IET Blockchain最新文献

{"title":"A Blockchain-Based Privacy Protection Scheme for Bidding Transactions Supporting Threshold Traceability","authors":"Linyun Song,&nbsp;Qingshui Xue,&nbsp;Zhimin Wang,&nbsp;Haifeng Ma,&nbsp;Zhang Li","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bidding transactions are widely used in scenarios such as government procurement and corporate tendering. However, while traditional blockchain achieves transparency in transactions, it also poses a risk of sensitive information such as bidder identity, quotation, and time being leaked, thereby undermining the fairness and compliance of bidding. Addressing the challenge of the incompatibility between strong anonymity and regulatory compliance in existing blockchain privacy protection schemes, this paper proposes a blockchain bidding privacy protection scheme with threshold traceability based on the bidding transaction scenario. Firstly, our scheme constructs a permissioned ring signature structure based on qualification verification, achieving strong identity anonymity while ensuring the validity of anonymous aggregation. By introducing a time-lock commitment mechanism and a zero-knowledge timeliness verification mechanism, it ensures the confidentiality of bidding content while guaranteeing that the submission is completed before the deadline, thereby achieving verifiable temporal compliance. To balance privacy protection and regulatory compliance, this paper designs a (t, n) threshold traceability mechanism based on Shamir's secret sharing, which fragments the master key among multiple regulators. Only through multi-party collaborative authorisation can the identity of non-compliant bidders be revealed, thereby reducing the risk of regulatory abuse. Security analysis proves that this scheme meets security requirements such as unforgeability, bidding privacy, and policy integrity under standard cryptographic assumptions. Extensive experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme achieves competitive performance in terms of privacy preservation and traceability compared with existing schemes.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148754060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Blockchain-Based Privacy Protection Scheme for Bidding Transactions Supporting Threshold Traceability","authors":"Linyun Song,&nbsp;Qingshui Xue,&nbsp;Zhimin Wang,&nbsp;Haifeng Ma,&nbsp;Zhang Li","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bidding transactions are widely used in scenarios such as government procurement and corporate tendering. However, while traditional blockchain achieves transparency in transactions, it also poses a risk of sensitive information such as bidder identity, quotation, and time being leaked, thereby undermining the fairness and compliance of bidding. Addressing the challenge of the incompatibility between strong anonymity and regulatory compliance in existing blockchain privacy protection schemes, this paper proposes a blockchain bidding privacy protection scheme with threshold traceability based on the bidding transaction scenario. Firstly, our scheme constructs a permissioned ring signature structure based on qualification verification, achieving strong identity anonymity while ensuring the validity of anonymous aggregation. By introducing a time-lock commitment mechanism and a zero-knowledge timeliness verification mechanism, it ensures the confidentiality of bidding content while guaranteeing that the submission is completed before the deadline, thereby achieving verifiable temporal compliance. To balance privacy protection and regulatory compliance, this paper designs a (t, n) threshold traceability mechanism based on Shamir's secret sharing, which fragments the master key among multiple regulators. Only through multi-party collaborative authorisation can the identity of non-compliant bidders be revealed, thereby reducing the risk of regulatory abuse. Security analysis proves that this scheme meets security requirements such as unforgeability, bidding privacy, and policy integrity under standard cryptographic assumptions. Extensive experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme achieves competitive performance in terms of privacy preservation and traceability compared with existing schemes.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148754212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Policy-Driven Ecosystem for an Indonesian Rupiah Stablecoin","authors":"Richard Wiputra,&nbsp;Thomas Hardjono","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Indonesia has established itself as a regional leader in cryptocurrency adoption; however, its regulatory framework is marked by institutional fragmentation and patchwork legal mandates. The introduction of a widely accepted Rupiah-pegged stablecoin could provide a locally governed digital currency that fosters financial innovation while mitigating reliance on foreign-denominated assets. In this study, we propose a policy-driven architecture that emphasizes transparency through a three-layer model for the issuance, reservation and circulation of stablecoins. Community visibility into the status of the Rupiah stablecoin can be achieved by implementing a system across three publicly accessible decentralized ledgers, each dedicated to managing different aspects of the stablecoin lifecycle. The proposed three-layer model addresses the current gap between policy and implementation, offering policymakers and regulators relevant ‘policy hooks’ into the technological layer that enacts policies. Furthermore, the three-layer model facilitates a shared techno-regulatory framework for policymakers, regulators, technology providers and entrepreneurs to consider the various operational aspects of Rupiah stablecoins.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CryptoCastAI: A Unified AI-Driven System for Cryptocurrency Market Forecasting and Model Comparison","authors":"Ritu Chauhan,&nbsp;Shelly Kaushik,&nbsp;Dhananjay Singh","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Objective: The markets of cryptocurrencies are highly volatile, and the trading is constant, which makes it especially difficult to predict the prices correctly. The majority of current prediction methods are mostly based on historical data and do not remain applicable in real-time. In this work, the authors provide a proposal of <b>CryptoCastAI</b>, a two-pipeline artificial intelligence-based cryptocurrency forecasting model, which can be used to complement the practical application and decision support by incorporating both the analysis of the historical data and the analysis of the market (in real time).</p><p>Method: The suggested framework includes the use of three complementary forecasting models: Prophet that allows modelling interpretable trends and seasonality, XGBoost that allows modelling nonlinear price dynamics, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks that allow sequential learning of temporal patterns. Historical price data of Bitcoin and Ethereum were used to analyse the model performance, and the performance of real-time data was evaluated using the live market data, which were obtained via the CoinGecko Application Programming Interface (API). Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) were used to assess model performance. The system was implemented through an interactive system in Streamlit that allowed visualising predictions, volatility, and performance of the models in real-time.</p><p>Result: The experimental findings on the static historical data show that XGBoost was the best model with an MAE of 140.72, RMSE of 266.52, MAPE of 7.30%, and an <i>R</i>² of 0.46, which has a higher predictive accuracy than other models. Prophet had a good trend and seasonality interpretation but lower predictive performance (MAE = 243.75, RMSE = 415.26, <i>R</i>² = −0.49). LSTM performed the worst in the static environment (MAE = 363.39, RMSE = 443.70, <i>R</i>² = −0.12) and had weaknesses in forecasting real-time as it is sensitive to short-term market fluctuations.</p><p>Conclusion: The results indicate that the combination of multiple forecasting machine learning algorithms in a single, real-time framework can improve predictive power as well as interpretability in cryptocurrency price forecasting. The CryptoCastAI is a good solution to the problem of implementing academic forecasting models in the real world by providing a combination of live data ingestion, model comparison, and user-friendly visualisation. The suggested system can be a scalable and interpretable decision-support system to analyse cryptocurrency markets in real-time and emphasise the feasible benefits of ensemble-based AI forecasting strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Offline Blockchain Transaction Systems","authors":"Srivatsav Chenna,&nbsp;Christian Prehofer","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Blockchain systems rely on stable network connectivity to ensure secure and tamper-proof transactions. While this works well in areas with reliable network connectivity, it can limit blockchain's functionality in remote areas or during natural disasters. Over the years, blockchain-based digital currencies have gained popularity as a means of payment. In order for digital currencies to be comparable with physical cash, blockchain systems need to adopt and support offline transactions. To address these issues, researchers are exploring the potential of offline blockchain systems. In this paper, we provide a systematic study on offline blockchain implementations. We present the various security and privacy issues that arise from the absence of network connectivity in blockchain systems. To better understand the offline blockchain implementations, we provide a systematic and novel categorisation of the various methodologies and analyse how different combinations of methods are used together. Additionally, we outline a three-phase framework that systematically maps security risks to each execution phase of offline blockchain systems. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the literature based on the security and privacy issues addressed is provided, and a discussion on the research gaps and the current state of offline blockchain systems is summarised.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Policy-Driven Ecosystem for an Indonesian Rupiah Stablecoin","authors":"Richard Wiputra,&nbsp;Thomas Hardjono","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Indonesia has established itself as a regional leader in cryptocurrency adoption; however, its regulatory framework is marked by institutional fragmentation and patchwork legal mandates. The introduction of a widely accepted Rupiah-pegged stablecoin could provide a locally governed digital currency that fosters financial innovation while mitigating reliance on foreign-denominated assets. In this study, we propose a policy-driven architecture that emphasizes transparency through a three-layer model for the issuance, reservation and circulation of stablecoins. Community visibility into the status of the Rupiah stablecoin can be achieved by implementing a system across three publicly accessible decentralized ledgers, each dedicated to managing different aspects of the stablecoin lifecycle. The proposed three-layer model addresses the current gap between policy and implementation, offering policymakers and regulators relevant ‘policy hooks’ into the technological layer that enacts policies. Furthermore, the three-layer model facilitates a shared techno-regulatory framework for policymakers, regulators, technology providers and entrepreneurs to consider the various operational aspects of Rupiah stablecoins.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CryptoCastAI: A Unified AI-Driven System for Cryptocurrency Market Forecasting and Model Comparison","authors":"Ritu Chauhan,&nbsp;Shelly Kaushik,&nbsp;Dhananjay Singh","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Objective: The markets of cryptocurrencies are highly volatile, and the trading is constant, which makes it especially difficult to predict the prices correctly. The majority of current prediction methods are mostly based on historical data and do not remain applicable in real-time. In this work, the authors provide a proposal of <b>CryptoCastAI</b>, a two-pipeline artificial intelligence-based cryptocurrency forecasting model, which can be used to complement the practical application and decision support by incorporating both the analysis of the historical data and the analysis of the market (in real time).</p><p>Method: The suggested framework includes the use of three complementary forecasting models: Prophet that allows modelling interpretable trends and seasonality, XGBoost that allows modelling nonlinear price dynamics, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks that allow sequential learning of temporal patterns. Historical price data of Bitcoin and Ethereum were used to analyse the model performance, and the performance of real-time data was evaluated using the live market data, which were obtained via the CoinGecko Application Programming Interface (API). Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) were used to assess model performance. The system was implemented through an interactive system in Streamlit that allowed visualising predictions, volatility, and performance of the models in real-time.</p><p>Result: The experimental findings on the static historical data show that XGBoost was the best model with an MAE of 140.72, RMSE of 266.52, MAPE of 7.30%, and an <i>R</i>² of 0.46, which has a higher predictive accuracy than other models. Prophet had a good trend and seasonality interpretation but lower predictive performance (MAE = 243.75, RMSE = 415.26, <i>R</i>² = −0.49). LSTM performed the worst in the static environment (MAE = 363.39, RMSE = 443.70, <i>R</i>² = −0.12) and had weaknesses in forecasting real-time as it is sensitive to short-term market fluctuations.</p><p>Conclusion: The results indicate that the combination of multiple forecasting machine learning algorithms in a single, real-time framework can improve predictive power as well as interpretability in cryptocurrency price forecasting. The CryptoCastAI is a good solution to the problem of implementing academic forecasting models in the real world by providing a combination of live data ingestion, model comparison, and user-friendly visualisation. The suggested system can be a scalable and interpretable decision-support system to analyse cryptocurrency markets in real-time and emphasise the feasible benefits of ensemble-based AI forecasting strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Offline Blockchain Transaction Systems","authors":"Srivatsav Chenna,&nbsp;Christian Prehofer","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Blockchain systems rely on stable network connectivity to ensure secure and tamper-proof transactions. While this works well in areas with reliable network connectivity, it can limit blockchain's functionality in remote areas or during natural disasters. Over the years, blockchain-based digital currencies have gained popularity as a means of payment. In order for digital currencies to be comparable with physical cash, blockchain systems need to adopt and support offline transactions. To address these issues, researchers are exploring the potential of offline blockchain systems. In this paper, we provide a systematic study on offline blockchain implementations. We present the various security and privacy issues that arise from the absence of network connectivity in blockchain systems. To better understand the offline blockchain implementations, we provide a systematic and novel categorisation of the various methodologies and analyse how different combinations of methods are used together. Additionally, we outline a three-phase framework that systematically maps security risks to each execution phase of offline blockchain systems. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the literature based on the security and privacy issues addressed is provided, and a discussion on the research gaps and the current state of offline blockchain systems is summarised.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockchain-Based Secure Data Sharing for IoT Devices Using Smart Contracts: A Systematic Review and Taxonomy","authors":"Rintu Augustine,&nbsp;Anjali Sankar,&nbsp;Nithin Prasad,&nbsp;Akshay C. Nagesh","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has created an urgent demand for secure, scalable and interoperable data-sharing architectures. Centralized paradigms exhibit single points of failure, inadequate access control and limited transparency, rendering them structurally misaligned with the distributed nature of IoT deployments. This paper presents a systematic review and taxonomy of blockchain-based secure data-sharing frameworks for IoT, synthesizing 20 peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2025. The literature is organized into four thematic clusters: (i) access control and authentication, (ii) decentralized storage and integrity verification using IPFS, (iii) privacy-preserving federated learning integrated with blockchain and (iv) domain-specific deployments in healthcare, industrial IoT, and intelligent transport systems. For each cluster, we synthesize consensus mechanism choices, chain-type selection, storage strategy, access-control model and threat-model coverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockchain-Based Secure Data Sharing for IoT Devices Using Smart Contracts: A Systematic Review and Taxonomy","authors":"Rintu Augustine,&nbsp;Anjali Sankar,&nbsp;Nithin Prasad,&nbsp;Akshay C. Nagesh","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has created an urgent demand for secure, scalable and interoperable data-sharing architectures. Centralized paradigms exhibit single points of failure, inadequate access control and limited transparency, rendering them structurally misaligned with the distributed nature of IoT deployments. This paper presents a systematic review and taxonomy of blockchain-based secure data-sharing frameworks for IoT, synthesizing 20 peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2025. The literature is organized into four thematic clusters: (i) access control and authentication, (ii) decentralized storage and integrity verification using IPFS, (iii) privacy-preserving federated learning integrated with blockchain and (iv) domain-specific deployments in healthcare, industrial IoT, and intelligent transport systems. For each cluster, we synthesize consensus mechanism choices, chain-type selection, storage strategy, access-control model and threat-model coverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}