowmya Madhavan,&nbsp;Satti Sudha Mohan Reddy,&nbsp;T. Kavitha,&nbsp;Afshan kaleem,&nbsp;V. Shilpa","doi":"10.1002/itl2.643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.643","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As a fundamental supporting technology of 5th Generation (5G) systems, wireless sensor networks (WSN) are handling a new challenge to enhance its energy-efficient reliable transmission. However, energy usage and network lifetime are observed as challenging tasks because of limited battery capacity and open environments. The cyclone foraging strategy with beluga whale optimization (CFS-BWO) is proposed for energy-efficient reliable data transmission for 5G WSN. The CFS is applied for improving the exploitation phase of traditional BWO, where population transfers in spiral orientation among the best solutions. CFS-BWO optimizes the routing and data aggregation process, which minimizes the energy usage and enhances the network lifetime. The average delay, residual energy, communication cost, and distance are adopted as fitness functions for optimizing the best solution in both CH and route path selection. The performance was calculated by the metrics of residual energy, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and delay across 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 rounds. The CFS-BWO reaches residual energy of 0.87 J, PDR of 0.98, and delay of 15 ms for 1000 rounds when compared to optimal cluster-based routing (Optimal-CBR).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4D-BiTK: Beam Shifting Yagi–Uda Antenna Design for Dynamic 6G Applications","authors":"Vijayakumar Rajarathinam,&nbsp;Shakeel Ahmed,&nbsp;Sandeep Prabhu,&nbsp;C. R. Rathish,&nbsp;S. Gobhinath","doi":"10.1002/itl2.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With the rapid progress of 6G wireless communication, there is a new need for innovative antenna designs with the same set of demands about high-speed, low-latency, and energy-efficient connectivity. Traditional antennas fail to meet these demands by providing a limited number of prescribed beam-steering directions, having relatively low data rates, and suffering from significant interference. We developed a 4D-BiTK: BeamShift Yagi–Uda antenna to resolve these difficulties, offering a pattern reconfigurable antenna solution with exceptional flexibility using graphene technology at terahertz frequencies. The hybrid graphene-metal structure of the antenna is incorporated, which leads to real-time optimization of the direction of the beam, front-to-back (FEB) ratio, and the resonance frequency. In addition, we include a Bifurcated Temporal Convolutional Network with a Bimodal Kookaburra Optimization algorithm for further enhancing beam steering and pattern reconfigurability. The 4D-BiTK: BeamShift antenna has an 85% radiation efficiency, a 10-dB impedance bandwidth of 89%, a 16-dB FEB ratio, and a peak gain of 12.5 dB. Thus, these values transparently present its capability in terms of suitability for future 6G networks, such precision in beam steering, energy efficiency, and overall signal quality.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Traffic Safety Assessment Model for Mixed Urban Traffic Based on Driving Safety Field and ICVs","authors":"Renjie Wang,&nbsp;Jing Cheng","doi":"10.1002/itl2.653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.653","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To accurately assess the driving risks associated with mixed traffic scenarios in urban areas and align with the direction of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. An intelligent connectivity traffic safety assessment model for mixed urban traffic based on the ICVs is proposed. First, this paper proposes the traffic safety assessment model based on the driving safety field, the model integrates potential, kinetic, and behavior fields. In the process of establishing the mode, we have incorporated the acceleration parameter to dynamically capture driving risk trends. Subsequently, we define a mixed traffic scenario and calculate the driving risks for road users under different driving states based on this algorithm. The results demonstrate that the model effectively captures the driving risks of road users in different states, and the evaluation outcomes align with real-world situations, thereby validating its effectiveness. The significance of this research lies in providing a theoretical foundation for the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in complex traffic scenarios and supporting future route planning and driving safety decision-making in intelligent transportation systems. Additionally, this model presents new ideas and methods for the development and application of ICVs technology, contributing to the advancement of intelligent transportation systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Crop Disease Image Recognition Based on Internet of Things Technology and Stacking Integrated Learning","authors":"Fan Tongke","doi":"10.1002/itl2.651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.651","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the field of agriculture, disease control and management have been a hot research topic of great interest. In recent years, with the reduction of the cost of image sensors and the improvement of the accuracy of deep-learning algorithms, various information processing methods have been widely used in agricultural production. In this paper, an in-depth exploration of crop disease image recognition methods based on IoT technology is carried out. Initially, an innovative method of deploying sensor nodes within an irregular triangular grid is designed to facilitate effective data collection. Subsequently, accurate image segmentation and feature extraction were executed on the accumulated data. A two-tier Stacking framework was used to integrate three lightweight convolutional neural networks. The first level classifier is used to generate data output values for model training; the second level classifier learns further from the output of the first level classifier, corrects the bias of each individual learner in the framework, and produces the final prediction. On the publicly available PlantVillage data set, the EMNet integration model proposed in this thesis has an accuracy of 98.96%, which is at least 0.68% better than other influential DCNN validation accuracies, with good robustness and generalization.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MADE-TransUNet Induced Brain Tumor Detection for Smart Medicare Using Internet of Medical Things","authors":"Zihui Zhu","doi":"10.1002/itl2.654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.654","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The traditional medical diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is tedious and seriously depends on doctor's experience. In order to handle this issue, this paper proposes an internet of medical things (IoMT) based intelligent MRI medical diagnosis architecture for brain tumor detection, which adopts cloud computing and deep learning technologies. First, the MRI data is obtained through the scanning using MRI machine and to send to a cloud server in which an intelligent image segmentation model is deployed. Second, the cloud server uses deployed intelligent image segmentation model to implement automatically brain tumor detection and sends the results to clients. The key of proposed medical diagnosis architecture is the intelligent image segmentation model in cloud server. This paper proposes MADE-TransUNet in which bilinear fusion multimodal feature module (BFMF) is applied in the encoder stage for better fusion of multimodal features, adaptive response fusion (ARF) is applied in the bottleneck stage for fusion of features with different resolutions to improve feature expression, and the edge-sensitive enhancement and learning (ESEL) module are applied in the encoder to enhance the edge information. The results of experiments and simulation demonstrate MADE-TransUNet outperforms existing networks for brain tumor segmentation tasks. The code is available at \u0000https://github.com/zhzhuac/MADE.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Performance of Free-Space-Optics Transmission System Using Mode-Division-Multiplexing of Hermite–Gaussian and Laguerre–Gaussian Beams","authors":"K. C. Ramya,&nbsp;M. R. Thiyagupriyadharsan,&nbsp;V. Sivasankaran,&nbsp;Leta Tesfaye Jule,&nbsp;A. Sampathkumar","doi":"10.1002/itl2.649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.649","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Emergence of 5G networks has led to rising demand for high-speed data networks. Free-space optics (FSO) play a pivotal role in providing high-speed large-capacity secure communication links required for fronthaul/backhaul services in 5G communication networks. Conventional FSO links are based on wavelength division multiplexing which make the system costlier, bulky and spectral-inefficient. In this work, a mode-division-multiplexing-(MDM)-enabled-FSO transmission system is proposed and evaluated to provide cost-effective, high-speed, and spectral-efficient data transmission. Hybrid Hermite–Gaussian (HG) and Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) modes are integrated to enhance the performance of the system. Four independent 10 Gbps data signals are transmitted along 2-distinct HG beams <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mfenced>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>HG</mi>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mtext>and</mtext>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>HG</mi>\u0000 <mn>11</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mfenced>\u0000 </mrow></math> and 2-distinct LG beams <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mfenced>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>LG</mi>\u0000 <mn>00</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mtext>and</mtext>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>LG</mi>\u0000 <mn>11</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mfenced>\u0000 </mrow></math> over the free space channel. The performance evaluated is reported for clear climate and also for adverse rain climate where Quality factor metrics, Bit Error Rate Metrics, and eye diagram representation of the received signals are discussed. The proposed work reports definitive 40 Gbps along 11 km for clear climate followed by 1100–2300 m for varying levels of rain climate.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}