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Automated grading of wood slabs: The development of a prototype system 木板的自动分级:原型系统的开发
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80005-E
Bjarne Kj˦r Ersbøll, Knut Conradsen
{"title":"Automated grading of wood slabs: The development of a prototype system","authors":"Bjarne Kj˦r Ersbøll,&nbsp;Knut Conradsen","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80005-E","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80005-E","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper proposes a method for automatically grading small beechwood slabs. The method involves two classification steps: the first step detects defects based on local visual texture; the second step utilizes the relative distribution of defects to perform a final grading assessment. At a major Danish plant for manufacture of parquet boards, the quality grading (visual quality) has always been done manually. As it is expected to be both expensive and difficult to recruit sufficient numbers of personnel to do this type of job in the future, it is of great interest to automate the function as much as possible. A vast range of types of defects has to be considered when the grading is done. This and the fact that wood is a “natural” material means it is not easily described using ordinary vision systems. The proposed method assumes a 3-D feature space which depends on local texture-based measures of “lightness”, “speckle” and “dark deviation”. These measures are calculated for each pixel in an image of a slab. The feature space is separated into 12 decision regions corresponding to 12 “defect types”; these “defects” are labeled as clear wood, wavy grain, split, black knots, ingrown bark, etc. Based on the relative distribution of these detected defects on the surface of a given slab, the slab is further classified into 5 quality grades: prime, standard, flamy, extra flamy and rejects. As a result of this project, a prototype for the computer vision grading system has been built and is being tested on-site.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 219-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80005-E","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84750095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Ultrasonic scanning of logs 测井曲线超声扫描
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80007-G
Wei Han , Rolf Birkeland
{"title":"Ultrasonic scanning of logs","authors":"Wei Han ,&nbsp;Rolf Birkeland","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80007-G","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80007-G","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper gives an overview of research on the non-destructive testing of wood byultrasonics. The main topic of the paper is how ultrasonics may be used to characterize defects in logs and how to develop a way to scan logs in sawmill production. By combining ultrasonics with artificial intelligence, defects can be characterized by a scheme of wavepattern recognition and a procedure of total information reasoning. The newly developed method seems to improve scanning efficiency. The result of defect characterization of a cross-section is found to agree with the result obtained by X-ray tomography.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 253-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80007-G","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83714528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 23
A machine vision system forautomatically grading hardwood lumber 用于对硬木木材进行自动分级的机器视觉系统
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80011-H
Richard W. Conners, Tai-Hoon Cho, Chong T. Ng, Thomas H. Drayer, Philip A. Araman, Robert L. Brisbin
{"title":"A machine vision system forautomatically grading hardwood lumber","authors":"Richard W. Conners,&nbsp;Tai-Hoon Cho,&nbsp;Chong T. Ng,&nbsp;Thomas H. Drayer,&nbsp;Philip A. Araman,&nbsp;Robert L. Brisbin","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80011-H","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80011-H","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Any automatic system for grading hardwood lumber can conceptually be dividedinto two components. One of these is a machine vision system for locating and identifying grading defects. The other is an automatic grading program that accepts as input the output of the machine vision system and, based on these data, determines the grade of a board. The progress that has been made on developing the first component, the machine vision component, will be reported in this paper. The machine vision system being developed is made up of a subsystem for imaging rough lumber surfaces, a computer vision subsystem for analyzing the image data and identifying grading defects, a materials handling subsystem for moving boards through the imaging devices, a computer for executing the algorithms comprising the computer vision sub-system and, finally, another small computer for controlling all the other components. This paper will describe the progress that has been made on developing all of these components. It will also indicate the directions for future research. A major goal of this research activity is to create a vision technology that will be applicable to not only the grading of hardwood lumber but a number of other forest products related applications as well.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 317-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80011-H","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76957562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 37
Detecting knots and voids in lumber with dielectric sensors 用介电传感器检测木材中的结和空隙
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80010-Q
R.W. Rice, P.H. Steele, Lalit Kumar
{"title":"Detecting knots and voids in lumber with dielectric sensors","authors":"R.W. Rice,&nbsp;P.H. Steele,&nbsp;Lalit Kumar","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80010-Q","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80010-Q","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A system has been developed which uses the dielectrical properties of wood to detectknots and voids in lumber. The knot and void detection (KVD) system rapidly scans the surface of wide boards for defects using a series of transducers and provides a defect map of the lumber surface. The transducers are electrified flat plates that act as capacitors when used in conjunction with the wood as the dielectric. Knots and voids change the dielectrical properties of wood and the change can be detected by monitoring the output signal of the capacitors. A prototype system is being tested and refined. The initial results show that small knots and voids can be consistently and reliably detected in both wet and dry wood.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 309-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80010-Q","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78776862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Real-time surface grading of profiled wooden boards 型材的实时表面分级
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80008-H
W. Pölzleitner, G. Schwingshakl
{"title":"Real-time surface grading of profiled wooden boards","authors":"W. Pölzleitner,&nbsp;G. Schwingshakl","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80008-H","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80008-H","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper describes the design of a prototype system for real-time classification of wooden profiled boards. An overview is given of the algorithms and hardware developed to classify in real-time at a data rate of 4 Mpixel/s. The system achieves its performance by a hierarchical processing strategy that transforms the intensity information contained in the digital image into a symbolic description of small texture elements. Based on this symbolic representation, a syntactic segmentation scheme is applied that produces a list of objects that are present on the board surface. The objects are described by feature vectors containing both numeric, structural, texture- and shape-related properties. A graph-like decision network is then used to identify the various defects. Classification procedures were extensively tested for spruce boards on a large data set containing 500 boards randomly taken from the production line. The overall rate of correct classification was 95 percent, as opposed to a reproducible correct classification rate of 55 percent achieved by human graders. The structure of these algorithms is reflected in the hardware design. A multiprocessor system is used in which each processor is specialized to solve a specific task in the recognition hierarchy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 283-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80008-H","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86131826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 49
An evaluation of color spaces fordetecting defects in Douglas-fir veneer 道格拉斯杉木单板缺陷检测的色彩空间评价
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80002-B
Charles C. Brunner , Alberto G. Maristany , David A. Butler , Dawn VanLeeuwen , James W. Funck
{"title":"An evaluation of color spaces fordetecting defects in Douglas-fir veneer","authors":"Charles C. Brunner ,&nbsp;Alberto G. Maristany ,&nbsp;David A. Butler ,&nbsp;Dawn VanLeeuwen ,&nbsp;James W. Funck","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80002-B","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80002-B","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Color information can be valuable for detecting and classifying surface defects inwood, but its usefulness depends on the color data's format and the analysis technique used. This study investigates five color transforms that convert the National Television Standards Committee red, green, and blue (RGB) primary color space into other potentially more useful spaces. A quadratic classifier was used to evaluate the relative utility of the different color spaces in separating defects from clear wood. Images of Douglas-fir veneer with encased knots, intergrown knots, and pitch streaks were converted to the various color spaces and then analyzed. The results show, for the conditions in this study, that a two-dimensional feature space is sufficient for classification and that there are no practically important differences in performance among the different color spaces. Thus, for images of Douglas-fir veneer, it appears that there is no advantage in mathematically transforming the original RGB data into another color space.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 169-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80002-B","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86742867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 40
Application of the Poiseuilleequation to the treatment of laminar flowmeter calibration data 泊泽伊方程在层流流量计标定数据处理中的应用
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80022-L
Frank E. Jones
{"title":"Application of the Poiseuilleequation to the treatment of laminar flowmeter calibration data","authors":"Frank E. Jones","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80022-L","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80022-L","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An equation relating volume flow rate through a laminar flowmeter to differential pressure and other parameters is developed. The development begins with the Poiseuille equation, to which a correction for inertial pressure loss is made. Calibration data are fitted to a corrected equation relating volume flow rate, differential pressure, density, viscosity, mass flow rate and a parameter <em>K</em> with dimension of inverse length. The estimate of the value of <em>K</em> and of the two coefficients is determined by an iterative procedure. The calibration equation used in inferring the volume flow rate through the flowmeter is the solution of an equation that is quadratic in the volume flow rate. A set of laminar flowmeter calibration data for air, nitrogen, helium and argon illustrates the method. The relative residual standard deviation at mid-range for the calibration equation for the set of data is 0.055%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 91-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80022-L","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82872939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Homodyne interferometric displacement measurement using multimode fiber speckles 利用多模光纤散斑的纯差干涉位移测量
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80027-Q
S. Kawata, K. Matsubaral
{"title":"Homodyne interferometric displacement measurement using multimode fiber speckles","authors":"S. Kawata, K. Matsubaral","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80027-Q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80027-Q","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"38 1","pages":"141-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89300653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Interactive surface modelling: model of a function-oriented expert system for specification of surface properties 交互式表面建模:面向功能的专家系统模型,用于表面特性的规范
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80024-N
B. Rosén, R. Crafoord
{"title":"Interactive surface modelling: model of a function-oriented expert system for specification of surface properties","authors":"B. Rosén, R. Crafoord","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80024-N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80024-N","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"6 1","pages":"107-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82489291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Hardware for an automated liquid chromatography system 用于自动液相色谱系统的硬件
Industrial Metrology Pub Date : 1992-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0921-5956(92)80025-O
P. Jacques, A. Thieltgen, G. Prieur, J.P. Michaely, C. Rivat, J.F. Stoltz
{"title":"Hardware for an automated liquid chromatography system","authors":"P. Jacques,&nbsp;A. Thieltgen,&nbsp;G. Prieur,&nbsp;J.P. Michaely,&nbsp;C. Rivat,&nbsp;J.F. Stoltz","doi":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80025-O","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0921-5956(92)80025-O","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of laboratory chromatography requires access to tools specially designed for this selective separation technique. This paper details the design process of a multi-task programmable automaton prototype, dedicated to all types of laboratory low-pressure chromatography. This modular system, with flood gates and a command console, ensures total fluid management by surveying all the usual parameters, such as pH, ionic strength, and optical density. Real-time knowledge of the values of the flow rate and the pressure ensures total safety for materials and experiments. This “push-button type of device has its own internal data processing and graphic LCD display capabilities for fast data acquisition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100666,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Metrology","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 121-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0921-5956(92)80025-O","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75820868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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