Gordon Hunt, Bryan Mesmer, Marcell Padilla, Anthony Edwards, Bryan Joyner, Alejandro Salado
{"title":"An Architecting Book of Knowledge (BoK) to Improve Architectural Decision-Making","authors":"Gordon Hunt, Bryan Mesmer, Marcell Padilla, Anthony Edwards, Bryan Joyner, Alejandro Salado","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To advance architecting from its current heuristics-based mode to a principles-based mode, this paper presents a systematic approach to architectural decision-making within the framework of a Book of Knowledge (BoK) and highlights how such decisions can shape complex systems over time. It emphasizes the need for a community-driven database of architectural knowledge, where best practices, patterns, and insights from past decisions can inform future work. Using a structured approach, the document outlines the Comprehensive Architecture Strategy (CAS), which aids architects in documenting and analyzing key elements such as patterns, ilities, and rules that govern architectural decisions. By breaking down architectural processes into well-defined components, CAS provides a standardized way to assess the impact of design choices on system ilities, supporting informed decision-making and enabling consistency across architectural projects.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"518-534"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Holistic Approach to Sustainability: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Battery-Electric versus Biodiesel Transit Buses in Hawaii","authors":"Fabio Silva, Huiqian Yang, Nadia Fernandez, Nicole Chou","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The urgent global need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has intensified efforts to develop sustainable transportation solutions. This study examines the environmental impacts of two transit bus technologies, battery-electric and 100% biodiesel (B100) internal combustion engine (ICE), within Oahu, Hawaii, a region heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels with unique environmental and logistical challenges. Employing a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the study evaluates both technologies across multiple environmental impact categories, including energy consumption, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions, over a vehicle's lifespan. Data was modeled using the GREET model tailored to Hawaii's regional characteristics, including local biodiesel production and the island's specific electricity grid mix. Results indicate that B100 biodiesel ICE buses currently have a lower environmental impact compared to battery-electric buses in terms of energy and water consumption, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, which are primarily driven by the high fossil fuel content in Hawaii's electricity grid and the lifecycle impact of lithium-ion batteries. This analysis suggests that integrating locally sourced B100 biodiesel into Hawaii's public transportation fleet may be a more immediate, sustainable option. In contrast, battery-electric buses could become more viable as Hawaii transitions to a renewable energy grid. The study underscores the importance of a regionalized, systemslevel approach in evaluating sustainable transportation technologies and providing strategic recommendations to inform policy decisions. However, limitations of the study include reliance on generic component data and the exclusion of infrastructure impacts, highlighting areas for refined data in future analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1692-1707"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Donald Gelosh, Beth Wilson, Shamsnaz Virani Bhada, Chris Piccirillo
{"title":"Applying Systems Engineering to Systems Engineering Graduate Course Development","authors":"Donald Gelosh, Beth Wilson, Shamsnaz Virani Bhada, Chris Piccirillo","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Applying systems engineering technical processes and approaches to course design results in quality courses that satisfy learning needs and provide effective learning experience. We demonstrate this with successful application to a systems engineering graduate class. We use the technical processes starting with needs analysis through operations and maintenance. We use product line engineering techniques to define architecture with shared asset assessments and variation points for delivery instantiation. We use agile development to implement backward design techniques with primary focus on assessments followed by content delivery. We validate that the learning needs have been satisfied with the initial delivery of the course.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1750-1758"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Teaching Systems Engineering for Students – Experiences from the Swedish Education System","authors":"Johan Cederbladh, Håkan Forsberg","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Swedish industry perceives a need for systems engineers due to the useful skillset they develop. However, teaching and providing educational paths for undergraduate and graduate students is a challenge in the Systems Engineering (SE) field. There are several structural and practical challenges to enable education in SE, related to the wide scope and emphasis on <i>thinking</i> as opposed to <i>doing.</i> Additionally, managing broad engineering programs from a faculty perspective is challenging due to the multi-disciplinary nature required in teaching. In this article we discuss the nuances of providing educational opportunities for SE based on our experiences in implementing a 5-year Integrated Master of Science in Engineering Program in Sweden. We provide our experiences and lessons learned from managing the SE program, while providing an overview of the program and its rationale. These findings can be used to strengthen future educational initiatives to support the development of SE knowledge while transferring experiences from the Swedish system to a wider audience. We discuss our findings through the lens of the future education of systems engineering, emphasizing what changes are expected to meet the needs of the future and the principles we will strive for going forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1759-1773"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrating System Dynamics with System Modeling Language for Resilient System Design","authors":"Ivan Taylor, Kenneth Cureton, Al Thibeault","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Resilience engineering requires robust methodologies to model and predict system behavior under adverse conditions. While the Systems Modeling Language is excellent for designing system structures, it cannot simulate dynamic behavior over time. System Dynamics focuses on feedback loops, stocks, and flows, providing a simulation-based approach to modeling such behavior. This paper examines the integration of System Dynamics with System Modeling Language to enhance resilience modeling. It emphasizes potential benefits, challenges, and future research opportunities. By examining the methodologies, mapping their elements, and considering implementation strategies, the paper aims to provide a framework for systems engineers seeking to design resilient systems capable of avoiding, withstanding, and recovering from adversities.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"380-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of A Verification Complexity Framework","authors":"Sukhwan Jung, Alejandro Salado","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1002/iis2.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Complexity is a core characteristic of concern for systems engineering practice. Verification, while a pervasive process in the engineering of systems, has been given relatively less research focus in terms of its complexity than system complexity has. We have proposed the Verification Complexity Framework as a formal definition of verification complexity to initiate a dialogue on distinguishing verification complexity from system complexity. The framework is designed to cover both static and dynamic complexity through the time axis and the hierarchical complexity layers, covering from external effects to the verification structures. This framework provides a common vocabulary for verification complexity, where both its definition and measurements can be discussed. In this paper, we showcase the application of VCF to a notional project.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"297-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT AS A DRIVER FOR SUSTAINABILITY","authors":"Adriana D'Souza, Haydn Jones, Sandrine Gonthier","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In today's complex and ever-evolving world, the urgency for sustainability is unmistakable. The UN Sustainable Development Goals serve as our guiding framework. The critical question is: how can we effect meaningful change? We find ourselves in a dynamic cycle of continuous improvement, where we refine our systems and products to enhance functionality while prioritizing the reduction of emissions, costs, and environmental impact. By embracing sustainable design, circularity, and frugality, we can pave the way for a more resilient future. Configuration Management should serve as a key enhancer and become a decisive partner in our sustainability efforts. The proposed approach focuses on exploring how Configuration Management can actively contribute through adapting its practices and while providing the structure and visibility necessary for responsible resource management and reinforcing our commitment to sustainable development. This aligns with the INCOSE Systems Engineering Vision 2035, which emphasizes the importance of integrating sustainable practices into systems engineering to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1166-1182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Navigating Innovation: MBSE Adoption at Turkish Aerospace","authors":"Zilvinas Strolia, Aiste Aleksandraviciene, Ozlem Erdener Sonmez, Gokan Pehlivanoglu","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Turkish Aerospace has been developing indigenous aircraft design for 30 years with a well-defined systems engineering methodology in line with the guidelines of INCOSE. However, in parallel to the improvements in technology, the aircraft systems have evolved to be more complex, requiring new solutions to support the complexity and an increasing demand to reduce the time to deliver. Complex Aircraft Design contains many system designs, including advanced avionics, communicating through integrated network systems, and communicating with assets outside of the aircraft. The development of this complex system pushes the limits of traditional Systems Engineering approaches, necessitating new methods to manage the increasing complexity. Model-Based Systems Engineering represents a modern approach to Systems Engineering, shifting the focus to using models as the primary source of information for developing complex systems. As Model-Based Systems Engineering aids in tackling the intricate challenges inherent in advanced technologies, Turkish Aerospace has decided to transition to Model-Based Systems Engineering for the new Complex Aircraft Design Project. Turkish Aerospace traditionally relied on conventional Systems Engineering practices, where standalone documents served as the primary artifacts for system development. As a result, the organization has had limited experience with Model-Based Systems Engineering and how to effectively implement it in practice. This lack of familiarity created challenges in adopting the new approach within the organization. In this paper, Turkish Aerospace shares their experience transitioning from the traditional to Model-Based Systems Engineering, discussing the transformation process, issues, and practical insights. Prior to this specific case, a typical MBSE adoption process is presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1432-1447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artist Intellectual Property Rights Protection & GenAI: A Systems Approach","authors":"Jon Wade, Hortense Gerardo, Dana Polojärvi","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rise of generative AI large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, has sparked legal and ethical debates over copyright infringement. Artists argue that these systems exploit their intellectual property (IP), while developers maintain their methods are non-expressive, thus avoiding direct legal violations. However, the training of AI on human-generated media patterns raises fundamental questions about the ownership of artistic algorithms and patterns – the cognitive frameworks – that define an artist's style and creative fingerprint. These patterns, the result of years of practice and innovation, are appropriated by AI systems without proper recognition or compensation. This paper employs a systems approach to investigate these issues, analyzing the interplay of sociotechnical factors—technological, legal, and social—underpinning the tension between generative AI and artist IP rights. By framing the problem as a system with interdependent components, this research explores the pathways through which artists can assert ownership, developers can adopt fair practices, and legal frameworks can evolve to protect artistic integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"1083-1098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brandt Sandman, Paul Wach, Alejandro Salado, Joe Gregory, Taylan G. Topcu, Geoffrey Kerr
{"title":"Digital Engineering Testbed for Test and Evaluation: Operation Safe Passage Status and Lessons Learned","authors":"Brandt Sandman, Paul Wach, Alejandro Salado, Joe Gregory, Taylan G. Topcu, Geoffrey Kerr","doi":"10.1002/iis2.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iis2.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the digital paradigm, many evaluations may be conducted through digital modeling and analysis as well as data fusion means that combine digital and physical test results. Our research aims to contribute to the digital transformation of T&E through creation of a framework and testbed to prove-in the methods and tools as we progress through a roadmap of tiers of T&E transformation. We present our vision and transformation status using a fictitious case study referred to as Operation Safe Passage and findings following the conduct of a mock interim design review.</p>","PeriodicalId":100663,"journal":{"name":"INCOSE International Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"535-553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}