IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics最新文献

{"title":"Design and Optimization of a Grating-Structured Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Self-Powered Flexible Pressure Sensor","authors":"Neeraj;Navneet Gupta","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3683014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3683014","url":null,"abstract":"Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based self-powered flexible pressure sensors (SPFPSs) have attracted significant attention in healthcare monitoring, human–machine interfaces (HMIs), electronic skin, and intelligent robots. In this investigation, we primarily focused on enhancing the performance of the TENG-based SPFPSs on dielectric-to-dielectric contact separation mode. A TENG-based SPFPS with a grating structure was designed using the finite element method (FEM)-based COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0. A grating structure of triboelectric layers is employed and investigated its impact on the performance of the proposed sensor. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and nylon are used as tribonegative and tribopositive layers, respectively. The performance of the proposed grating-structured sensor was compared with that of a conventional planar configuration. The results reveal an enhancement factor of 2.16 in the electrical potential within the pressure range of 0–3000 Pa, primarily attributed to the increased effective surface contact area provided by the grating structure. These findings highlight that the investigated proposed sensor has potential for flexible wearable devices in smart healthcare monitoring, physiological signal monitoring, soft robotics, and sports monitoring.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 8","pages":"296-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11479185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148666921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Perspective and Numerical Analysis of Eco-Friendly CsGeI3 Perovskite Solar Cell","authors":"Dolly Kumari;Saurabh Kumar Pandey","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3686049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3686049","url":null,"abstract":"The growing need for clean and reliable energy solutions has accelerated interest in lead-free perovskite photovoltaics (PVs). Cesium germanium iodide (CsGeI₃) is a promising absorber owing to its suitable bandgap, strong light absorption, and environmentally benign composition. This study numerically analyzes a CsGeI₃-based perovskite solar cell (PSC) with the structure FTO/TiO₂/CsGeI₃/MoS₂/Ni using the SCAPS-1D simulator. The simulation model is first validated against reported experimental data and subsequently used then to optimize different key parameters, which include electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL) thickness, absorber thickness, defect densities, interface capture cross sections, and series resistance. The analysis reveals that minimizing interfacial defects and carrier capture cross sections is significantly essential as it affects carrier lifetime and leads to nonradiative losses, while an optimized ETL thickness of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.05~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m and absorber thickness of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.68~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m maximize charge extraction and light absorption. Under fully optimized conditions, the proposed structure attains an efficiency of 25.02%. These results provide a pathway toward high-efficiency, lead-free perovskite PVs.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 8","pages":"304-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148666917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Evaluation of Design Tradeoffs in Noise Reduction Techniques for Flexible Electronics","authors":"Kyle van Oosterhout;Martijn Timmermans;Marco Fattori;Eugenio Cantatore","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3686769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3686769","url":null,"abstract":"Thin-film transistors (TFTs) manufactured on flexible substrates are known to exhibit significant low-frequency noise, which poses challenges for their use in low-noise applications such as biosignal acquisition. Due to the temporal correlation inherent in low-frequency noise sources, techniques like chopping, autozeroing, and correlated double sampling (CDS) can be employed to mitigate 1/f noise; an approach well-established in conventional silicon-complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (Si-CMOS) circuit architectures. However, directly applying these methods to TFT-based designs is not straightforward, as the distinct device physics of TFTs introduces unique design tradeoffs. This work presents an analytical investigation of these tradeoffs for a commercial a-IGZO TFT technology on a flexible substrate. It offers a set of equations that clarify the performance limits and design considerations for implementing noise reduction techniques in TFT circuits, showing it is most noise-efficient to use the minimal switching frequency of the noise reduction technique that satisfies the noise requirements. Furthermore, while chopping is the easiest technique to implement and very effective, it reduces the input impedance of the system the most, while with autozeroing, the input impedance can be kept high but at the cost of a reduced gain in the first stage. The analysis is particularly relevant for biomedical applications, where low-noise performance is critical.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 8","pages":"312-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148666918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics Call for Papers: Special Issue on Selected Papers from the IEEE International Conference on Flexible, Printable, Sensors and Systems (FLEPS 2026)","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3714983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3714983","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 8","pages":"321-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11641343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148666923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser-Patterned Nitrogen–Carbon Materials for Flexible, Quasi-Solid-State Supercapacitors","authors":"Mamta Devi;Bhavika Chouhan;Ashish Jaswal;Premkumar Murugesan;Swati Sharma","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3677141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3677141","url":null,"abstract":"Laser-induced carbonization is a versatile processing technique for the direct writing of porous carbon patterns onto polymer sheets. We further broaden its capabilities to pattern nitrogen–carbon (N–C) materials such as graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN), and report on a hybrid N–C/porous carbon material carefully designed for <italic>quasi</i>-solid-state microsupercapacitor device applications. A multilayer precursor is prepared by screen-printing the product of an autoclave-assisted synthesis of urea and citric acid onto a flexible polyimide (PI) substrate. This assembly is carbonized using IR and UV lasers. The resulting hybrid patterns are composed of g-CN quantum dots, particles, and flakes as the top layer, and porous carbon as the bottom layer. The N-rich entities on top facilitate an electrochemically active functional material, while the bottom layer serves as the current collector. A seamless transition between the two layers, combined with a binder-free device construction, enables full utilization of the surface and properties of the N–C materials. The devices demonstrate an areal capacitance of 107.8 mF/cm² at 0.5 mA/cm² and an areal energy and power density of 9.86 uWh/cm² and 164 uW/cm², respectively. In addition to device fabrication and testing, we compare the carbonization mechanisms under UV and IR lasers, and propose an interdependent carbonization mechanism that supports secondary laser-carbonization of the underlying polymer.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 7","pages":"275-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bendable and Conformable 3-D-Printed Dielectric Resonator Antenna Enabled by Structural Segmentation","authors":"Francesco P. Chietera;Luciano Mescia;Luca Catarinucci","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3679291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3679291","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of flexible and conformable antennas is essential for devices that must operate on nonplanar surfaces, particularly in avionics, automotive, and wearable systems, where rigid solutions are often inadequate. This article presents a novel bendable dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), designed for operating in the 2.4-GHz band for Wi-Fi/IoT applications. The key contribution lies in achieving mechanical adaptability through structural segmentation of the dielectric resonator, rather than employing intrinsically flexible dielectric materials, an approach not previously explored for DRAs. In combination with a 3-D-printed flexible substrate, this method enables the antenna to preserve stable electromagnetic performance under deformation. Experimental validation confirms that the proposed design maintains a stable impedance bandwidth of approximately 28% across all tested bending configurations, with measured gain ranging from 1.82 dBi in convex bending to 4.13 dBi in concave bending. The complete design workflow, fabrication process, and measurement results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating mechanical flexibility into DRA systems through the use of additive manufacturing (AM).","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 7","pages":"247-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Tire Temperature and Pressure Sensor","authors":"Kimmo Keränen;Timo Kurkela;Jyrki Ollila;Tuomas Happonen;Marko Korkalainen;Antti Tanskanen;Anbarasan Mani;Martin Kurz;Antoine Balin","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3669482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3669482","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces sustainable sensor solution of tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS). Solution utilizes thin and flexible plastic substrate patterned by screen printing. Reference sensor (REF) circuitry is patterned by screen printing using silver paste on PET substrate. Sustainable sensor is patterned by screen printing using copper paste. The reliability of silver pastes printed samples on PET substrate is evaluated first by bending tests. Slightly pre-curved samples enabled bending in both directions inducing either compressive or tensile stress in a sample. By control software, a cyclic stress with approximately 20 mm radius at minimum in free bending is addressed to circuitries. The recorded data showed stable performance for circuitries on both PET and biomaterial PET (Bio-PET) substrates in compression and tension. Measurement results for PET and Bio-PET samples in cyclic push tests are recorded similarly as with bending tests. Measured resistance of a PET sample remained approximately at the same level over fifty thousand pushes. Bio-PET samples had notably increased electrical performance after ten thousand cycles. This indicated initiation and propagation of minor defects either at measurement wire or printed conductor interface and/or on flex printed circuit board (PCB) circuitry. Assembly of required surface mount device (SMD) components is bonded on copper paste substrates using SnBi solder in low-temperature soldering process having peak temperature of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$158~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C. UV-curable adhesive is applied in component postbonding to improve system reliability. Functional testing of assembled systems is performed by placing system into garden pressure bottle together with industrial reference sensor ContiPressureCheck by Continental Pressure inside the garden bottle is increased gradually up to four bars in functional testing. Measured data of sustainable sensors are gathered through Bluetooth using specific mobile phone application. Industrial reference sensor data are monitored wirelessly through handheld device. Sustainable sensors showed high consistency with the reference sensor. In the final step of testing, sensors are integrated on the tires and subsequently installed on a passenger car. In testing, the car is operated at speeds ranging from 30 to 120 km/h on both city streets and highways. Operation of sensors is followed during testing. Samples provided correct temperature and pressure measurement results without any disturbances or breaks.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 7","pages":"255-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Piezoelectric and Mechanical Performance of Flexible ZnO Nanorod/PVDF Composite Sensors: From Nanoscale Mapping to Macroscopic Durability","authors":"Akshaya Muraleedharan;Amit Acharyya;Takahito Ohmura;Swati Ghosh Acharyya","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3666462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3666462","url":null,"abstract":"Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposites embedded with inorganic fillers have become leading candidates for self-powered flexible electronics. However, understanding the interaction between nanoscale piezoelectric domains and macroscopic mechanical durability remains a challenge for the practical development of sensors. This work provides a comprehensive investigation into the mechanoelectrical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod/PVDF flexible composite films. Structural characterization confirmed the nucleation of the electroactive <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-phase, reaching a maximum of 97.3% in the 5 wt% composite. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of nanorods at this optimal loading, while cross-sectional analysis revealed a dense microstructure indicative of strong interfacial compatibility. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) revealed that well-dispersed nanorods function as piezo-active hotspots, significantly enhancing local domain switching and amplitude compared to the pristine polymer. Furthermore, nanoindentation and tensile testing demonstrated that the nanorods serve as dual-functional reinforcing agents. The optimized composite showed a 39% increase in elastic modulus and a 56% improvement in toughness (1.72 MJ/m³) without sacrificing flexibility. The optimized nanocomposite combines enhanced local piezoelectric response with superior mechanical robustness, establishing it as a durable material system suitable for next-generation flexible electronic applications.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 7","pages":"267-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3711230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2026.3711230","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 7","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11614085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148511230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin-Conformal Electronics for Wearable Electrogastrography Monitoring","authors":"Liuxi Xing;Yulu Cai;Yunnuo Zhang;Vittorio Mottini;Linux Heller;Jinxing Li","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2025.3623601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2025.3623601","url":null,"abstract":"Electrogastrography (EGG), a noninvasive method for measuring gastric myoelectrical activity, offers valuable insights into gastrointestinal motility and functional disorders such as gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia. Despite its diagnostic potential, the clinical adoption of EGG has been limited due to its reliance on rigid electrodes and bulky instrumentation, which leads to motion artifacts and poor signal quality, and ultimately reduces patient comfort and restricting data collection to short-duration, stationary settings. To address these limitations, we present FlexEGG, a skin-conformal, flexible electronic system engineered for high-fidelity EGG monitoring in both clinical and real-world environments. The device incorporates a soft, stretchable electrode array specifically designed for the abdominal surface, utilizing a hybrid stretchable conductor composed of conductive polymer, silver nanowires (AgNWs), and polyurethane (PU) elastomer, which leads to good skin contact, signal stability, and mechanical conformability. A custom low-noise analog front-end (AFE) and digital signal processing pipeline enables reliable acquisition of low-frequency, low-amplitude gastric slow waves. Additionally, FlexEGG supports simultaneous electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement, potentially facilitating integrated gutheart axis monitoring for broader physiological assessment. In this study, we describe the design, implementation, and validation of FlexEGG in multichannel, long-duration EGG, and ECG recordings. Our findings demonstrate its potential as a wearable, noninvasive tool for continuous gastrointestinal electrophysiology monitoring, enabling new opportunities for diagnosing and managing digestive disorders in everyday settings.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"5 6","pages":"209-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11208676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}