IET Blockchain最新文献

{"title":"Proof of Team Sprint: A Collaborative Consensus Algorithm for Reducing Energy Consumption in Blockchain Systems","authors":"Naoki Yonezawa","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper introduces proof of team sprint (PoTS), a novel consensus algorithm designed to address the significant energy inefficiencies inherent in traditional proof of work (PoW) systems. PoTS shifts the consensus mechanism from an individual competition model to a collaborative team-based approach. Participants are organized into groups, with each group collaboratively working to solve cryptographic puzzles required to validate transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain. This collaborative approach aims to reduce redundant computation and improve overall energy efficiency. While PoTS is designed to preserve key aspects of security and decentralization, a full evaluation of these properties depends on deployment-specific factors. Under idealized conditions, our model suggests that PoTS can reduce energy consumption by up to a factor of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$1/N$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, where <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <annotation>$N$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> is the number of participants per team, compared to PoW. Furthermore, PoTS incorporates a team-based reward mechanism that promotes more balanced participation. While this approach encourages inclusivity, its long-term effects on engagement and network stability require further empirical validation. The paper also discusses the scalability, security implications, and potential challenges of adopting PoTS, positioning it as a promising alternative for sustainable blockchain technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Human Resource Managers' Perspectives on Blockchain Technology Adoption in the Automobile Industry: An Indian Study","authors":"Priya Chanda,&nbsp;Sukanta Ghosh,&nbsp;Sangeeta Dhankhar,&nbsp;Mahender Singh Kaswan,&nbsp;Jose Arturo Garza-Reyes","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents human resource (HR) managers’ perceptions of blockchain adoption in India's automobile industry. An exploratory mixed-method design consisting of qualitative and quantitative study was employed, involving 110 semi-structured interviews with HR managers and their responses were used. Data collection and analysis followed a three-phase design and thematic analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarke's six-step framework with support from NVivo 12. To enhance reliability, two coders independently reviewed 25% of transcripts, achieving 87% intercoder agreement; saturation was reached by the 98th interview. The study uses the technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution approach to prioritise the perceived benefits and challenges to the adoption of blockchain technology. Findings highlight blockchain's potential for data security, recruitment, compliance and transparency, alongside challenges of technical complexity, cost, regulatory uncertainty and limited skills. Based on these insights, a conceptual framework and architectural model are proposed for blockchain-enabled HR processes. This study provides one of the first large-scale, nationwide, HR-focused qualitative and quantitative mappings of blockchain adoption in India, contributing to debates on digital adoption, supply chain resilience and organisational change.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146680280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"C\u0000 3\u0000 \u0000 C\u0000 r\u0000 o\u0000 w\u0000 d\u0000 \u0000 $C^3Crowd$\u0000 : Crowd Contributor and Consumer Framework for Secure Crowd Management Using Blockchain","authors":"Sukanta Chakraborty,&nbsp;Abhishek Majumder","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Over the years, numerous efforts have been undertaken to accurately forecast traffic conditions and thereby preventing additional congestion. However, existing crowd management techniques focus on recognizing and counting the crowd while leaving the security of crowd information. A typical crowd management system is centralized and faces challenges, such as contributor selection reliability, fair payment evaluation, privacy concerns and high deployment costs. This study investigates security concerns in crowd management and evaluates the potential of blockchain technology to improve crowd management security. Combining the power of blockchain (decentralization and security) and smart contracts, this work proposes a secure crowd management architecture named &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$C^3Crowd$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. The &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$C^3Crowd$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; framework operates on blockchain, utilizes cryptographic algorithms, and incorporates reputation management along with credit distribution through smart contracts. &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$C^3Crowd$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; effectively safeguards crowd data while its revenue structure entices users to actively contribute to the system. &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$C^3Crowd$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; has been simulated on GoQuorum's Ethereum private ","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockchain in Communication Networks: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Quazi Mamun,&nbsp;Zhenni Pan,&nbsp;Jun Wu","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Blockchain is emerging as a trust substrate for multi-operator communication networks where centralised control can hinder auditability, settlement, and cross-domain security. This survey consolidates blockchain fundamentals relevant to telecom (consensus, cryptography, smart contracts, and governance) and synthesises how these primitives enable secure logs, automated roaming/settlement, decentralised identity, resource trading, and 5G/6G slicing and edge computing. The authors introduce an end-to-end taxonomy that maps blockchain mechanisms to network functions and cross-cutting constraints and provide comparative evidence from representative studies on performance (latency/throughput), operational cost, and deployment maturity. A structured literature search and screening process over major digital libraries yields a curated corpus spanning 2015–2025, with emphasis on recent advances in permissioned and hybrid designs suited to low-latency networking. The review identifies persistent gaps – scalability under high churn, energy and hardware overhead, interoperability across chains and legacy control planes, and regulatory compliance – and distils actionable research directions, including AI-assisted consensus, cross-chain orchestration for multi-domain slicing, and privacy-preserving accountability. Finally, case studies illustrate practical design trade-offs and highlight when blockchain provides a net benefit over conventional databases.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"C\u0000 3\u0000 \u0000 C\u0000 r\u0000 o\u0000 w\u0000 d\u0000 \u0000 $C^3Crowd$\u0000 : Crowd Contributor and Consumer Framework for Secure Crowd Management Using Blockchain","authors":"Sukanta Chakraborty,&nbsp;Abhishek Majumder","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Over the years, numerous efforts have been undertaken to accurately forecast traffic conditions and thereby preventing additional congestion. However, existing crowd management techniques focus on recognizing and counting the crowd while leaving the security of crowd information. A typical crowd management system is centralized and faces challenges, such as contributor selection reliability, fair payment evaluation, privacy concerns and high deployment costs. This study investigates security concerns in crowd management and evaluates the potential of blockchain technology to improve crowd management security. Combining the power of blockchain (decentralization and security) and smart contracts, this work proposes a secure crowd management architecture named &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$C^3Crowd$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. The &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$C^3Crowd$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; framework operates on blockchain, utilizes cryptographic algorithms, and incorporates reputation management along with credit distribution through smart contracts. &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$C^3Crowd$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; effectively safeguards crowd data while its revenue structure entices users to actively contribute to the system. &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$C^3Crowd$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; has been simulated on GoQuorum's Ethereum private ","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Concept to Practice: A Blockchain-Based Solution for Secure and Efficient Academic Credentials in Higher Education","authors":"Avni Rustemi,&nbsp;Fisnik Dalipi","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70030","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The generation and verification of academic credentials, particularly diplomas, is crucial for the secure functioning, enhanced legitimacy and confidentiality of higher education institutions (HEIs). Digitising the internal services of HEIs is of great importance, as it mitigates the potential abuse of diplomas and other important documents. The prevalence of forgery attempts highlights the need for robust verification methods. In this regard, blockchain technology can be considered as a solution due to its capability to ensure the immutability, decentralisation, security and transparency of all documents stored on the blockchain network or storage. In this paper, we aim to move from concept to practical implementation of a blockchain-based framework for generating and verifying diplomas, named Diploma Integrity Authentication Record (DIAR), which, in addition to the digitalisation of diplomas and academic documents, also enables their fast, secure, and cost-effective verification. Through the paper, we describe in detail the process of practical implementation of the DIAR framework, presenting the smart contract for generating and verifying diplomas, the process of encrypting and storing diplomas as non-fungible tokens on the blockchain network or storage. At the same time, the challenges of practical implementation are also described, which are predominantly related to the scarcity of blockchain solutions for generating and verifying diplomas in HEIs. Significant attention and emphasis are placed on the legal matters pertaining to the implementation and safeguarding of students' identification and data privacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146155290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metaheuristic-Driven Feature Selection for Blockchain Fraud Detection: A Comparative Study on Machine and Deep Learning Models","authors":"Hibatou allah Boulsane,&nbsp;Karim Afdel","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70029","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Blockchain ecosystems such as Bitcoin and Ethereum are increasingly exposed to fraudulent and anomalous activities, creating a need for reliable detection methods under severe class imbalance. Although recent studies have applied machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models, many rely on accuracy-oriented evaluation and do not systematically examine feature selection, stability, and decision thresholding. In this work, we study metaheuristic feature selection using Aquila Optimiser (AO), Fox Optimiser (FOX) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) to improve the performance–parsimony trade-off in blockchain fraud detection. Using public Bitcoin and Ethereum datasets, we benchmark a diverse set of models (e.g., RF, XGB, LightGBM, FTTransformer and SAINT) with imbalance-aware metrics (PR–AUC and Precision@G1), alongside ROC–AUC for completeness. We further compare threshold-selection strategies on a validation set and assess feature-subset stability across multiple runs. Our results show that ABC-selected subsets substantially reduce the number of features and training time while maintaining–often improving–predictive performance relative to full feature sets. Overall, metaheuristic-driven feature reduction yields compact and stable feature subsets that support consistent and efficient blockchain fraud detection across ML and tabular DL pipelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146140243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EthVault: A Secure and Resource-Conscious FPGA-Based Ethereum Cold Wallet","authors":"Joel Poncha Lemayian,&nbsp;Ghyslain Gagnon,&nbsp;Kaiwen Zhang,&nbsp;Pascal Giard","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70028","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cryptocurrency blockchain networks safeguard digital assets using cryptographic keys, with wallets playing a critical role in generating, storing, and managing these keys. Wallets, typically categorized as hot and cold, offer varying degrees of security and convenience. However, they are generally software-based applications running on microcontrollers. Consequently, they are vulnerable to malware and side-channel attacks, allowing perpetrators to extract private keys by targeting critical algorithms, such as ECC, which processes private keys to generate public keys and authorize transactions. To address these issues, this work presents EthVault, the first hardware architecture for an Ethereum hierarchically deterministic cold wallet, featuring hardware implementations of key algorithms for secure key generation. Also, an ECC architecture resilient to side-channel and timing attacks is proposed. Moreover, an architecture of the child key derivation function, a fundamental component of cryptocurrency wallets, is proposed. The design minimizes resource usage, meeting market demand for small, portable cryptocurrency wallets. FPGA implementation results validate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The ECC architecture exhibits uniform execution behavior across varying inputs, while the complete design utilizes only 27%, 7%, and 6% of LUTs, registers, and RAM blocks, respectively, on a Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ FPGA.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CoINS-Parking: Compressed IoT Blockchain Network Smart Parking","authors":"Danial Fazelpour,&nbsp;Athena Abdi","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1049/blc2.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, CoINS-Parking, a compressed IoT blockchain network for smart parking systems, is presented. Smart parking collects data and processes it to provide real-time information about parking availability. This data includes the environmental information through the sensors and the users' information, which mainly has a confidentiality requirement. In CoINS-Parking, this data is transmitted to the blockchain network using a hybrid mesh-star topology. Data integrity, confidentiality, and memory management are the main requirements of this data-driven system that are provided through hashing, encryption, and data compression. Moreover, the response time of CoINS-Parking is improved by optimizing the mentioned schemes and modifying the conventional hash structure. This scheme finds the previous chain of the network in a short time, employing the largest prime factor in tree construction. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method, various experiments are considered, and it is compared to related studies. Based on these experiments, CoINS-Parking outperforms related methods in terms of memory and gas usage by about 4.4% and improves their security dramatically in cost of about 11% increase in execution time.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145572148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building Blockchain-Driven Dynamic Tax Base Dark Matter Monitoring and Governance Model: Cryptocurrency, International Tax System Reconstruction, and Global Governance","authors":"Yisheng Lin","doi":"10.1049/blc2.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/blc2.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cryptocurrency taxation poses a fundamental dilemma: how to ensure compliance while protecting privacy and enabling real-time cross-border coordination. This paper introduces a blockchain-driven framework to address these challenges. First, a permissioned consortium chain with a multi-channel architecture links OECD tax authorities, compliant exchanges and international organizations, safeguarding data sovereignty. Second, a dynamic account-transaction graph with rule-guided subgraph templates detects hidden ‘tax-base dark matter’ behaviours, including mixing services, cross-chain transfers and NFT profit masking. Third, a zero-knowledge proof protocol (zero-knowledge-TaxProof) encodes tax rules into verifiable arithmetic circuits, allowing taxpayers to prove taxable conditions without exposing details. Fourth, a dynamic-weight PBFT mechanism ties node voting power to data integrity, accuracy and responsiveness, enabling multinational collaboration. Fifth, off-chain identity anchoring with on-chain KYC decoupling preserves privacy while permitting traceability strictly under judicial authorization. Finally, a real-time dashboard and adaptive early-warning system monitors global tax-base changes with sub-minute responsiveness. Experiments on a Hyperledger Fabric testbed show the model achieves 87.8% identification accuracy, an average dark-matter capture rate of 88.9%, leakage entropy of 2.3 bits and event confirmation within 53 s. These results demonstrate a feasible, sustainable paradigm for reconstructing global digital tax governance that balances privacy, compliance and efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":100650,"journal":{"name":"IET Blockchain","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/blc2.70026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145572147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}