IET Blockchain最新文献

{"title":"Improved Consensus Protocol for IoT Trust Management Systems","authors":"Yumeng Huang,&nbsp;Xiuxia Tian","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT), the security collaboration between devices poses higher demands on traditional trust management. Blockchain technology, due to its decentralisation and tamper-proof characteristics, has become an effective solution for building trustworthy IoT systems. However, traditional consensus protocols (like PBFT) face issues such as high communication overhead and insufficient scalability in IoT environments. In response, an improved consensus protocol, Improved Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (IPBFT), is proposed, which combines K-means to optimise node grouping, reducing network communication complexity, while also introducing a dynamic credit assessment mechanism to evaluate the trustworthiness of nodes and filter reliable consensus nodes. Finally, based on these two improvements, a trust system for IoT based on Hyperledger Fabric is designed and implemented. Experimental results show that compared to traditional PBFT, IPBFT reduces latency and communication complexity by over 50%, making it more suitable for large-scale IoT trust management scenarios and providing a new technical approach for efficient and trustworthy collaboration in blockchain applications within the IoT.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148174565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"System Design and Prototype Validation of a Blockchain-Based Product Carbon Footprint Accounting System","authors":"Juan Du,&nbsp;Jian Cui,&nbsp;Jiongju Hao","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As climate change intensifies, reliable product carbon footprint accounting requires not only accurate calculation but also auditable multi-party data management. This study presents a system design and prototype validation of a blockchain-based product carbon footprint accounting system. The system combines a standard life cycle assessment (LCA) pipeline with a permissioned blockchain, smart-contract-based rule execution and auditable on-chain records. The contribution is an engineering integration and validation framework rather than a new blockchain consensus algorithm. Using 1200 lifecycle records from three product categories, eight enterprises and four regions, we evaluate accounting error, processing efficiency, consistency and tamper evidence under controlled deployment (12 PBFT nodes). Compared with the manual LCA workflow, the prototype improves accounting efficiency by 76.39%, keeps calculation deviations within ±5% (MAPE 2.08%) and reaches 98.5% cross-regional record consistency. Additional comparisons with non-blockchain digital baselines show that blockchain mainly improves multi-party auditability and post-submission data integrity. The results support prototype-level feasibility, while source-data truthfulness and large-scale-node performance remain open challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148174567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Consensus Protocol for IoT Trust Management Systems","authors":"Yumeng Huang,&nbsp;Xiuxia Tian","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT), the security collaboration between devices poses higher demands on traditional trust management. Blockchain technology, due to its decentralisation and tamper-proof characteristics, has become an effective solution for building trustworthy IoT systems. However, traditional consensus protocols (like PBFT) face issues such as high communication overhead and insufficient scalability in IoT environments. In response, an improved consensus protocol, Improved Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (IPBFT), is proposed, which combines K-means to optimise node grouping, reducing network communication complexity, while also introducing a dynamic credit assessment mechanism to evaluate the trustworthiness of nodes and filter reliable consensus nodes. Finally, based on these two improvements, a trust system for IoT based on Hyperledger Fabric is designed and implemented. Experimental results show that compared to traditional PBFT, IPBFT reduces latency and communication complexity by over 50%, making it more suitable for large-scale IoT trust management scenarios and providing a new technical approach for efficient and trustworthy collaboration in blockchain applications within the IoT.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148174512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"System Design and Prototype Validation of a Blockchain-Based Product Carbon Footprint Accounting System","authors":"Juan Du,&nbsp;Jian Cui,&nbsp;Jiongju Hao","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As climate change intensifies, reliable product carbon footprint accounting requires not only accurate calculation but also auditable multi-party data management. This study presents a system design and prototype validation of a blockchain-based product carbon footprint accounting system. The system combines a standard life cycle assessment (LCA) pipeline with a permissioned blockchain, smart-contract-based rule execution and auditable on-chain records. The contribution is an engineering integration and validation framework rather than a new blockchain consensus algorithm. Using 1200 lifecycle records from three product categories, eight enterprises and four regions, we evaluate accounting error, processing efficiency, consistency and tamper evidence under controlled deployment (12 PBFT nodes). Compared with the manual LCA workflow, the prototype improves accounting efficiency by 76.39%, keeps calculation deviations within ±5% (MAPE 2.08%) and reaches 98.5% cross-regional record consistency. Additional comparisons with non-blockchain digital baselines show that blockchain mainly improves multi-party auditability and post-submission data integrity. The results support prototype-level feasibility, while source-data truthfulness and large-scale-node performance remain open challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148174568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralised Ledger Solutions for Scalable and Trustworthy Resource Management During Disasters","authors":"Talluri Lakshmi Siva Rama Krishna,&nbsp;Vadlakonda Sai Vishal,&nbsp;Javangula Vamsinath","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Efficient disaster response requires scalable, transparent and trustworthy resource management systems. However, centralized approaches frequently suffer from coordination delays, data tampering risks, limited transparency and single points of failure, reducing reliability during large-scale crises. This study presents a decentralised blockchain-based framework that integrates smart contracts, decentralised multi-source oracles for Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled field reporting, role-based access control and adaptive urgency scoring to improve allocation prioritisation and trust calibration. The architecture follows a structured three-tier design. The edge layer supports real-time sensing and secure data offloading through the Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS). The blockchain logic layer enforces operational policies, dynamic prioritisation, and reputation scoring using modular, gas-efficient smart contracts. An integration/API layer ensures secure interoperability among emergency agencies and stakeholders. A hybrid blockchain model combines Ethereum Proof-of-Stake (PoS) for public transparency with a permissioned consortium chain for controlled governance. Natural Language Processing (NLP) derives urgency scores from textual disaster reports, while a dynamic supply-demand aware algorithm adapts resource allocation in real time. Multi-signature governance and reputation mechanisms further enhance accountability. Experimental evaluation on a simulated testnet demonstrates throughput up to 1000 Transactions Per Second (TPS), alongside measurable improvements in fairness, auditability and allocation efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148174073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralised Ledger Solutions for Scalable and Trustworthy Resource Management During Disasters","authors":"Talluri Lakshmi Siva Rama Krishna,&nbsp;Vadlakonda Sai Vishal,&nbsp;Javangula Vamsinath","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Efficient disaster response requires scalable, transparent and trustworthy resource management systems. However, centralized approaches frequently suffer from coordination delays, data tampering risks, limited transparency and single points of failure, reducing reliability during large-scale crises. This study presents a decentralised blockchain-based framework that integrates smart contracts, decentralised multi-source oracles for Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled field reporting, role-based access control and adaptive urgency scoring to improve allocation prioritisation and trust calibration. The architecture follows a structured three-tier design. The edge layer supports real-time sensing and secure data offloading through the Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS). The blockchain logic layer enforces operational policies, dynamic prioritisation, and reputation scoring using modular, gas-efficient smart contracts. An integration/API layer ensures secure interoperability among emergency agencies and stakeholders. A hybrid blockchain model combines Ethereum Proof-of-Stake (PoS) for public transparency with a permissioned consortium chain for controlled governance. Natural Language Processing (NLP) derives urgency scores from textual disaster reports, while a dynamic supply-demand aware algorithm adapts resource allocation in real time. Multi-signature governance and reputation mechanisms further enhance accountability. Experimental evaluation on a simulated testnet demonstrates throughput up to 1000 Transactions Per Second (TPS), alongside measurable improvements in fairness, auditability and allocation efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148174077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148093666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Blockchain Technology in the Pharmaceutical Industry to Track Medicines in Zambia","authors":"Derrick Ntalasha,&nbsp;Michael Sinkolongo","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70043","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In Zambia, we do not have a foolproof system that can help in tracking drugs from the manufacturers through the supply chain to the consumers in real time. This paper highlights how we solved this problem through the use of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology provides a distributed record of transactions (ledger) that allows transactions to be written efficiently and permanently. Further, it provides a mechanism for verifying such transactions. The developed solution, the Medicine Tracking System (MTS), uses a public blockchain architecture that works on a Proof of Work (PoW) consensus algorithm. The MTS keeps a record of all the major transactions that occur between the manufacturer and the end-user of the medicine. A transaction can be a sale, a receipt of medicine, a delivery, an issuance of a prescription or even a report of damage. Each transaction is input into the system by the main player or actor at each occurrence of the transaction, keeping note of the details such as the date and location of the transaction. By tracking these details about a transaction, it was possible to trace with certainty and accuracy the path that a particular medicine traversed to the end-user and all the actors involved along the way. Therefore, any unauthorised actors were easily identified and dealt with. Further, the quality of the medicine was monitored and kept in check. Because each transaction is time-sensitive, the duration of medicines in transit or storage was measured concerning their expiry date. The PoW consensus algorithm was used to achieve agreement or consensus on every transaction sent to the network. Multiple nodes participated in validating a transaction, and these had to reach consensus by following the mechanisms provided for by this algorithm. This was achieved by creating a unique timestamp for each transaction and then packaging it into a block. The contents of the block were then hashed using PoW and added to the chain with a pointer to the preceding block's hash through a process called mining. To successfully mine a block, a miner has to compute the solution to a mathematical problem. The mined block then has to be broadcast to the network. This created a record of transactions that could not be altered unless the PoW was redone. The results of the system show that users in the pharmaceutical chain can record transactions they are involved in. Furthermore, the system can transmit all transactions to the blockchain, where miners can capture them, verify them, and add them to the blockchain database, forming an indelible record of transactions. Unlike existing blockchain-based pharmaceutical systems such as MediLedger, PharmaLedger, and Blockpharma, which primarily focus on regulatory integration within high-income countries, our MTS is specifically designed for the Zambian pharmaceutical ecosystem, which lacks the necessary infrastructure and connectivity to adopt existing global models. The novelty of MTS lies in its con","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148097461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Blockchain Technology in the Pharmaceutical Industry to Track Medicines in Zambia","authors":"Derrick Ntalasha,&nbsp;Michael Sinkolongo","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70043","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In Zambia, we do not have a foolproof system that can help in tracking drugs from the manufacturers through the supply chain to the consumers in real time. This paper highlights how we solved this problem through the use of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology provides a distributed record of transactions (ledger) that allows transactions to be written efficiently and permanently. Further, it provides a mechanism for verifying such transactions. The developed solution, the Medicine Tracking System (MTS), uses a public blockchain architecture that works on a Proof of Work (PoW) consensus algorithm. The MTS keeps a record of all the major transactions that occur between the manufacturer and the end-user of the medicine. A transaction can be a sale, a receipt of medicine, a delivery, an issuance of a prescription or even a report of damage. Each transaction is input into the system by the main player or actor at each occurrence of the transaction, keeping note of the details such as the date and location of the transaction. By tracking these details about a transaction, it was possible to trace with certainty and accuracy the path that a particular medicine traversed to the end-user and all the actors involved along the way. Therefore, any unauthorised actors were easily identified and dealt with. Further, the quality of the medicine was monitored and kept in check. Because each transaction is time-sensitive, the duration of medicines in transit or storage was measured concerning their expiry date. The PoW consensus algorithm was used to achieve agreement or consensus on every transaction sent to the network. Multiple nodes participated in validating a transaction, and these had to reach consensus by following the mechanisms provided for by this algorithm. This was achieved by creating a unique timestamp for each transaction and then packaging it into a block. The contents of the block were then hashed using PoW and added to the chain with a pointer to the preceding block's hash through a process called mining. To successfully mine a block, a miner has to compute the solution to a mathematical problem. The mined block then has to be broadcast to the network. This created a record of transactions that could not be altered unless the PoW was redone. The results of the system show that users in the pharmaceutical chain can record transactions they are involved in. Furthermore, the system can transmit all transactions to the blockchain, where miners can capture them, verify them, and add them to the blockchain database, forming an indelible record of transactions. Unlike existing blockchain-based pharmaceutical systems such as MediLedger, PharmaLedger, and Blockpharma, which primarily focus on regulatory integration within high-income countries, our MTS is specifically designed for the Zambian pharmaceutical ecosystem, which lacks the necessary infrastructure and connectivity to adopt existing global models. The novelty of MTS lies in its con","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148095700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Blockchain for Enhanced EHR Access Monitoring: Integrating Context-Aware and Attribute-Based Tools for Comprehensive Data Security","authors":"Sharabani Sutradhar,&nbsp;Rajesh Bose,&nbsp;Arfat Ahmad Khan,&nbsp;Sandip Roy,&nbsp;Shib Shankar Golder,&nbsp;Sudipta Majumder,&nbsp;Deepak Prashar,&nbsp;Mohd Asif Shah","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The management of electronic health records (EHR) demands not only secure storage but also rigorous access monitoring to safeguard patient privacy and ensure regulatory compliance. While blockchain technology provides data immutability, many healthcare systems lack integrated and effective auditing mechanisms, exposing them to risks of data breaches, unauthorised access, and compliance failures. This study proposes a blockchain-enabled EHR access monitoring framework that incorporates advanced auditing tools to capture comprehensive metadata on access events, including who accessed the data, when, where, how, and why. To address the limitations of traditional purpose-based access control, the framework integrates context-aware access control and attribute-based access control models. These enable dynamic, context-sensitive, and attribute-driven access policies based on parameters such as user role, time, location, and data sensitivity. Additionally, real-time auditing capabilities are enhanced using Elasticsearch, Splunk, and Grafana for log analysis, anomaly detection, data visualisation, and predictive analytics. This integration not only strengthens surveillance but also enables timely responses to suspicious activities. By leveraging blockchain's tamper-proof ledger and combining it with automated auditing and intelligent access control, the proposed framework enhances security, supports compliance with regulations like HIPAA (health insurance portability and accountability act) and GDPR(general data protection regulation), and fosters institutional trust through transparent and accountable data governance in healthcare environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148088322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}